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    Valence Bond Theory VBT.

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    agraharirajiv33
    According to the valence bond theory, covalent bonds are formed by the overlapping of half-filled atomic orbitals. There are two types of covalent bonds: sigma bonds which involve head-to-head overlapping of orbitals along the internuclear axis, and pi bonds which are formed by lateral overlapping of orbitals perpendicular to the internuclear axis. Sigma bonds are generally stronger than pi bonds. The valence bond theory can explain bonding in many molecules but has limitations in explaining electron deficient compounds and paramagnetic behavior.

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    Valence Bond Theory VBT.

    Uploaded by

    agraharirajiv33
    223 views8 pages
    According to the valence bond theory, covalent bonds are formed by the overlapping of half-filled atomic orbitals. There are two types of covalent bonds: sigma bonds which involve head-to-head overlapping of orbitals along the internuclear axis, and pi bonds which are formed by lateral overlapping of orbitals perpendicular to the internuclear axis. Sigma bonds are generally stronger than pi bonds. The valence bond theory can explain bonding in many molecules but has limitations in explaining electron deficient compounds and paramagnetic behavior.

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    Valence-Bond-Theory-VBT.

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    According to the valence bond theory, covalent bonds are formed by the overlapping of half-filled atomic orbitals. There are two types of covalent bonds: sigma bonds which involve head-to-head overlapping of orbitals along the internuclear axis, and pi bonds which are formed by lateral overlapping of orbitals perpendicular to the internuclear axis. Sigma bonds are generally stronger than pi bonds. The valence bond theory can explain bonding in many molecules but has limitations in explaining electron deficient compounds and paramagnetic behavior.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    223 views8 pages

    Valence Bond Theory VBT.

    Uploaded by

    agraharirajiv33
    According to the valence bond theory, covalent bonds are formed by the overlapping of half-filled atomic orbitals. There are two types of covalent bonds: sigma bonds which involve head-to-head overlapping of orbitals along the internuclear axis, and pi bonds which are formed by lateral overlapping of orbitals perpendicular to the internuclear axis. Sigma bonds are generally stronger than pi bonds. The valence bond theory can explain bonding in many molecules but has limitations in explaining electron deficient compounds and paramagnetic behavior.

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    Valence Bond Theory

    According to the valence bond theory, "Covalent bond is formed by


    overlapping atomic orbitals having unpaired electrons"
    The atomic orbitals overlap on the bond formation and the larger the
    overlap the stronger the bond.

    Postulates of Valence Bond Theory


    The important postulates of the valence bond theory are listed below.
    i) Half filled atomic orbital of one atom overlaps with half filled
    atomic orbital of another atom to form a covalent bond.
    ii) Atomic orbitals undergoing overlap must be sufficiently close to
    each other with proper alignment.
    iii) The strength of bond formed depends upon the extent of
    overlapping of atomic orbitals. Greater the overlapping of atomic
    orbitals, stronger the covalent bond formed
    iv) Overlapping lowers the energy of the molecule and excess energy
    is released. The energy released per mole is called stabilization
    energy or bond energy and the equilibrium distance between two
    nuclei of bonding atoms is bond length.
    v) Number of unpaired electrons in ground state or excited state of an
    atom is called covalency of the element.
    Types of Covalent Bonds

    There are two types of covalent bonds depending upon type of overlapping
    of orbitals; sigma bond and pi bond.

    Sigma ( σ ) and Pi ( Π) bonds


    Sigma and pi bonds are types of covalent bonds that differ in the overlapping
    of atomic orbitals. Sigma bonds are a result of the head-to-head overlapping of
    atomic orbitals whereas pi bonds are formed by the lateral overlap of two
    atomic orbitals.
    Ways of formation of σ bond
    There are diferent ways of formation of σ-bond by head to head overlapping of
    orbitals. Both s and p orbitals can be involved in the formation of σ-bond.

    1. S-S Overlapping
    One ‘s’ orbital from each participating atom undergoes head-on overlapping
    along the internuclear axis. An s orbital must be half-filled before it overlaps
    with another.
    This type of overlap occurs in H2 molecules, where each hydrogen atom has a
    half-filled s orbital.
    2. S-P Overlapping
    Here, one half filed s orbital overlaps with one half-filled p orbital along the
    internuclear axis, forming a covalent bond. This condition is illustrated below.

    s-p Overlap in Sigma Bonds


    3. P-P overlapping
    In this condition, one half-filled p orbital from each participating atom
    undergoes head-on overlapping along the internuclear axis. This type of
    overlapping is illustrated below.

    The Pi (π) Bond


    Pi bonds are formed by the sidewise overlap of atomic orbitals along a
    direction perpendicular to the internuclear axis. During the formation of π
    bonds, the axes of the atomic orbitals are parallel to each other whereas the
    overlapping is perpendicular to the internuclear axis. This type of covalent
    bonding is illustrated below.
    Generally, double bonds consist of one sigma and one pi bond, whereas a
    typical triple bond is made up of two π bonds and one σ bond. It is important to
    note that a combination of sigma and pi bonds is always stronger than a single
    sigma bond.

    Formation of oxygen molecule


    Oxygen: 1s2 2s2 2p4

    2px 2py 2pz

    Py Py

    Px Px

    Nitrogen?????
    Difference Between Sigma and Pi Bonds
    Differences between sigma and pi bonds are tabulated below.

    Sigma Bond Pi Bond

    It is formed by end to end, head on or It is formed by sideways or lateral


    axial overlapping of half filled orbitals. overlapping of half filled orbitals.
    The overlapping orbitals can be pure or The overlapping orbitals must be
    hybrid unhybridized

    These bonds are strong and have high


    These bonds are relatively weak.
    bond energies.

    Can exist independently Must exist along with a sigma bond.

    Has an impact on the shape of Has no role in determining the shape


    molecules
    of molecules

    Limitations of Valence Bond Theory


    i) According to VBT, a covalent bond is formed by overlapping of
    half filled orbitals. It cannot explain bonding in electron deficient
    compounds
    ii) It fails to explain the paramagnetic behavior of O2. Paramagnetic
    behavior is due to unpaired electrons but according to VBT, O2 has
    no unpaired electrons.
    iii) Presence of other nuclei in the molecule should affect the
    whole electronic arrangements of atoms in the molecule.
    This has been neglected in VBT.

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