Topic 1:

MSB Trigonometry B
USFP Maths for Science B
Taylors College, Daniel Guo

Contents
• Revision of Trigonometry A
• Compound angles
• Trig equations

• Trig limits
• Differentiation of trig functions
• Integration of trig functions
• Applications of calculus

• Inverse functions
• Inverse trig functions

Last edited: 1/2/2023

Revision of Trigonometry A
Complementary ratios
sin 90 − 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
cos 90 − 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 tan 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
cot 90 − 𝜃 = tan 𝜃
tan 90 − 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 cos 𝜃
sec 90 − 𝜃 = cosec 𝜃 cot 𝜃 =
sin 𝜃
cosec 90 − 𝜃 = sec 𝜃

Reciprocal ratios
cosec 𝜃 =
1 Pythagorean identities
1
sin 𝜃
sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1
sec 𝜃 = 1 + tan2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃
cos 𝜃

cot 𝜃 =
1
1 + cot 2 𝜃 = cosec 2 𝜃
tan 𝜃

Radians
𝜋 radians = 180°
𝜋
To convert degrees into radians, multiply by
180
180
To convert radians into degrees, multiply by
𝜋
Compound Angles
Blue Textbook: Ex 4.1, 4.2, 4.4

sin(𝛼 ± 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 ± cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽

Example 1
cos(𝛼 ± 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 ∓ sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽
Expand the following:
tan 𝛼 ± tan 𝛽
2𝜋 tan(𝛼 ± 𝛽) =
sin 𝑥 + 1 ∓ tan 𝛼 tan 𝛽
3
cos(3𝐴 + 4𝐵)
3𝜋
tan −𝜃
4

Example 2
Express as a single function:
tan 30° − tan 20 °
sin 4𝛼 cos 3𝛽 + cos 4𝛼 sin 3𝛽
1 + tan 30° tan 20°

Example 3
𝜋
Find the exact value of sin using the compound angle formulae.
12

Example 4
1 4 𝜋
Given that sin 𝛼 = and cos 𝛽 = , where 𝛼 is acute and − < 𝛽 < 0, find sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) and cos(𝛼 + 𝛽).
3 5 2
Using the compound angle formulae, we can derive double angle formulae as well.
sin 2𝜃 =
cos 2𝜃 =

tan 2𝜃 =
Example 5
4
If cos 𝜃 = 5, find cos 2𝜃.

Example 6
By writing sin 3𝜃 as sin(2𝜃 + 𝜃), write sin 3𝜃 in terms of sin 𝜃.

Example 7
Simplify the following
sin 2𝑥
1 + cos 2𝑥

2 sin 3𝑥 cos 3𝑥
You can also be asked identity questions using compound angle formulae.
To prove an identity, we usually go
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = ⋯ = ⋯ = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

Example 8 Example 9
1 1 Simplify cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 into one term.
Prove that 1−tan 𝜃 − 1+tan 𝜃 = tan 2𝜃.

Example 10
Prove that sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐵.
Blue Textbook: Ex 4.1 (Compound angles)
Blue Textbook: Ex 4.4 (Identities)
Trig Equations
Blue Textbook: Ex 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 8.2

If sin 𝜃 = 𝑎 then 𝜃 = sin−1 𝑎. A trigonometric equation such as sin 𝜃 = 1 will have infinite solutions, so
every equation will have a domain. We usually use 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360 or 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋.

Example 11
Solve the following for 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋.
1 3
sin 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 = − sin 𝜃 = cos 𝜃
2 2

Example 12
Solve the following for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋.
𝜋 1
cos 𝑥 − +1=0 sin 2𝑥 =
6 2
Example 12 continued
Solve for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋
𝜋
2 cos 2𝑥 − = 3
3
If there is a squared term, the trig equation may be a quadratic.
If you like, you can use substitution to make it easier to solve.

Example 13
Solve the following for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋.
1
sin2 𝑥 = cos2 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
4

1
tan2 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 = 0 2 cos 2 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥 − 2 = 0
3
Example 14
Solve the following for 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋.
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 0 5 cos 2 𝜃 + 2 sin 𝜃 = 2

4 sin3 𝜃 = 3sin𝜃
 You may also need to use compound angle formulae to solve trig equations.

Example 15
Solve the following for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋.
sin 2𝑥 = tan 𝑥

cos 2𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 + 1 = 0
sin 4𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 = 0
Blue Textbook: Ex 4.7 (Easier trig equations)
Blue Textbook: Ex 4.8 (More trig equations)
Trigonometric Limits Green Textbook: Ex 13.1

The following limits are true

sin 𝑥 tan 𝑥
lim =1 lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
Example 16
Evaluate
sin 2𝑥 sin 5𝑥
lim lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 3𝑥

3𝑥 sin 2𝑥
lim lim
𝑥→0 sin 5𝑥 𝑥→0 sin 𝑥

sin 3𝑥 + sin 5𝑥 tan 3𝜃

lim lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝜃→0 tan 2𝜃

Example 17
Evaluate
1 − cos2 𝜃
lim
𝜃→0 𝜃2

1 − cos 2𝜃
lim
𝜃→0 𝜃2
Differentiate the following
3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4

1
𝑥 −4 + + 2𝑥
𝑥

𝑥3 + 4 7

1
2𝑥

𝑥 3𝑥 − 4 2

2
𝑥2 − 1

2 − 5𝑥
𝑥+1

3
𝑥3 + 2𝑥 2 −4
 Green Textbook: Ex 13.2

Differentiation of Trig
𝑑
sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑑
cos 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 sin 2𝑥
tan 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 sin(𝑥 2 )
sin2 𝑥
Example 18
𝑥 sin 𝑥
Differentiate the following
sin 𝑥
𝑥
3 3𝑥
𝑦 = tan 𝜋
2 2 4 sin 3𝑥 −
3

𝑦 = 5 cos 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥

sin 𝑥
𝑦=
1 + cos 𝑥
 𝒅
Proof of 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 from differentiation by first principles.
𝒅𝒙
(Not examinable, but you know everything needed for it)

1−cos 𝑥
First, we find lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

If 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 , then
′
𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 𝑥 = lim =
ℎ→0 ℎ
 𝑑
sec 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
cosec 𝑥 = − cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
cot 𝑥 = − cosec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Example 19
𝑑
Use the quotient rule to find 𝑑𝑥 tan 𝑥.

Example 20
𝑑
Use the chain rule to find 𝑑𝑥 sec 𝑥.
Green Textbook: Ex 13.2
Differentiate the following with respect to x
tan 2𝑥

sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

cos 2 5𝑥

𝑥
sin 𝑥
sec 𝑥
cosec 𝑥

sin 𝑥 (1 + cos 𝑥)

sin 2𝑥

sin2 𝑥 − cos 2 𝑥

2
sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥

sin(cos 𝑥)

tan 𝑥
Find the following

න3𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥

න𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
න 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
න 2𝑥 − 4 4 𝑑𝑥

න 2𝑥 2 − 3 2 𝑑𝑥
Integration of Trig Green Textbook: Ex 16.3, 17.7

න sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝑐

න cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑐

න sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝑐

Example 21
Find the following integrals.
න3 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cos(𝑥 + 4)
න 𝑑𝑥
3
නsec 2 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

නsin(3𝑥 + 4) 𝑑𝑥

Example 22
Differentiate cot 𝑥. Hence find ‫ ׬‬cosec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Green Textbook: Ex 16.3
Find the primitive functions of
sin 2𝑥
2 sin 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥
𝜋
sin 𝑥 +
4

Find
නsin 𝑥 − cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
න cos 2𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
4
𝑥 1
න cos − sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2

𝑑𝑦
The gradient of a curve is given by 𝑑𝑥 = 2 sin 3𝑥 . If the curve passes
𝜋
through the point ,3 , find the equation of the curve.
3

Differentiate sin2 2𝑥. Hence find ‫ ׬‬sin 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Green Textbook: Ex 17.7
Evaluate
𝜋
න sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

𝜋
𝑥
න cos 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 2
3

𝜋
2
න cos 𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
6

𝜋
4
න 2 sin 𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
−
4

𝜋
𝑥 𝑥
න sin + cos 𝑑𝑥
0 4 4
𝜋
3 1
න 3 cos 3𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 2

𝜋 𝜋
Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 and the 𝑥-axis between 𝑥 = − and 𝑥 = .
2 2
To integrate expressions with sin2 𝑥 and cos 2 𝑥, we use the cos Blue Textbook: Ex 11.4
double angle formula to eliminate the squared term.
cos 2𝜃 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝜃
cos 2𝜃 = 2 cos2 𝜃 − 1

Example 23
Find
න sin2 10𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Example 24
Evaluate
𝜋
6
න cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
1
4
න sin2 (𝜋𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0

Example 25
𝜋 𝜋
The region under the curve 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 between 𝑥 = and 𝑥 =
6 2
is rotated around the 𝑥-axis to form a solid of revolution. Find its
volume.
Blue Textbook: Ex 11.4
Find
න2 cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

නsin2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Evaluate
𝜋
2
න 2 sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

The region under the curve 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 between 𝑥 = 0 and 𝜋 is rotated around the x-axis. Find the volume
of the solid of revolution.

𝑑2 𝑦 𝜋
If = 2 cos 2 𝑥 and when 𝑥 = , 𝑦 ′ = 0 and 𝑦 = 0, find 𝑦.
𝑑𝑥 2 2

𝜋
The region bounded by the curves 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 , 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 and the x-axis between 𝑥 = 0 and is rotated
2
around the x-axis. Find the point of intersection and find the exact value of the volume of the solid of
revolution.
Differentiate Find
sin 2𝑥
නsin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
tan(3𝑥 2 + 1)
නcos(2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
නcos 2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

sin2 4𝑥
නsin 3𝑥 − cos 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
sin 𝑥 න sec 2 𝑑𝑥
2
1 + cos 2𝑥

The region under the curve 𝑦 = sin 𝑥

between 𝑥 = 0 and 𝜋 is rotated
around the x-axis. Find the volume of
the solid of revolution.
 Green Textbook: Ex 14.7, 17.7
Applications of Calculus
Applications include curve sketching (stationary points, points of inflection, …), maximum/minimum questions,
tangents and normals.

Example 26
𝜋
Find the tangent to 𝑦 = tan 2𝑥 at the point on the curve where 𝑥 = .
8

Example 27
Consider 𝑦 = 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 for – 𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋.
a) Find the 𝑦-intercept.
b) Find stationary points and determine their nature.
c) Find points of inflection.
d) Sketch.
 Blue textbook: Ex 5.2
Inverse Functions
Consider the function 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1. We can put in values of 𝑥 to get values of 𝑦.
For example, if we put in 𝑥 = 3, we get 𝑦 = 7.
An inverse function reverses the original function. For example, if we put in 𝑥 = 7, we should get 𝑦 = 3.

To find an inverse function algebraically, we swap 𝑥 and 𝑦 in the original function, and make 𝑦 the subject.
Graphically, an inverse function will be a reflection about the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.

Example 28
Find the inverse function of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1, and sketch both of the functions on the same graph.

Example 29
Find the inverse function of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 , and sketch both of the functions on the same graph.
Not every function has an inverse which is a function.
When the inverse of 𝑓(𝑥) is a function then we say that 𝑓(𝑥) is invertible.
In order for a function to be invertible, the original function must be one-to-
one. Graphically, this can be tested with the horizontal line test.
If it isn’t, sometimes we restrict the domain of the original, so that it is one-
to-one.

Example 30
Find the inverse function of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 algebraically. Sketch both the functions
on a graph. Is the inverse function a function?

Example 31
Sketch 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 1. What is the largest domain containing 𝑥 = 2, for
which 𝑓(𝑥) has an inverse function?
Example 32
For 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 1, 𝑥 ≥ 0:
a) Sketch the curve and its inverse. Is the inverse a function?
b) Algebraically find the inverse function 𝑓 −1 .
c) State the domain and range of 𝑓 and 𝑓 −1 .
d) Find the intersection points between 𝑓 and 𝑓 −1 .
Blue textbook: Ex 5.1
Which of the following are one-to-one functions?
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥−2 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 ≥ 1 𝑓 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑥2
1
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 3 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 = |2𝑥 − 1|
𝑥−4
𝜋
𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤
2

Find the largest possible domain to make a one-to-one function.

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 𝑓 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑥2 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 8
Inverse Trig Functions Blue textbook: Ex 5.2
𝜋 𝜋
The function 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 is not one-to-one, so we are going to restrict the domain to − ≤ 𝑥 ≤ .
2 2
−1
Now, it will have an inverse function, called 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 .
𝜋 𝜋
Its domain is −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, and range is− ≤ 𝑦 ≤ .
2 2
Example 33
3𝑥
Find the domain and range of 𝑦 = 3sin−1 and sketch it.
2

Example 34
Sketch 𝑦 = 2 sin−1 (2𝑥 − 1)
For 𝑦 = cos 𝑥, we restrict the domain to 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋.
It has an inverse function 𝑦 = cos−1 𝑥.
Its domain is −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 and its range is 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋.

𝜋 𝜋
For 𝑦 = tan 𝑥, we restrict the domain to − 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 .
It has an inverse function 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥.

Example 35
1
Sketch 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 cos−1(𝑥 − 2) and state its domain and range.
A trigonometric function, such as sin or cos, converts an angle into a number.
Therefore, an inverse trigonometric function will convert a number into an angle.
Sometimes, due to the restricted domain, you will not end up where you started.

Example 36
Evaluate
𝜋
sin−1 sin
4
3𝜋
sin−1 sin
4
5𝜋
sin−1 sin
4
𝜋 𝜋
sin−1 (sin 𝑥) if − ≤𝑥≤
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
sin−1 (sin 𝑥) if 𝑥 < − or 𝑥 >
2 2

Blue Textbook ex 5.2

Example 37
Evaluate
3
cos sin−1
5

3
sin 2 cos −1
5

Example 38
1 3 𝜋 3 7 3
Show that tan−1 + tan−1 = . Show that sin−1 + tan−1 = cos −1 .
4 5 4 5 24 5
Blue textbook Ex 5.2
3ae Evaluate the following
1
cos sin−1 cos tan−1 − 3
2
4c Show that
−1
5 −1
5 𝜋
tan + cos =
12 13 2
5bf Find the exact values of the following
3 3 3 3
sin sin−1 − sin−1 − sin cos −1 + tan−1 −
5 5 5 4
6a Prove that, for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
sin−1 𝑥 = cos −1 1 − 𝑥 2
7b Sketch 𝑦 = 2 sin−1 3𝑥 and state its domain and range.
𝜋
9b Solve sin−1 (1 − 𝑥) + 2 cos −1 (𝑥 − 1) = 2