863 Zahid SHB CEP HYDRAULICS OKKK

COMPLEX ENGINEERING PROBLEM
SUBJECTS:
Hydraulic Engineering
SUBMITTED TO:
Dr.Riaz Akhtar khan
SUBMITTED BY:
Zahid Hussain
(20-c-863)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Faculty of Engineering, Lahore Leads University Lahore
20-c-863
CEP
Dam
A dam is a man-made structure designed to impound or store water, creating a reservoir for
various purposes such as water supply, irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, flood
control, and recreational activities. Dams play a vital role in managing water resources and
contributing to economic development.
Key Components of a Dam:
 Reservoir: The area behind the dam where water is stored, forming a reservoir.
Reservoirs can vary in size and depth based on the dam's purpose.
 Crest: The top of the dam, often equipped with a spillway to release excess water and
prevent overflow.
 Spillway: A structure that allows controlled release of water from the reservoir,
preventing dam overtopping during heavy inflows.
 Outlet Works: Infrastructure designed to control the release of water for downstream
use, often including gates, valves, and channels.
 Foundation: The base of the dam, anchored to the ground or bedrock, providing stability
and support.
 Abutments: Natural or constructed slopes on either side of the dam, helping to resist
lateral forces.
Types of Dams:
 Embankment Dams: Constructed with compacted earth or rock fill. These dams are
versatile and can be built in various terrains.
 Arch Dams: Characterized by their curved shape, arch dams use the strength of the arch
to support the reservoir's water.
 Buttress Dams: Utilize a series of supports (buttresses) on the downstream side to resist
water pressure.
Importance and Challenges:
 Water Storage: Dams provide a reliable water supply for agriculture, industries, and
urban areas, especially during dry periods.
 Hydropower: Many dams generate electricity through hydropower, a clean and
renewable energy source.
 Flood Control: Dams can mitigate the impact of floods by regulating water flow
downstream.
 Recreation: Reservoirs created by dams offer opportunities for recreational activities
such as boating, fishing, and tourism.
Gravity Dams: These behemoths of concrete, like the iconic Hoover Dam, harness
their own weight to hold back water, standing resolute against its immense pressure.
20-c-863
 Resist the pressure of water by its weight.
 Construction of material used for his dam, is solid masonry or concrete.
Components of Gravity Dam:

 Parapet Wall.
 Crest.
 Spillway.
 Sluice way.
 Toe.
 Heel.
 Free board.
 Drainage gallery
Advantages of gravity dam
Gravity dams provide some advantages over embankment dams, the main advantage being
that they can tolerate minor over-topping flows without damage, as the concrete is resistant to
scouring. Large over-topping flows are still a problem, as they can scour the foundations if not
accounted for in the design
Roll N0 863
Given Data Unit
Unit weight of water 10 KN/m3
Specific gravity 2.4
Density= Specific gravity X10 24 KN/m3
fc' 3883.5 KN/m2
20-c-863
Maximum level of reservoir 258.9 m
Bottom level 100 m
Free board Assumed 3 m
Reduced level of the top of dam 261.9 m
H1 114.22 m
H= RL Max-H1 144.68 m
H>H1 LGD
Tope width a 5.90 m
Base Width B 73.73 m
Width of slanting =a/16 0.37
Starting of slanting 18.28 m
Ending of slanting slope =3.1a(S.C)^.5 28.34 m

Dam Weight in unit length
Area of Dam
Slope area of Slanting
Rectangular area 1.85 m2
Triangular area of dam 31.67 m2
Rectangular. Triangular area of Dam =1/2(Ha*a) 4210.69 m2
Free board Rectangle (a x FB) 26.97 m2

Total Area of Dam 17.70 m2
Weight of dam = Area x Unit Length x density 4288.90 m2
102933.49 kN
Vertical area of water
Slope area
Rectangular area 1.85 m2
Weight of water = Area x Unit Length x density 6.74 m2
Required steps height 85.98 kN

No of steps 44.68 m
Height of steps 3.00
B-a 14.89 m
B-1 74.10 m
Weight of Strip 83.76 m
Total Weight a,b,c 28211.90 kN
H2 131231.36
B1 129.11
88.19 m
20-c-863
Causes of failure of a Gravity Dam:
A gravity dam may fail in following modes:
1. Overturning of dam about the toe

2. Sliding – shear failure of gravity dam
3. Compression – by crushing of the gravity dam
4. Tension – by development of tensile forces which results in the crack in gravity dam.
Remedial measures of gravity dam:

Failure of gravity dam occurs due to overturning, sliding, tension and compression. A gravity
dam is designed in such a way that it resists all external forces acting on the dam like water
pressure, wind pressure, wave pressure, ice pressure, uplift pressure by its own self-weight.
Gravity dams are constructed from masonry or concrete. However, concrete gravity dams are
preferred these days and mostly constructed. The advantage of gravity dam is that its structure
is most durable and solid and requires very less maintenance.
20-c-863

863 Zahid SHB CEP HYDRAULICS OKKK

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COMPLEX ENGINEERING PROBLEM

Dr.Riaz Akhtar khan

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Faculty of Engineering, Lahore Leads University Lahore

Components of Gravity Dam:

Ending of slanting slope =3.1a(S.C)^.5 28.34 m

Free board Rectangle (a x FB) 26.97 m2

Required steps height 85.98 kN

1. Overturning of dam about the toe

Remedial measures of gravity dam:

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