Js Interview
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palak.sharma.freelance🔥Basic Front-End Engineer Interview Questions-
1. What is a CDN?
2. What is AJAX?
3. What are the differences between HTML and XHTML?
4. What is responsive design?
5. What are the different types of CSS selectors?
6. What is a pseudo-class?
7. What is a CSS reset?
8. What is a CSS grid system?
9. What is a CSS preprocessor?
10. What are the benefits of using a CSS preprocessor?
11. What is Bootstrap?
12. What are the benefits of using bootstrap?
13. What is a task runner?
14. What are the benefits of using a task runner?
15. What made you become a front-end developer?
16. What is your favorite thing about being a front-end
developer?
🔥Intermediate Front-End Engineer Interview Questions-
17. What type of front-end development do you specialize in?
18. What is your favorite CSS framework?
19. How would you optimize a website's performance?
20. What is your favorite front-end development tool?
21. How would you go about debugging a website?
22. What are some common issues that you have faced with
cross-browser compatibility?
23. What are some of the common front-end development
challenges that you have faced?
24. What blogs do you follow when it comes to front-end
development?
25. What websites are your favorite, in terms of design and
development?
🔥Advanced Front End Developer Questions-
26. Discuss the biggest achievement of your career.
27. Discuss the biggest challenge of your career.
28. What was your last project? How did it go?
29. How do you effectively manage your time?
30. What do you do when you get stuck?
31. What do you do when you get something wrong?
🔥Technical Front-End Developer Questions-
🔹HTML Front-End Developer Questions
32. What are the differences between HTML5 and HTML4?
33. How would you create a custom error page?
34. How do you use media queries to optimize for different
screen sizes?
🔹JavaScript Front-End Developer Questions
35. What is the difference between == and ===?
36. What is the difference between an anonymous function and
a named function?
37. What is an event loop?
🔹CSS Front-End Developer Questions
38. What are the differences between inline, embedded, and
external stylesheets?
39. How do you create a responsive layout?
40. How do you use animation and transitions?
• What does a doctype do?
• How do you serve a page with content in multiple languages?
• What kind of things must you be wary of when designing or developing
for multilingual sites?
• What are data- attributes good for?
• Consider HTML5 as an open web platform. What are the building blocks
of HTML5?
• Describe the difference between
a cookie, sessionStorage and localStorage.
• Describe the difference between <script>, <script async> and <script
defer>.
• Why is it generally a good idea to position CSS <link>s
between <head></head> and JS <script>s just before </body>? Do you
know any exceptions?
• What is progressive rendering?
• Why you would use a srcset attribute in an image tag? Explain the
process the browser uses when evaluating the content of this attribute.
• Have you used different HTML templating languages before?
• What is the difference between canvas and svg?
• What are empty elements in HTML ?
CSS
• What is CSS selector specificity and how does it work?
• What is the difference between "resetting" and "normalizing" CSS?
Which would you choose, and why?
• Describe Floats and how they work.
• Describe z-index and how stacking context is formed.
• Describe BFC (Block Formatting Context) and how it works.
• What are the various clearing techniques and which is appropriate for
what context?
• How would you approach fixing browser-specific styling issues?
• How do you serve your pages for feature-constrained browsers?
• What techniques/processes do you use?
• What are the different ways to visually hide content (and make it
available only for screen readers)?
• Have you ever used a grid system, and if so, what do you prefer?
• Have you used or implemented media queries or mobile specific
layouts/CSS?
• Are you familiar with styling SVG?
• Can you give an example of an @media property other than screen?
• What are some of the "gotchas" for writing efficient CSS?
• What are the advantages/disadvantages of using CSS preprocessors?
• Describe what you like and dislike about the CSS preprocessors you have
used.
• How would you implement a web design comp that uses non-standard
fonts?
• Explain how a browser determines what elements match a CSS selector.
• Describe pseudo-elements and discuss what they are used for.
• Explain your understanding of the box model and how you would tell the
browser in CSS to render your layout in different box models.
• What does * { box-sizing: border-box; } do? What are its advantages?
• What is the CSS display property and can you give a few examples of its
use?
• What is the difference between inline and inline-block?
• What is the difference between the "nth-of-type()" and
"nth-child()" selectors?
• What is the difference between a relative, fixed,
absolute and statically positioned element?
• What existing CSS frameworks have you used locally, or
in production? How would you change/improve them?
• Have you used CSS Grid?
• Can you explain the difference between coding a web
site to be responsive versus using a mobile-first
strategy?
• Have you ever worked with retina graphics? If so, when
and what techniques did you use?
• Is there any reason you'd want to use translate() instead
of absolute positioning, or vice-versa? And why?
• How is clearfix css property useful?
• Can you explain the difference between px, em and rem
as they relate to font sizing?
• Can you give an example of a pseudo class? Can you
provide an example use case for a pseudo class?
• What is the difference between a block level element
and an inline element. Can you provide examples of
each type of element?
• What is the difference between CSS Grid and Flexbox?
When would you use one over the other?
• What is the difference between fixed, fluid and
responsive layouts?
JS
• Explain event delegation.
• Explain how this works in JavaScript.
• Can you give an example of one of the ways that
working with this has changed in ES6?
• Explain how prototypal inheritance works.
• What is the difference between a variable that
is: null, undefined or undeclared?
• How would you go about checking for any of these
states?
• What is a closure, and how/why would you use one?
• What language constructions do you use for iterating
over object properties and array items?
• Can you describe the main difference between
the Array.forEach() loop and Array.map() methods and
why you would pick one versus the other?
• What is a typical use case for anonymous functions?
• What is the difference between host objects and native
objects?
• Explain the difference between: function Person(){}, var
person = Person(), and var person = new Person()?
• Explain the differences on the usage
of foo between function foo() {} and var foo = function()
{}
• Can you explain
what Function.call and Function.apply do? What is the
notable difference between the two?
• Explain Function.prototype.bind.
• What is the difference between feature detection,
feature inference, and using the UA string?
• Explain "hoisting".
• What is type coercion? What are common pitfalls of
relying on type coercion in JavaScript code?
• Describe event bubbling.
• Describe event capturing.
• What is the difference between an "attribute" and a
"property"?
• What are the pros and cons of extending built-in
JavaScript objects?
• What is the difference between == and ===?
• Explain the same-origin policy with regards to JavaScript.
• Why is it called a Ternary operator, what does the word
"Ternary" indicate?
• What is strict mode? What are some of the
advantages/disadvantages of using it?
• What are some of the advantages/disadvantages of
writing JavaScript code in a language that compiles to
JavaScript?
• What tools and techniques do you use debugging
JavaScript code?
• Explain the difference between mutable and immutable
objects.
• What is an example of an immutable object in
JavaScript?
• What are the pros and cons of immutability?
• How can you achieve immutability in your own code?
• Explain the difference between synchronous and
asynchronous functions.
• What is event loop?
• What is the difference between call stack and task
queue?
• What are the differences between variables created
using let, var or const?
• What are the differences between ES6 class and ES5
function constructors?
• Can you offer a use case for the new arrow => function
syntax? How does this new syntax differ from other
functions?
• What advantage is there for using the arrow syntax for a
method in a constructor?
• What is the definition of a higher-order function?
• Can you give an example for destructuring an object or
an array?
• Can you give an example of generating a string with ES6
Template Literals?
• Can you give an example of a curry function and why
this syntax offers an advantage?
• What are the benefits of using spread syntax and how is
it different from rest syntax?
• How can you share code between files?
• Why you might want to create static class members?
• What is the difference between while and do-
while loops in JavaScript?
• What is a promise? Where and how would you use
promise?
• Discuss how you might use Object Oriented
Programming principles when coding with JavaScript.
JavaScript Interview Questions & Answers
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Table of Contents
No. Questions
1 What are the possible ways to create objects in JavaScript
2 What is a prototype chain
3 What is the difference between Call, Apply and Bind
4 What is JSON and its common operations
5 What is the purpose of the array slice method
6 What is the purpose of the array splice method
7 What is the difference between slice and splice
8 How do you compare an Object with a Map
9 What is the difference between == and === operators
10 What are lambda or arrow functions
11 What is a first class function
12 What is a first order function
13 What is a higher order function
14 What is a unary function
15 What is the currying function
16 What is a pure function
17 What is the purpose of the let keyword
18 What is the difference between let and var
19 What is the reason to choose the name let as a keyword
20 How do you redeclare variables in switch block without an error
21 What is the Temporal Dead Zone
22 What is IIFE(Immediately Invoked Function Expression)
23 How do you decode or encode a URL in JavaScript?
24 What is memoization
25 What is Hoisting
26 What are classes in ES6
1
No. Questions
27 What are closures
28 What are modules
29 Why do you need modules
30 What is scope in javascript
31 What is a service worker
32 How do you manipulate DOM using a service worker
33 How do you reuse information across service worker restarts
34 What is IndexedDB
35 What is web storage
36 What is a post message
37 What is a cookie
38 Why do you need a Cookie
39 What are the options in a cookie
40 How do you delete a cookie
41 What are the differences between cookie, local storage and session storage
42 What is the main difference between localStorage and sessionStorage
43 How do you access web storage
44 What are the methods available on session storage
45 What is a storage event and its event handler
46 Why do you need web storage
47 How do you check web storage browser support
48 How do you check web workers browser support
49 Give an example of a web worker
50 What are the restrictions of web workers on DOM
51 What is a promise
52 Why do you need a promise
53 What are the three states of promise
54 What is a callback function
55 Why do we need callbacks
56 What is a callback hell
57 What are server-sent events
58 How do you receive server-sent event notifications
59 How do you check browser support for server-sent events
60 What are the events available for server sent events
61 What are the main rules of promise
62 What is callback in callback
63 What is promise chaining
64 What is promise.all
65 What is the purpose of the race method in promise
66 What is a strict mode in javascript
67 Why do you need strict mode
68 How do you declare strict mode
69 What is the purpose of double exclamation
70 What is the purpose of the delete operator
2
No. Questions
71 What is typeof operator
72 What is undefined property
73 What is null value
74 What is the difference between null and undefined
75 What is eval
76 What is the difference between window and document
77 How do you access history in javascript
78 How do you detect caps lock key turned on or not
79 What is isNaN
80 What are the differences between undeclared and undefined variables
81 What are global variables
82 What are the problems with global variables
83 What is NaN property
84 What is the purpose of isFinite function
85 What is an event flow
86 What is event bubbling
87 What is event capturing
88 How do you submit a form using JavaScript
89 How do you find operating system details
90 What is the difference between document load and DOMContentLoaded
events
91 What is the difference between native, host and user objects
92 What are the tools or techniques used for debugging JavaScript code
93 What are the pros and cons of promises over callbacks
94 What is the difference between an attribute and a property
95 What is same-origin policy
96 What is the purpose of void 0
97 Is JavaScript a compiled or interpreted language
98 Is JavaScript a case-sensitive language
99 Is there any relation between Java and JavaScript
100 What are events
101 Who created javascript
102 What is the use of preventDefault method
103 What is the use of stopPropagation method
104 What are the steps involved in return false usage
105 What is BOM
106 What is the use of setTimeout
107 What is the use of setInterval
108 Why is JavaScript treated as Single threaded
109 What is an event delegation
110 What is ECMAScript
111 What is JSON
112 What are the syntax rules of JSON
113 What is the purpose JSON stringify
3
No. Questions
114 How do you parse JSON string
115 Why do you need JSON
116 What are PWAs
117 What is the purpose of clearTimeout method
118 What is the purpose of clearInterval method
119 How do you redirect new page in javascript
120 How do you check whether a string contains a substring
121 How do you validate an email in javascript
122 How do you get the current url with javascript
123 What are the various url properties of location object
124 How do get query string values in javascript
125 How do you check if a key exists in an object
126 How do you loop through or enumerate javascript object
127 How do you test for an empty object
128 What is an arguments object
129 How do you convert the first letter of a string to uppercase
130 What are the pros and cons of for loop
131 How do you display the current date in javascript
132 How do you compare two date objects
133 How do you check if a string starts with another string
134 How do you trim a string in javascript
135 How do you add a key value pair in javascript
136 Is the ‘!–’ notation represents a special operator
137 How do you assign default values to variables
138 How do you define multiline strings
139 What is an app shell model
140 Can we define properties for functions
141 What is the way to find the number of parameters expected by a function
142 What is a polyfill
143 What are break and continue statements
144 What are js labels
145 What are the benefits of keeping declarations at the top
146 What are the benefits of initializing variables
147 What are the recommendations to create new object
148 How do you define JSON arrays
149 How do you generate random integers
150 Can you write a random integers function to print integers with in a range
151 What is tree shaking
152 What is the need of tree shaking
153 Is it recommended to use eval
154 What is a Regular Expression
155 What are the string methods available in Regular expression
156 What are modifiers in regular expression
157 What are regular expression patterns
4
No. Questions
158 What is a RegExp object
159 How do you search a string for a pattern
160 What is the purpose of exec method
161 How do you change the style of a HTML element
162 What would be the result of 1+2+‘3’
163 What is a debugger statement
164 What is the purpose of breakpoints in debugging
165 Can I use reserved words as identifiers
166 How do you detect a mobile browser
167 How do you detect a mobile browser without regexp
168 How do you get the image width and height using JS
169 How do you make synchronous HTTP request
170 How do you make asynchronous HTTP request
171 How do you convert date to another timezone in javascript
172 What are the properties used to get size of window
173 What is a conditional operator in javascript
174 Can you apply chaining on conditional operator
175 What are the ways to execute javascript after page load
176 What is the difference between proto and prototype
177 Give an example where do you really need semicolon
178 What is a freeze method
179 What is the purpose of freeze method
180 Why do I need to use freeze method
181 How do you detect a browser language preference
182 How to convert string to title case with javascript
183 How do you detect javascript disabled in the page
184 What are various operators supported by javascript
185 What is a rest parameter
186 What happens if you do not use rest parameter as a last argument
187 What are the bitwise operators available in javascript
188 What is a spread operator
189 How do you determine whether object is frozen or not
190 How do you determine two values same or not using object
191 What is the purpose of using object is method
192 How do you copy properties from one object to other
193 What are the applications of assign method
194 What is a proxy object
195 What is the purpose of seal method
196 What are the applications of seal method
197 What are the differences between freeze and seal methods
198 How do you determine if an object is sealed or not
199 How do you get enumerable key and value pairs
200 What is the main difference between Object.values and Object.entries
method
5
No. Questions
201 How can you get the list of keys of any object
202 How do you create an object with prototype
203 What is a WeakSet
204 What are the differences between a WeakSet and a Set
205 List down the collection of methods available on WeakSet
206 What is a WeakMap
207 What are the differences between a WeakMap and a Map
208 List down the collection of methods available on WeakMap
209 What is the purpose of uneval
210 How do you encode an URL
211 How do you decode an URL
212 How do you print the contents of web page
213 What is the difference between uneval and eval
214 What is an anonymous function
215 What is the precedence order between local and global variables
216 What are javascript accessors
217 How do you define property on Object constructor
218 What is the difference between get and defineProperty
219 What are the advantages of Getters and Setters
220 Can I add getters and setters using defineProperty method
221 What is the purpose of switch-case
222 What are the conventions to be followed for the usage of switch case
223 What are primitive data types
224 What are the different ways to access object properties
225 What are the function parameter rules
226 What is an error object
227 When you get a syntax error
228 What are the different error names from error object
229 What are the various statements in error handling
230 What are the two types of loops in javascript
231 What is nodejs
232 What is an Intl object
233 How do you perform language specific date and time formatting
234 What is an Iterator
235 How does the synchronous iteration work
236 What is an event loop
237 What is call stack
238 What is an event queue
239 What is a decorator
240 What are the properties of Intl object
241 What is an Unary operator
242 How do you sort elements in an array
243 What is the purpose of compareFunction while sorting arrays
244 How do you reversing an array
6
No. Questions
245 How do you find min and max value in an array
246 How do you find min and max values without Math functions
247 What is an empty statement and purpose of it
248 How do you get metadata of a module
249 What is a comma operator
250 What is the advantage of a comma operator
251 What is typescript
252 What are the differences between javascript and typescript
253 What are the advantages of typescript over javascript
254 What is an object initializer
255 What is a constructor method
256 What happens if you write constructor more than once in a class
257 How do you call the constructor of a parent class
258 How do you get the prototype of an object
259 What happens If I pass string type for getPrototype method
260 How do you set prototype of one object to another
261 How do you check whether an object can be extendable or not
262 How do you prevent an object to extend
263 What are the different ways to make an object non-extensible
264 How do you define multiple properties on an object
265 What is MEAN in javascript
266 What Is Obfuscation in javascript
267 Why do you need Obfuscation
268 What is Minification
269 What are the advantages of minification
270 What are the differences between Obfuscation and Encryption
271 What are the common tools used for minification
272 How do you perform form validation using javascript
273 How do you perform form validation without javascript
274 What are the DOM methods available for constraint validation
275 What are the available constraint validation DOM properties
276 What are the list of validity properties
277 Give an example usage of rangeOverflow property
278 Is enums feature available in javascript
279 What is an enum
280 How do you list all properties of an object
281 How do you get property descriptors of an object
282 What are the attributes provided by a property descriptor
283 How do you extend classes
284 How do I modify the url without reloading the page
285 How do you check whether an array includes a particular value or not
286 How do you compare scalar arrays
287 How to get the value from get parameters
288 How do you print numbers with commas as thousand separators
7
No. Questions
289 What is the difference between java and javascript
290 Does javascript supports namespace
291 How do you declare namespace
292 How do you invoke javascript code in an iframe from parent page
293 How do get the timezone offset from date
294 How do you load CSS and JS files dynamically
295 What are the different methods to find HTML elements in DOM
296 What is jQuery
297 What is V8 JavaScript engine
298 Why do we call javascript as dynamic language
299 What is a void operator
300 How to set the cursor to wait
301 How do you create an infinite loop
302 Why do you need to avoid with statement
303 What is the output of below for loops
304 List down some of the features of ES6
305 What is ES6
306 Can I redeclare let and const variables
307 Is const variable makes the value immutable
308 What are default parameters
309 What are template literals
310 How do you write multi-line strings in template literals
311 What are nesting templates
312 What are tagged templates
313 What are raw strings
314 What is destructuring assignment
315 What are default values in destructuring assignment
316 How do you swap variables in destructuring assignment
317 What are enhanced object literals
318 What are dynamic imports
319 What are the use cases for dynamic imports
320 What are typed arrays
321 What are the advantages of module loaders
322 What is collation
323 What is for…of statement
324 What is the output of below spread operator array
325 Is PostMessage secure
326 What are the problems with postmessage target origin as wildcard
327 How do you avoid receiving postMessages from attackers
328 Can I avoid using postMessages completely
329 Is postMessages synchronous
330 What paradigm is Javascript
331 What is the difference between internal and external javascript
332 Is JavaScript faster than server side script
8
No. Questions
333 How do you get the status of a checkbox
334 What is the purpose of double tilde operator
335 How do you convert character to ASCII code
336 What is ArrayBuffer
337 What is the output of below string expression
338 What is the purpose of Error object
339 What is the purpose of EvalError object
340 What are the list of cases error thrown from non-strict mode to strict
mode
341 Do all objects have prototypes
342 What is the difference between a parameter and an argument
343 What is the purpose of some method in arrays
344 How do you combine two or more arrays
345 What is the difference between Shallow and Deep copy
346 How do you create specific number of copies of a string
347 How do you return all matching strings against a regular expression
348 How do you trim a string at the beginning or ending
349 What is the output of below console statement with unary operator
350 Does javascript uses mixins
351 What is a thunk function
352 What are asynchronous thunks
353 What is the output of below function calls
354 How to remove all line breaks from a string
355 What is the difference between reflow and repaint
356 What happens with negating an array
357 What happens if we add two arrays
358 What is the output of prepend additive operator on falsy values
359 How do you create self string using special characters
360 How do you remove falsy values from an array
361 How do you get unique values of an array
362 What is destructuring aliases
363 How do you map the array values without using map method
364 How do you empty an array
365 How do you round numbers to certain decimals
366 What is the easiest way to convert an array to an object
367 How do you create an array with some data
368 What are the placeholders from console object
369 Is it possible to add CSS to console messages
370 What is the purpose of dir method of console object
371 Is it possible to debug HTML elements in console
372 How do you display data in a tabular format using console object
373 How do you verify that an argument is a Number or not
374 How do you create copy to clipboard button
375 What is the shortcut to get timestamp
9
No. Questions
376 How do you flattening multi dimensional arrays
377 What is the easiest multi condition checking
378 How do you capture browser back button
379 How do you disable right click in the web page
380 What are wrapper objects
381 What is AJAX
382 What are the different ways to deal with Asynchronous Code
383 How to cancel a fetch request
384 What is web speech API
385 What is minimum timeout throttling
386 How do you implement zero timeout in modern browsers
387 What are tasks in event loop
388 What is microtask
389 What are different event loops
390 What is the purpose of queueMicrotask
391 How do you use javascript libraries in typescript file
392 What are the differences between promises and observables
393 What is heap
394 What is an event table
395 What is a microTask queue
396 What is the difference between shim and polyfill
397 How do you detect primitive or non primitive value type
398 What is babel
399 Is Node.js completely single threaded
400 What are the common use cases of observables
401 What is RxJS
402 What is the difference between Function constructor and function
declaration
403 What is a Short circuit condition
404 What is the easiest way to resize an array
405 What is an observable
406 What is the difference between function and class declarations
407 What is an async function
408 How do you prevent promises swallowing errors
409 What is deno
410 How do you make an object iterable in javascript
411 What is a Proper Tail Call
412 How do you check an object is a promise or not
413 How to detect if a function is called as constructor
414 What are the differences between arguments object and rest parameter
415 What are the differences between spread operator and rest parameter
416 What are the different kinds of generators
417 What are the built-in iterables
418 What are the differences between for…of and for…in statements
10
No. Questions
419 How do you define instance and non-instance properties
420 What is the difference between isNaN and Number.isNaN?
421 How to invoke an IIFE without any extra brackets?
422 Is that possible to use expressions in switch cases?
423 What is the easiest way to ignore promise errors?
424 How do style the console output using CSS?
425 What is nullish coalescing operator (??)?
426 How do you group and nest console output?
427 What is the difference between dense and sparse arrays?
428 What are the different ways to create sparse arrays?
429 What is the difference between setTimeout, setImmediate and
process.nextTick?
430 How do you reverse an array without modifying original array?
431 How do you create custom HTML element?
432 What is global execution context?
433 What is function execution context?
434 What is debouncing?
435 What is throttling?
436 What is optional chaining?
437 What is an environment record?
438 How to verify if a variable is an array?
439 What is pass by value and pass by reference?
440 What are the differences between primitives and non-primitives?
441 What are hidden classes?
442 What is inline caching?
443 How do you create your own bind method using either call or apply
method?
444 What are the differences between pure and impure functions?
445 What is referential transparency?
446 What are the possible side-effects in javascript?
447 What are compose and pipe functions?
448 What is module pattern?
449 What is Function Composition?
450 How to use await outside of async function prior to ES2022?
1.
What are the possible ways to create objects in JavaScript
There are many ways to create objects in javascript as mentioned below:
1. Object literal syntax:
The object literal syntax (or object initializer), is a comma-separated
set of name-value pairs wrapped in curly braces.
11
var object = {
name: "Sudheer",
age: 34
};
Object literal property values can be of any data type, including array, function,
Note: This is one of the easiest ways to create an object.
2. Object constructor:
The simplest way to create an empty object is using the Object
constructor. Currently this approach is not recommended.
var object = new Object();
The Object() is a built-in constructor function so “new” keyword is
not required. The above code snippet can be re-written as:
var object = Object();
3. Object’s create method:
The create method of Object is used to create a new object by passing
the specificied prototype object and properties as arguments, i.e., this
pattern is helpful to create new objects based on existing objects. The
second argument is optional and it is used to create properties on a
newly created object.
The following code creates a new empty object whose prototype is
null.
var object = Object.create(null);
4. Function constructor:
In this approach, create any function and apply the new operator to
create object instances.
function Person(name) {
this.name = name;
this.age = 21;
}
var object = new Person("Sudheer");
5. Function constructor with prototype:
This is similar to function constructor but it uses prototype for their
properties and methods,
function Person() {}
Person.prototype.name = "Sudheer";
var object = new Person();
12
This is equivalent to creating an instance with Object.create method
with a function prototype and then calling that function with an
instance and parameters as arguments.
function func() {}
new func(x, y, z);
(OR)
// Create a new instance using function prototype.
var newInstance = Object.create(func.prototype)
// Call the function
var result = func.call(newInstance, x, y, z),
// If the result is a non-null object then use it otherwise just use the new instan
console.log(result && typeof result === 'object' ? result : newInstance);
6. ES6 Class syntax:
ES6 introduces class feature to create objects.
class Person {
constructor(name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
var object = new Person("Sudheer");
7. Singleton pattern:
A Singleton is an object which can only be instantiated one time.
Repeated calls to its constructor return the same instance. This way
one can ensure that they don’t accidentally create multiple instances.
var object = new (function () {
this.name = "Sudheer";
})();
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2.
What is a prototype chain
Prototype chaining is used to build new types of objects based on ex-
isting ones. It is similar to inheritance in a class based language.
The prototype on object instance is available through Object.getPrototypeOf(object)
or __proto__ property whereas prototype on constructors function is
13
available through Object.prototype.
Screenshot
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3.
What is the difference between Call, Apply and Bind
The difference between Call, Apply and Bind can be explained with below
examples,
Call: The call() method invokes a function with a given this value and
arguments provided one by one
var employee1 = { firstName: "John", lastName: "Rodson" };
var employee2 = { firstName: "Jimmy", lastName: "Baily" };
function invite(greeting1, greeting2) {
console.log(
greeting1 + " " + this.firstName + " " + this.lastName + ", " + greeting2
);
}
invite.call(employee1, "Hello", "How are you?"); // Hello John Rodson, How are you?
invite.call(employee2, "Hello", "How are you?"); // Hello Jimmy Baily, How are you?
Apply: Invokes the function with a given this value and allows you to
pass in arguments as an array
var employee1 = { firstName: "John", lastName: "Rodson" };
var employee2 = { firstName: "Jimmy", lastName: "Baily" };
function invite(greeting1, greeting2) {
console.log(
greeting1 + " " + this.firstName + " " + this.lastName + ", " + greeting2
);
}
invite.apply(employee1, ["Hello", "How are you?"]); // Hello John Rodson, How are you?
invite.apply(employee2, ["Hello", "How are you?"]); // Hello Jimmy Baily, How are you?
Bind: returns a new function, allowing you to pass any number of argu-
ments
var employee1 = { firstName: "John", lastName: "Rodson" };
var employee2 = { firstName: "Jimmy", lastName: "Baily" };
function invite(greeting1, greeting2) {
14
console.log(
greeting1 + " " + this.firstName + " " + this.lastName + ", " + greeting2
);
}
var inviteEmployee1 = invite.bind(employee1);
var inviteEmployee2 = invite.bind(employee2);
inviteEmployee1("Hello", "How are you?"); // Hello John Rodson, How are you?
inviteEmployee2("Hello", "How are you?"); // Hello Jimmy Baily, How are you?
Call and Apply are pretty much interchangeable. Both execute the current
function immediately. You need to decide whether it’s easier to send in
an array or a comma separated list of arguments. You can remember by
treating Call is for comma (separated list) and Apply is for Array.
Bind creates a new function that will have this set to the first parameter
passed to bind().
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4.
What is JSON and its common operations
JSON is a text-based data format following JavaScript object syntax,
which was popularized by Douglas Crockford. It is useful when you
want to transmit data across a network. It is basically just a text file with
an extension of .json, and a MIME type of application/json
Parsing: Converting a string to a native object
JSON.parse(text);
Stringification: Converting a native object to a string so that it can be
transmitted across the network
JSON.stringify(object);
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5.
What is the purpose of the array slice method
The slice() method returns the selected elements in an array as a new
array object. It selects the elements starting at the given start argument,
and ends at the given optional end argument without including the last
element. If you omit the second argument then it selects till the end of
the array.
Some of the examples of this method are,
15
let arrayIntegers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let arrayIntegers1 = arrayIntegers.slice(0, 2); // returns [1,2]
let arrayIntegers2 = arrayIntegers.slice(2, 3); // returns [3]
let arrayIntegers3 = arrayIntegers.slice(4); //returns [5]
Note: Slice method doesn’t mutate the original array but it returns the
subset as a new array.
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6.
What is the purpose of the array splice method
The splice() method adds/removes items to/from an array, and then
returns the removed item. The first argument specifies the array posi-
tion/index for insertion or deletion whereas the optional second argument
indicates the number of elements to be deleted. Each additional argument
is added to the array.
Some of the examples of this method are:
let arrayIntegersOriginal1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let arrayIntegersOriginal2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let arrayIntegersOriginal3 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let arrayIntegers1 = arrayIntegersOriginal1.splice(0, 2); // returns [1, 2]; original a
let arrayIntegers2 = arrayIntegersOriginal2.splice(3); // returns [4, 5]; original arra
let arrayIntegers3 = arrayIntegersOriginal3.splice(3, 1, "a", "b", "c"); //returns [4];
Note: Splice method modifies the original array and returns the deleted
array.
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7.
What is the difference between slice and splice
Some of the major differences in a tabular form:
Slice Splice
Doesn’t modify the original Modifies the original array(mutable)
array(immutable)
Returns the subset of original array Returns the deleted elements as array
Used to pick the elements from array Used to insert/delete elements to/from
array
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16
8.
How do you compare Object and Map
Objects are similar to Maps in that both let you set keys to values,
retrieve those values, delete keys, and detect whether something is stored
at a key. Due to this reason, Objects have been used as Maps historically.
But there are important differences that make using a Map preferable in
certain cases:
1. The keys of an Object can be Strings and Symbols, whereas they
can be any value for a Map, including functions, objects, and any
primitive.
2. The keys in a Map are ordered while keys added to Object are not.
Thus, when iterating over it, a Map object returns keys in the order
of insertion.
3. You can get the size of a Map easily with the size property, while the
number of properties in an Object must be determined manually.
4. A Map is an iterable and can thus be directly iterated, whereas iter-
ating over an Object requires obtaining its keys in some fashion and
iterating over them.
5. An Object has a prototype, so there are default keys in an object
that could collide with your keys if you’re not careful. As of ES5 this
can be bypassed by creating an object(which can be called a map)
using Object.create(null), but this practice is seldom done.
6. A Map may perform better in scenarios involving frequent addition
and removal of key pairs.
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9.
What is the difference between == and === operators
JavaScript provides both strict(===, !==) and type-converting(==, !=)
equality comparison. The strict operators take type of variable in consid-
eration, while non-strict operators make type correction/conversion based
upon values of variables. The strict operators follow the below conditions
for different types,
1. Two strings are strictly equal when they have the same sequence
of characters, same length, and same characters in corresponding
positions.
2. Two numbers are strictly equal when they are numerically equal, i.e.,
having the same number value. There are two special cases in this,
1. NaN is not equal to anything, including NaN.
2. Positive and negative zeros are equal to one another.
17
3. Two Boolean operands are strictly equal if both are true or both are
false.
4. Two objects are strictly equal if they refer to the same Object.
5. Null and Undefined types are not equal with ===, but equal with
==, i.e, null===undefined –> false, but null==undefined –> true
Some of the example which covers the above cases:
0 == false // true
0 === false // false
1 == "1" // true
1 === "1" // false
null == undefined // true
null === undefined // false
'0' == false // true
'0' === false // false
[]==[] or []===[] //false, refer different objects in memory
{}=={} or {}==={} //false, refer different objects in memory
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10.
What are lambda or arrow functions
An arrow function is a shorter syntax for a function expression and does
not have its own this, arguments, super, or new.target. These func-
tions are best suited for non-method functions, and they cannot be used
as constructors.
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11.
What is a first class function
In Javascript, functions are first class objects. First-class functions means
when functions in that language are treated like any other variable.
For example, in such a language, a function can be passed as an argu-
ment to other functions, can be returned by another function and can
be assigned as a value to a variable. For example, in the below example,
handler functions assigned to a listener
const handler = () => console.log("This is a click handler function");
document.addEventListener("click", handler);
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12.
18
What is a first order function
A first-order function is a function that doesn’t accept another function
as an argument and doesn’t return a function as its return value.
const firstOrder = () => console.log("I am a first order function!");
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13.
What is a higher order function
A higher-order function is a function that accepts another function as an
argument or returns a function as a return value or both.
const firstOrderFunc = () =>
console.log("Hello, I am a First order function");
const higherOrder = (ReturnFirstOrderFunc) => ReturnFirstOrderFunc();
higherOrder(firstOrderFunc);
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14.
What is a unary function
A unary function (i.e. monadic) is a function that accepts exactly one
argument. It stands for a single argument accepted by a function.
Let us take an example of unary function,
const unaryFunction = (a) => console.log(a + 10); // Add 10 to the given argument and d
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15.
What is the currying function
Currying is the process of taking a function with multiple arguments and
turning it into a sequence of functions each with only a single argument.
Currying is named after a mathematician Haskell Curry. By applying
currying, an n-ary function turns into a unary function.
Let’s take an example of n-ary function and how it turns into a currying
function,
const multiArgFunction = (a, b, c) => a + b + c;
console.log(multiArgFunction(1, 2, 3)); // 6
const curryUnaryFunction = (a) => (b) => (c) => a + b + c;
curryUnaryFunction(1); // returns a function: b => c => 1 + b + c
19
curryUnaryFunction(1)(2); // returns a function: c => 3 + c
curryUnaryFunction(1)(2)(3); // returns the number 6
Curried functions are great to improve code reusability and functional
composition.
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16.
What is a pure function
A Pure function is a function where the return value is only determined
by its arguments without any side effects. i.e, If you call a function with
the same arguments ‘n’ number of times and ‘n’ number of places in the
application then it will always return the same value.
Let’s take an example to see the difference between pure and impure func-
tions,
//Impure
let numberArray = [];
const impureAddNumber = (number) => numberArray.push(number);
//Pure
const pureAddNumber = (number) => (argNumberArray) =>
argNumberArray.concat([number]);
//Display the results
console.log(impureAddNumber(6)); // returns 1
console.log(numberArray); // returns [6]
console.log(pureAddNumber(7)(numberArray)); // returns [6, 7]
console.log(numberArray); // returns [6]
As per the above code snippets, the Push function is impure itself by
altering the array and returning a push number index independent of the
parameter value, whereas Concat on the other hand takes the array and
concatenates it with the other array producing a whole new array without
side effects. Also, the return value is a concatenation of the previous array.
Remember that Pure functions are important as they simplify unit testing
without any side effects and no need for dependency injection. They also
avoid tight coupling and make it harder to break your application by not
having any side effects. These principles are coming together with the
Immutability concept of ES6: giving preference to const over let usage.
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17.
20
What is the purpose of the let keyword
The let statement declares a block scope local variable. Hence the
variables defined with let keyword are limited in scope to the block, state-
ment, or expression on which it is used. Whereas variables declared with
the var keyword used to define a variable globally, or locally to an entire
function regardless of block scope.
Let’s take an example to demonstrate the usage,
let counter = 30;
if (counter === 30) {
let counter = 31;
console.log(counter); // 31
}
console.log(counter); // 30 (because the variable in if block won't exist here)
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18.
What is the difference between let and var
You can list out the differences in a tabular format
var let
It has been available from the beginning of Introduced as part of ES6
JavaScript
It has function scope It has block scope
Variables will be hoisted Hoisted but not
initialized
Let’s take an example to see the difference,
function userDetails(username) {
if (username) {
console.log(salary); // undefined due to hoisting
console.log(age); // ReferenceError: Cannot access 'age' before initialization
let age = 30;
var salary = 10000;
}
console.log(salary); //10000 (accessible due to function scope)
console.log(age); //error: age is not defined(due to block scope)
}
userDetails("John");
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19.
21
What is the reason to choose the name let as a keyword
let is a mathematical statement that was adopted by early programming
languages like Scheme and Basic. It has been borrowed from dozens of
other languages that use let already as a traditional keyword as close to
var as possible.
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20.
How do you redeclare variables in a switch block without an
error
If you try to redeclare variables in a switch block then it will cause errors
because there is only one block. For example, the below code block throws
a syntax error as below,
let counter = 1;
switch (x) {
case 0:
let name;
break;
case 1:
let name; // SyntaxError for redeclaration.
break;
}
To avoid this error, you can create a nested block inside a case clause and
create a new block scoped lexical environment.
let counter = 1;
switch (x) {
case 0: {
let name;
break;
}
case 1: {
let name; // No SyntaxError for redeclaration.
break;
}
}
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21.
22
What is the Temporal Dead Zone
The Temporal Dead Zone is a behavior in JavaScript that occurs when
declaring a variable with the let and const keywords, but not with var. In
ECMAScript 6, accessing a let or const variable before its declaration
(within its scope) causes a ReferenceError. The time span when that
happens, between the creation of a variable’s binding and its declaration,
is called the temporal dead zone.
Let’s see this behavior with an example,
function somemethod() {
console.log(counter1); // undefined
console.log(counter2); // ReferenceError
var counter1 = 1;
let counter2 = 2;
}
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22.
What is an IIFE (Immediately Invoked Function Expression)
IIFE (Immediately Invoked Function Expression) is a JavaScript function
that runs as soon as it is defined. The signature of it would be as below,
(function () {
// logic here
})();
The primary reason to use an IIFE is to obtain data privacy because any
variables declared within the IIFE cannot be accessed by the outside world.
i.e, If you try to access variables from the IIFE then it throws an error as
below,
(function () {
var message = "IIFE";
console.log(message);
})();
console.log(message); //Error: message is not defined
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23.
How do you decode or encode a URL in JavaScript?
encodeURI() function is used to encode an URL. This function requires a
URL string as a parameter and return that encoded string. decodeURI()
23
function is used to decode an URL. This function requires an encoded
URL string as parameter and return that decoded string.
Note: If you want to encode characters such as / ? : @ & = + $ # then
you need to use encodeURIComponent().
let uri = "employeeDetails?name=john&occupation=manager";
let encoded_uri = encodeURI(uri);
let decoded_uri = decodeURI(encoded_uri);
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24.
What is memoization
Memoization is a functional programming technique which attempts to
increase a function’s performance by caching its previously computed re-
sults. Each time a memoized function is called, its parameters are used to
index the cache. If the data is present, then it can be returned, without
executing the entire function. Otherwise the function is executed and then
the result is added to the cache. Let’s take an example of adding function
with memoization,
const memoizAddition = () => {
let cache = {};
return (value) => {
if (value in cache) {
console.log("Fetching from cache");
return cache[value]; // Here, cache.value cannot be used as property name starts
} else {
console.log("Calculating result");
let result = value + 20;
cache[value] = result;
return result;
}
};
};
// returned function from memoizAddition
const addition = memoizAddition();
console.log(addition(20)); //output: 40 calculated
console.log(addition(20)); //output: 40 cached
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25.
24
What is Hoisting
Hoisting is a JavaScript mechanism where variables, function declarations
and classes are moved to the top of their scope before code execution. Re-
member that JavaScript only hoists declarations, not initialisation. Let’s
take a simple example of variable hoisting,
console.log(message); //output : undefined
var message = "The variable Has been hoisted";
The above code looks like as below to the interpreter,
var message;
console.log(message);
message = "The variable Has been hoisted";
In the same fashion, function declarations are hoisted too
message("Good morning"); //Good morning
function message(name) {
console.log(name);
}
This hoisting makes functions to be safely used in code before they are
declared.
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26.
What are classes in ES6
In ES6, Javascript classes are primarily syntactic sugar over JavaScript’s
existing prototype-based inheritance. For example, the prototype based
inheritance written in function expression as below,
function Bike(model, color) {
this.model = model;
this.color = color;
}
Bike.prototype.getDetails = function () {
return this.model + " bike has" + this.color + " color";
};
Whereas ES6 classes can be defined as an alternative
class Bike {
constructor(color, model) {
this.color = color;
this.model = model;
25
}
getDetails() {
return this.model + " bike has" + this.color + " color";
}
}
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27.
What are closures
A closure is the combination of a function and the lexical environment
within which that function was declared. i.e, It is an inner function that
has access to the outer or enclosing function’s variables. The closure has
three scope chains
1. Own scope where variables defined between its curly brackets
2. Outer function’s variables
3. Global variables
Let’s take an example of closure concept,
function Welcome(name) {
var greetingInfo = function (message) {
console.log(message + " " + name);
};
return greetingInfo;
}
var myFunction = Welcome("John");
myFunction("Welcome "); //Output: Welcome John
myFunction("Hello Mr."); //output: Hello Mr.John
As per the above code, the inner function(i.e, greetingInfo) has access to
the variables in the outer function scope(i.e, Welcome) even after the outer
function has returned.
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28.
What are modules
Modules refer to small units of independent, reusable code and also act as
the foundation of many JavaScript design patterns. Most of the JavaScript
modules export an object literal, a function, or a constructor
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29.
26
Why do you need modules
Below are the list of benefits using modules in javascript ecosystem
1. Maintainability
2. Reusability
3. Namespacing
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30.
What is scope in javascript
Scope is the accessibility of variables, functions, and objects in some par-
ticular part of your code during runtime. In other words, scope determines
the visibility of variables and other resources in areas of your code.
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31.
What is a service worker
A Service worker is basically a script (JavaScript file) that runs in the
background, separate from a web page and provides features that don’t
need a web page or user interaction. Some of the major features of service
workers are Rich offline experiences(offline first web application develop-
ment), periodic background syncs, push notifications, intercept and handle
network requests and programmatically managing a cache of responses.
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32.
How do you manipulate DOM using a service worker
Service worker can’t access the DOM directly. But it can communi-
cate with the pages it controls by responding to messages sent via the
postMessage interface, and those pages can manipulate the DOM.
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33.
How do you reuse information across service worker restarts
The problem with service worker is that it gets terminated when not in
use, and restarted when it’s next needed, so you cannot rely on global
state within a service worker’s onfetch and onmessage handlers. In this
case, service workers will have access to IndexedDB API in order to persist
and reuse across restarts.
27
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34.
What is IndexedDB
IndexedDB is a low-level API for client-side storage of larger amounts of
structured data, including files/blobs. This API uses indexes to enable
high-performance searches of this data.
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35.
What is web storage
Web storage is an API that provides a mechanism by which browsers
can store key/value pairs locally within the user’s browser, in a much
more intuitive fashion than using cookies. The web storage provides two
mechanisms for storing data on the client.
1. Local storage: It stores data for current origin with no expiration
date.
2. Session storage: It stores data for one session and the data is lost
when the browser tab is closed.
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36.
What is a post message
Post message is a method that enables cross-origin communication be-
tween Window objects.(i.e, between a page and a pop-up that it spawned,
or between a page and an iframe embedded within it). Generally, scripts
on different pages are allowed to access each other if and only if the pages
follow same-origin policy(i.e, pages share the same protocol, port number,
and host).
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37.
What is a Cookie
A cookie is a piece of data that is stored on your computer to be accessed
by your browser. Cookies are saved as key/value pairs. For example, you
can create a cookie named username as below,
document.cookie = "username=John";
28
Screenshot
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38.
Why do you need a Cookie
Cookies are used to remember information about the user profile(such as
username). It basically involves two steps,
1. When a user visits a web page, the user profile can be stored in a
cookie.
2. Next time the user visits the page, the cookie remembers the user
profile.
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39.
What are the options in a cookie
There are few below options available for a cookie,
1. By default, the cookie is deleted when the browser is closed but you
can change this behavior by setting expiry date (in UTC time).
document.cookie = "username=John; expires=Sat, 8 Jun 2019 12:00:00 UTC";
1. By default, the cookie belongs to a current page. But you can tell
the browser what path the cookie belongs to using a path parameter.
document.cookie = "username=John; path=/services";
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40.
How do you delete a cookie
You can delete a cookie by setting the expiry date as a passed date. You
don’t need to specify a cookie value in this case. For example, you can
delete a username cookie in the current page as below.
document.cookie =
"username=; expires=Fri, 07 Jun 2019 00:00:00 UTC; path=/;";
Note: You should define the cookie path option to ensure that you delete
the right cookie. Some browsers doesn’t allow to delete a cookie unless
you specify a path parameter.
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41.
29
What are the differences between cookie, local storage and ses-
sion storage
Below are some of the differences between cookie, local storage and session
storage,
Local Session
Feature Cookie storage storage
Accessed on client or Both server-side & client-side client-side
server side client-side only only
Lifetime As configured using until until tab is
Expires option deleted closed
SSL support Supported Not Not
supported supported
Maximum data size 4KB 5 MB 5MB
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42.
What is the main difference between localStorage and session-
Storage
LocalStorage is the same as SessionStorage but it persists the data even
when the browser is closed and reopened(i.e it has no expiration time)
whereas in sessionStorage data gets cleared when the page session ends.
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43.
How do you access web storage
The Window object implements the WindowLocalStorage and
WindowSessionStorage objects which has localStorage(window.localStorage)
and sessionStorage(window.sessionStorage) properties respectively.
These properties create an instance of the Storage object, through which
data items can be set, retrieved and removed for a specific domain and
storage type (session or local). For example, you can read and write on
local storage objects as below
localStorage.setItem("logo", document.getElementById("logo").value);
localStorage.getItem("logo");
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44.
30
What are the methods available on session storage
The session storage provided methods for reading, writing and clearing
the session data
// Save data to sessionStorage
sessionStorage.setItem("key", "value");
// Get saved data from sessionStorage
let data = sessionStorage.getItem("key");
// Remove saved data from sessionStorage
sessionStorage.removeItem("key");
// Remove all saved data from sessionStorage
sessionStorage.clear();
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45.
What is a storage event and its event handler
The StorageEvent is an event that fires when a storage area has been
changed in the context of another document. Whereas onstorage property
is an EventHandler for processing storage events. The syntax would be as
below
window.onstorage = functionRef;
Let’s take the example usage of onstorage event handler which logs the
storage key and it’s values
window.onstorage = function (e) {
console.log(
"The " +
e.key +
" key has been changed from " +
e.oldValue +
" to " +
e.newValue +
"."
);
};
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46.
31
Why do you need web storage
Web storage is more secure, and large amounts of data can be stored locally,
without affecting website performance. Also, the information is never
transferred to the server. Hence this is a more recommended approach
than Cookies.
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47.
How do you check web storage browser support
You need to check browser support for localStorage and sessionStorage
before using web storage,
if (typeof Storage !== "undefined") {
// Code for localStorage/sessionStorage.
} else {
// Sorry! No Web Storage support..
}
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48.
How do you check web workers browser support
You need to check browser support for web workers before using it
if (typeof Worker !== "undefined") {
// code for Web worker support.
} else {
// Sorry! No Web Worker support..
}
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49.
Give an example of a web worker
You need to follow below steps to start using web workers for counting
example
1. Create a Web Worker File: You need to write a script to increment
the count value. Let’s name it as counter.js
let i = 0;
function timedCount() {
i = i + 1;
32
postMessage(i);
setTimeout("timedCount()", 500);
}
timedCount();
Here postMessage() method is used to post a message back to the HTML
page
1. Create a Web Worker Object: You can create a web worker
object by checking for browser support. Let’s name this file as
web_worker_example.js
if (typeof w == "undefined") {
w = new Worker("counter.js");
}
and we can receive messages from web worker
w.onmessage = function (event) {
document.getElementById("message").innerHTML = event.data;
};
1. Terminate a Web Worker: Web workers will continue to listen for
messages (even after the external script is finished) until it is termi-
nated. You can use the terminate() method to terminate listening to
the messages.
w.terminate();
1. Reuse the Web Worker: If you set the worker variable to undefined
you can reuse the code
w = undefined;
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50.
What are the restrictions of web workers on DOM
WebWorkers don’t have access to below javascript objects since they are
defined in an external files
1. Window object
2. Document object
3. Parent object
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51.
33
What is a promise
A promise is an object that may produce a single value some time in the
future with either a resolved value or a reason that it’s not resolved(for
example, network error). It will be in one of the 3 possible states: fulfilled,
rejected, or pending.
The syntax of Promise creation looks like below,
const promise = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
// promise description
});
The usage of a promise would be as below,
const promise = new Promise(
(resolve) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve("I'm a Promise!");
}, 5000);
},
(reject) => {}
);
promise.then((value) => console.log(value));
The action flow of a promise will be as below,
Screenshot
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52.
Why do you need a promise
Promises are used to handle asynchronous operations. They provide an
alternative approach for callbacks by reducing the callback hell and writing
the cleaner code.
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53.
What are the three states of promise
Promises have three states:
1. Pending: This is an initial state of the Promise before an operation
begins
2. Fulfilled: This state indicates that the specified operation was com-
pleted.
34
3. Rejected: This state indicates that the operation did not complete.
In this case an error value will be thrown.
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54.
What is a callback function
A callback function is a function passed into another function as an argu-
ment. This function is invoked inside the outer function to complete an
action. Let’s take a simple example of how to use callback function
function callbackFunction(name) {
console.log("Hello " + name);
}
function outerFunction(callback) {
let name = prompt("Please enter your name.");
callback(name);
}
outerFunction(callbackFunction);
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55.
Why do we need callbacks
The callbacks are needed because javascript is an event driven language.
That means instead of waiting for a response javascript will keep executing
while listening for other events. Let’s take an example with the first func-
tion invoking an API call(simulated by setTimeout) and the next function
which logs the message.
function firstFunction() {
// Simulate a code delay
setTimeout(function () {
console.log("First function called");
}, 1000);
}
function secondFunction() {
console.log("Second function called");
}
firstFunction();
secondFunction();
Output;
35
// Second function called
// First function called
As observed from the output, javascript didn’t wait for the response of
the first function and the remaining code block got executed. So callbacks
are used in a way to make sure that certain code doesn’t execute until the
other code finishes execution.
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56.
What is a callback hell
Callback Hell is an anti-pattern with multiple nested callbacks which
makes code hard to read and debug when dealing with asynchronous logic.
The callback hell looks like below,
async1(function(){
async2(function(){
async3(function(){
async4(function(){
....
});
});
});
});
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57.
What are server-sent events
Server-sent events (SSE) is a server push technology enabling a browser
to receive automatic updates from a server via HTTP connection without
resorting to polling. These are a one way communications channel - events
flow from server to client only. This has been used in Facebook/Twitter
updates, stock price updates, news feeds etc.
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58.
How do you receive server-sent event notifications
The EventSource object is used to receive server-sent event notifications.
For example, you can receive messages from server as below,
if (typeof EventSource !== "undefined") {
var source = new EventSource("sse_generator.js");
36
source.onmessage = function (event) {
document.getElementById("output").innerHTML += event.data + "<br>";
};
}
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59.
How do you check browser support for server-sent events
You can perform browser support for server-sent events before using it as
below,
if (typeof EventSource !== "undefined") {
// Server-sent events supported. Let's have some code here!
} else {
// No server-sent events supported
}
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60.
What are the events available for server sent events
Below are the list of events available for server sent events | Event | De-
scription | |—- | ——— | onopen | It is used when a connection to the
server is opened | | onmessage | This event is used when a message is
received | | onerror | It happens when an error occurs|
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61.
What are the main rules of promise
A promise must follow a specific set of rules:
1. A promise is an object that supplies a standard-compliant .then()
method
2. A pending promise may transition into either fulfilled or rejected
state
3. A fulfilled or rejected promise is settled and it must not transition
into any other state.
4. Once a promise is settled, the value must not change.
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62.
37
What is callback in callback
You can nest one callback inside in another callback to execute the actions
sequentially one by one. This is known as callbacks in callbacks.
loadScript("/script1.js", function (script) {
console.log("first script is loaded");
loadScript("/script2.js", function (script) {
console.log("second script is loaded");
loadScript("/script3.js", function (script) {
console.log("third script is loaded");
// after all scripts are loaded
});
});
});
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63.
What is promise chaining
The process of executing a sequence of asynchronous tasks one after an-
other using promises is known as Promise chaining. Let’s take an example
of promise chaining for calculating the final result,
new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
setTimeout(() => resolve(1), 1000);
})
.then(function (result) {
console.log(result); // 1
return result * 2;
})
.then(function (result) {
console.log(result); // 2
return result * 3;
})
.then(function (result) {
console.log(result); // 6
return result * 4;
});
In the above handlers, the result is passed to the chain of .then() handlers
with the below work flow,
1. The initial promise resolves in 1 second,
38
2. After that .then handler is called by logging the result(1) and then
return a promise with the value of result * 2.
3. After that the value passed to the next .then handler by logging the
result(2) and return a promise with result * 3.
4. Finally the value passed to the last .then handler by logging the
result(6) and return a promise with result * 4.
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64.
What is promise.all
Promise.all is a promise that takes an array of promises as an input (an
iterable), and it gets resolved when all the promises get resolved or any
one of them gets rejected. For example, the syntax of promise.all method
is below,
Promise.all([Promise1, Promise2, Promise3]) .then(result) => { console.log(result) })
Note: Remember that the order of the promises(output the result) is
maintained as per input order.
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65.
What is the purpose of the race method in promise
Promise.race() method will return the promise instance which is firstly re-
solved or rejected. Let’s take an example of race() method where promise2
is resolved first
var promise1 = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
setTimeout(resolve, 500, "one");
});
var promise2 = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
setTimeout(resolve, 100, "two");
});
Promise.race([promise1, promise2]).then(function (value) {
console.log(value); // "two" // Both promises will resolve, but promise2 is faster
});
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66.
39
What is a strict mode in javascript
Strict Mode is a new feature in ECMAScript 5 that allows you to place
a program, or a function, in a “strict” operating context. This way it
prevents certain actions from being taken and throws more exceptions.
The literal expression "use strict"; instructs the browser to use the
javascript code in the Strict mode.
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67.
Why do you need strict mode
Strict mode is useful to write “secure” JavaScript by notifying “bad syntax”
into real errors. For example, it eliminates accidentally creating a global
variable by throwing an error and also throws an error for assignment to
a non-writable property, a getter-only property, a non-existing property,
a non-existing variable, or a non-existing object.
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68.
How do you declare strict mode
The strict mode is declared by adding “use strict”; to the beginning of a
script or a function. If declared at the beginning of a script, it has global
scope.
"use strict";
x = 3.14; // This will cause an error because x is not declared
and if you declare inside a function, it has local scope
x = 3.14; // This will not cause an error.
myFunction();
function myFunction() {
"use strict";
y = 3.14; // This will cause an error
}
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69.
What is the purpose of double exclamation
The double exclamation or negation(!!) ensures the resulting type is a
boolean. If it was falsey (e.g. 0, null, undefined, etc.), it will be false,
40
otherwise, it will be true. For example, you can test IE version using this
expression as below,
let isIE8 = false;
isIE8 = !!navigator.userAgent.match(/MSIE 8.0/);
console.log(isIE8); // returns true or false
If you don’t use this expression then it returns the original value.
console.log(navigator.userAgent.match(/MSIE 8.0/)); // returns either an Array or null
Note: The expression !! is not an operator, but it is just twice of !
operator.
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70.
What is the purpose of the delete operator
The delete operator is used to delete the property as well as its value.
var user = { firstName: "John", lastName:"Doe", age: 20 };
delete user.age;
console.log(user); // {firstName: "John", lastName:"Doe"}
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71.
What is typeof operator
You can use the JavaScript typeof operator to find the type of a JavaScript
variable. It returns the type of a variable or an expression.
typeof "John Abraham"; // Returns "string"
typeof (1 + 2); // Returns "number"
typeof [1, 2, 3]; // Returns "object" because all arrays are also objects
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72.
What is undefined property
The undefined property indicates that a variable has not been assigned a
value, or declared but not initialized at all. The type of undefined value
is undefined too.
var user; // Value is undefined, type is undefined
console.log(typeof user); //undefined
41
Any variable can be emptied by setting the value to undefined.
user = undefined;
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73.
What is null value
The value null represents the intentional absence of any object value. It is
one of JavaScript’s primitive values. The type of null value is object. You
can empty the variable by setting the value to null.
var user = null;
console.log(typeof user); //object
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74.
What is the difference between null and undefined
Below are the main differences between null and undefined,
Null Undefined
It is an assignment value which It is not an assignment value where a
indicates that variable points to no variable has been declared but has not
object. yet been assigned a value.
Type of null is object Type of undefined is undefined
The null value is a primitive value The undefined value is a primitive
that represents the null, empty, or value used when a variable has not
non-existent reference. been assigned a value.
Indicates the absence of a value for Indicates absence of variable itself
a variable
Converted to zero (0) while Converted to NaN while performing
performing primitive operations primitive operations
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75.
What is eval
The eval() function evaluates JavaScript code represented as a string. The
string can be a JavaScript expression, variable, statement, or sequence of
statements.
console.log(eval("1 + 2")); // 3
42
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76.
What is the difference between window and document
Below are the main differences between window and document,
Window Document
It is the root level element in any It is the direct child of the window object.
web page This is also known as Document Object
Model(DOM)
By default window object is You can access it via window.document
available implicitly in the page or document.
It has methods like alert(), It provides methods like getElementById,
confirm() and properties like getElementsByTagName, createElement
document, location etc
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77.
How do you access history in javascript
The window.history object contains the browser’s history. You can load
previous and next URLs in the history using back() and next() methods.
function goBack() {
window.history.back();
}
function goForward() {
window.history.forward();
}
Note: You can also access history without window prefix.
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78.
How do you detect caps lock key turned on or not
The mouseEvent getModifierState() is used to return a boolean value
that indicates whether the specified modifier key is activated or not. The
modifiers such as CapsLock, ScrollLock and NumLock are activated when
they are clicked, and deactivated when they are clicked again.
Let’s take an input element to detect the CapsLock on/off behavior with
an example,
43
<input type="password" onmousedown="enterInput(event)" />
<p id="feedback"></p>
<script>
function enterInput(e) {
var flag = e.getModifierState("CapsLock");
if (flag) {
document.getElementById("feedback").innerHTML = "CapsLock activated";
} else {
document.getElementById("feedback").innerHTML =
"CapsLock not activated";
}
}
</script>
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79.
What is isNaN
The isNaN() function is used to determine whether a value is an illegal
number (Not-a-Number) or not. i.e, This function returns true if the value
equates to NaN. Otherwise it returns false.
isNaN("Hello"); //true
isNaN("100"); //false
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80.
What are the differences between undeclared and undefined vari-
ables
Below are the major differences between undeclared(not defined) and un-
defined variables,
undeclared undefined
These variables do not exist in a These variables declared in the
program and are not declared program but have not assigned any
value
If you try to read the value of an If you try to read the value of an
undeclared variable, then a runtime undefined variable, an undefined
error is encountered value is returned.
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44
81.
What are global variables
Global variables are those that are available throughout the length of the
code without any scope. The var keyword is used to declare a local variable
but if you omit it then it will become global variable
msg = "Hello"; // var is missing, it becomes global variable
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82.
What are the problems with global variables
The problem with global variables is the conflict of variable names of local
and global scope. It is also difficult to debug and test the code that relies
on global variables.
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83.
What is NaN property
The NaN property is a global property that represents “Not-a-Number”
value. i.e, It indicates that a value is not a legal number. It is very rare
to use NaN in a program but it can be used as return value for few cases
Math.sqrt(-1);
parseInt("Hello");
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84.
What is the purpose of isFinite function
The isFinite() function is used to determine whether a number is a finite,
legal number. It returns false if the value is +infinity, -infinity, or NaN
(Not-a-Number), otherwise it returns true.
isFinite(Infinity); // false
isFinite(NaN); // false
isFinite(-Infinity); // false
isFinite(100); // true
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85.
45
What is an event flow
Event flow is the order in which event is received on the web page. When
you click an element that is nested in various other elements, before your
click actually reaches its destination, or target element, it must trigger the
click event for each of its parent elements first, starting at the top with
the global window object. There are two ways of event flow
1. Top to Bottom(Event Capturing)
2. Bottom to Top (Event Bubbling)
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86.
What is event bubbling
Event bubbling is a type of event propagation where the event first triggers
on the innermost target element, and then successively triggers on the
ancestors (parents) of the target element in the same nesting hierarchy till
it reaches the outermost DOM element.
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87.
What is event capturing
Event capturing is a type of event propagation where the event is first
captured by the outermost element, and then successively triggers on the
descendants (children) of the target element in the same nesting hierarchy
till it reaches the innermost DOM element.
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88.
How do you submit a form using JavaScript
You can submit a form using document.forms[0].submit(). All the form
input’s information is submitted using onsubmit event handler
function submit() {
document.forms[0].submit();
}
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89.
46
How do you find operating system details
The window.navigator object contains information about the visitor’s
browser OS details. Some of the OS properties are available under
platform property,
console.log(navigator.platform);
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90.
What is the difference between document load and DOMCon-
tentLoaded events
The DOMContentLoaded event is fired when the initial HTML doc-
ument has been completely loaded and parsed, without waiting for
assets(stylesheets, images, and subframes) to finish loading. Whereas
The load event is fired when the whole page has loaded, including all
dependent resources(stylesheets, images).
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91.
What is the difference between native, host and user objects
Native objects are objects that are part of the JavaScript language de-
fined by the ECMAScript specification. For example, String, Math, Reg-
Exp, Object, Function etc core objects defined in the ECMAScript spec.
Host objects are objects provided by the browser or runtime environ-
ment (Node). For example, window, XmlHttpRequest, DOM nodes etc
are considered as host objects. User objects are objects defined in the
javascript code. For example, User objects created for profile information.
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92.
What are the tools or techniques used for debugging JavaScript
code
You can use below tools or techniques for debugging javascript
1. Chrome Devtools
2. debugger statement
3. Good old console.log statement
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93.
47
What are the pros and cons of promises over callbacks
Below are the list of pros and cons of promises over callbacks,
Pros:
1. It avoids callback hell which is unreadable
2. Easy to write sequential asynchronous code with .then()
3. Easy to write parallel asynchronous code with Promise.all()
4. Solves some of the common problems of callbacks(call the callback
too late, too early, many times and swallow errors/exceptions)
Cons:
1. It makes little complex code
2. You need to load a polyfill if ES6 is not supported
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94.
What is the difference between an attribute and a property
Attributes are defined on the HTML markup whereas properties are de-
fined on the DOM. For example, the below HTML element has 2 attributes
type and value,
<input type="text" value="Name:">
You can retrieve the attribute value as below,
const input = document.querySelector("input");
console.log(input.getAttribute("value")); // Good morning
console.log(input.value); // Good morning
And after you change the value of the text field to “Good evening”, it
becomes like
console.log(input.getAttribute("value")); // Good evening
console.log(input.value); // Good evening
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95.
What is same-origin policy
The same-origin policy is a policy that prevents JavaScript from making
requests across domain boundaries. An origin is defined as a combination
of URI scheme, hostname, and port number. If you enable this policy
then it prevents a malicious script on one page from obtaining access to
sensitive data on another web page using Document Object Model(DOM).
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48
96.
What is the purpose of void 0
Void(0) is used to prevent the page from refreshing. This will be helpful
to eliminate the unwanted side-effect, because it will return the unde-
fined primitive value. It is commonly used for HTML documents that use
href=“JavaScript:Void(0);” within an <a> element. i.e, when you click a
link, the browser loads a new page or refreshes the same page. But this
behavior will be prevented using this expression. For example, the below
link notify the message without reloading the page
<a href="JavaScript:void(0);" onclick="alert('Well done!')">
Click Me!
</a>
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97.
Is JavaScript a compiled or interpreted language
JavaScript is an interpreted language, not a compiled language. An in-
terpreter in the browser reads over the JavaScript code, interprets each
line, and runs it. Nowadays modern browsers use a technology known as
Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation, which compiles JavaScript to executable
bytecode just as it is about to run.
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98.
Is JavaScript a case-sensitive language
Yes, JavaScript is a case sensitive language. The language keywords, vari-
ables, function & object names, and any other identifiers must always be
typed with a consistent capitalization of letters.
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99.
Is there any relation between Java and JavaScript
No, they are entirely two different programming languages and have noth-
ing to do with each other. But both of them are Object Oriented Pro-
gramming languages and like many other languages, they follow similar
syntax for basic features(if, else, for, switch, break, continue etc).
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49
100.
What are events
Events are “things” that happen to HTML elements. When JavaScript is
used in HTML pages, JavaScript can react on these events. Some of the
examples of HTML events are,
1. Web page has finished loading
2. Input field was changed
3. Button was clicked
Let’s describe the behavior of click event for button element,
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<script>
function greeting() {
alert('Hello! Good morning');
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<button type="button" onclick="greeting()">Click me</button>
</body>
</html>
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101.
Who created javascript
JavaScript was created by Brendan Eich in 1995 during his time at
Netscape Communications. Initially it was developed under the name
Mocha, but later the language was officially called LiveScript when it
first shipped in beta releases of Netscape.
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102.
What is the use of preventDefault method
The preventDefault() method cancels the event if it is cancelable, meaning
that the default action or behaviour that belongs to the event will not
occur. For example, prevent form submission when clicking on submit
button and prevent opening the page URL when clicking on hyperlink are
some common use cases.
50
document
.getElementById("link")
.addEventListener("click", function (event) {
event.preventDefault();
});
Note: Remember that not all events are cancelable.
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103.
What is the use of stopPropagation method
The stopPropagation method is used to stop the event from bubbling up
the event chain. For example, the below nested divs with stopPropaga-
tion method prevents default event propagation when clicking on nested
div(Div1)
<p>Click DIV1 Element</p>
<div onclick="secondFunc()">DIV 2
<div onclick="firstFunc(event)">DIV 1</div>
</div>
<script>
function firstFunc(event) {
alert("DIV 1");
event.stopPropagation();
}
function secondFunc() {
alert("DIV 2");
}
</script>
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104.
What are the steps involved in return false usage
The return false statement in event handlers performs the below steps,
1. First it stops the browser’s default action or behaviour.
2. It prevents the event from propagating the DOM
3. Stops callback execution and returns immediately when called.
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105.
51
What is BOM
The Browser Object Model (BOM) allows JavaScript to “talk to” the
browser. It consists of the objects navigator, history, screen, location and
document which are children of the window. The Browser Object Model
is not standardized and can change based on different browsers.
Screenshot
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106.
What is the use of setTimeout
The setTimeout() method is used to call a function or evaluate an ex-
pression after a specified number of milliseconds. For example, let’s log a
message after 2 seconds using setTimeout method,
setTimeout(function () {
console.log("Good morning");
}, 2000);
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107.
What is the use of setInterval
The setInterval() method is used to call a function or evaluate an ex-
pression at specified intervals (in milliseconds). For example, let’s log a
message after 2 seconds using setInterval method,
setInterval(function () {
console.log("Good morning");
}, 2000);
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108.
Why is JavaScript treated as Single threaded
JavaScript is a single-threaded language. Because the language specifica-
tion does not allow the programmer to write code so that the interpreter
can run parts of it in parallel in multiple threads or processes. Whereas
languages like java, go, C++ can make multi-threaded and multi-process
programs.
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109.
52
What is an event delegation
Event delegation is a technique for listening to events where you delegate
a parent element as the listener for all of the events that happen inside it.
For example, if you wanted to detect field changes in inside a specific form,
you can use event delegation technique,
var form = document.querySelector("#registration-form");
// Listen for changes to fields inside the form
form.addEventListener(
"input",
function (event) {
// Log the field that was changed
console.log(event.target);
},
false
);
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110.
What is ECMAScript
ECMAScript is the scripting language that forms the basis of JavaScript.
ECMAScript standardized by the ECMA International standards organi-
zation in the ECMA-262 and ECMA-402 specifications. The first edition
of ECMAScript was released in 1997.
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111.
What is JSON
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight format that is used
for data interchanging. It is based on a subset of JavaScript language in
the way objects are built in JavaScript.
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112.
What are the syntax rules of JSON
Below are the list of syntax rules of JSON
1. The data is in name/value pairs
2. The data is separated by commas
53
3. Curly braces hold objects
4. Square brackets hold arrays
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113.
What is the purpose JSON stringify
When sending data to a web server, the data has to be in a string for-
mat. You can achieve this by converting JSON object into a string using
stringify() method.
var userJSON = { name: "John", age: 31 };
var userString = JSON.stringify(userJSON);
console.log(userString); //"{"name":"John","age":31}"
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114.
How do you parse JSON string
When receiving the data from a web server, the data is always in a string
format. But you can convert this string value to a javascript object using
parse() method.
var userString = '{"name":"John","age":31}';
var userJSON = JSON.parse(userString);
console.log(userJSON); // {name: "John", age: 31}
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115.
Why do you need JSON
When exchanging data between a browser and a server, the data can only
be text. Since JSON is text only, it can easily be sent to and from a server,
and used as a data format by any programming language.
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116.
What are PWAs
Progressive web applications (PWAs) are a type of mobile app delivered
through the web, built using common web technologies including HTML,
CSS and JavaScript. These PWAs are deployed to servers, accessible
through URLs, and indexed by search engines.
54
� Back to Top
117.
What is the purpose of clearTimeout method
The clearTimeout() function is used in javascript to clear the timeout
which has been set by setTimeout()function before that. i.e, The return
value of setTimeout() function is stored in a variable and it’s passed into
the clearTimeout() function to clear the timer.
For example, the below setTimeout method is used to display the mes-
sage after 3 seconds. This timeout can be cleared by the clearTimeout()
method.
<script>
var msg;
function greeting() {
alert('Good morning');
}
function start() {
msg =setTimeout(greeting, 3000);
function stop() {
clearTimeout(msg);
}
</script>
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118.
What is the purpose of clearInterval method
The clearInterval() function is used in javascript to clear the interval which
has been set by setInterval() function. i.e, The return value returned
by setInterval() function is stored in a variable and it’s passed into the
clearInterval() function to clear the interval.
For example, the below setInterval method is used to display the message
for every 3 seconds. This interval can be cleared by the clearInterval()
method.
<script>
var msg;
function greeting() {
alert('Good morning');
}
55
function start() {
msg = setInterval(greeting, 3000);
function stop() {
clearInterval(msg);
}
</script>
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119.
How do you redirect new page in javascript
In vanilla javascript, you can redirect to a new page using the location
property of window object. The syntax would be as follows,
function redirect() {
window.location.href = "newPage.html";
}
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120.
How do you check whether a string contains a substring
There are 3 possible ways to check whether a string contains a substring
or not,
1. Using includes: ES6 provided String.prototype.includes
method to test a string contains a substring
var mainString = "hello",
subString = "hell";
mainString.includes(subString);
1. Using indexOf: In an ES5 or older environment, you can use
String.prototype.indexOf which returns the index of a substring.
If the index value is not equal to -1 then it means the substring exists
in the main string.
var mainString = "hello",
subString = "hell";
mainString.indexOf(subString) !== -1;
1. Using RegEx: The advanced solution is using Regular expression’s
test method(RegExp.test), which allows for testing for against reg-
ular expressions
56
var mainString = "hello",
regex = /hell/;
regex.test(mainString);
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121.
How do you validate an email in javascript
You can validate an email in javascript using regular expressions. It is
recommended to do validations on the server side instead of the client
side. Because the javascript can be disabled on the client side.
function validateEmail(email) {
var re =
/^(([^<>()\[\]\\.,;:\s@"]+(\.[^<>()\[\]\\.,;:\s@"]+)*)|(".+"))@((\[[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9
return re.test(String(email).toLowerCase());
}
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The above regular expression accepts unicode characters.
122.
How do you get the current url with javascript
You can use window.location.href expression to get the current url path
and you can use the same expression for updating the URL too. You can
also use document.URL for read-only purposes but this solution has issues
in FF.
console.log("location.href", window.location.href); // Returns full URL
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123.
What are the various url properties of location object
The below Location object properties can be used to access URL compo-
nents of the page,
1. href - The entire URL
2. protocol - The protocol of the URL
3. host - The hostname and port of the URL
4. hostname - The hostname of the URL
5. port - The port number in the URL
6. pathname - The path name of the URL
7. search - The query portion of the URL
57
8. hash - The anchor portion of the URL
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124.
How do get query string values in javascript
You can use URLSearchParams to get query string values in javascript.
Let’s see an example to get the client code value from URL query string,
const urlParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
const clientCode = urlParams.get("clientCode");
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125.
How do you check if a key exists in an object
You can check whether a key exists in an object or not using three ap-
proaches,
1. Using in operator: You can use the in operator whether a key
exists in an object or not
"key" in obj;
and If you want to check if a key doesn’t exist, remember to use parenthe-
sis,
!("key" in obj);
1. Using hasOwnProperty method: You can use hasOwnProperty
to particularly test for properties of the object instance (and not
inherited properties)
obj.hasOwnProperty("key"); // true
1. Using undefined comparison: If you access a non-existing prop-
erty from an object, the result is undefined. Let’s compare the prop-
erties against undefined to determine the existence of the property.
const user = {
name: "John",
};
console.log(user.name !== undefined); // true
console.log(user.nickName !== undefined); // false
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126.
58
How do you loop through or enumerate javascript object
You can use the for-in loop to loop through javascript object. You can
also make sure that the key you get is an actual property of an object,
and doesn’t come from the prototype using hasOwnProperty method.
var object = {
k1: "value1",
k2: "value2",
k3: "value3",
};
for (var key in object) {
if (object.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
console.log(key + " -> " + object[key]); // k1 -> value1 ...
}
}
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127.
How do you test for an empty object
There are different solutions based on ECMAScript versions
1. Using Object entries(ECMA 7+): You can use object entries
length along with constructor type.
Object.entries(obj).length === 0 && obj.constructor === Object; // Since date object le
1. Using Object keys(ECMA 5+): You can use object keys length
along with constructor type.
Object.keys(obj).length === 0 && obj.constructor === Object; // Since date object lengt
1. Using for-in with hasOwnProperty(Pre-ECMA 5): You can
use a for-in loop along with hasOwnProperty.
function isEmpty(obj) {
for (var prop in obj) {
if (obj.hasOwnProperty(prop)) {
return false;
}
}
return JSON.stringify(obj) === JSON.stringify({});
}
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128.
59
What is an arguments object
The arguments object is an Array-like object accessible inside functions
that contains the values of the arguments passed to that function. For
example, let’s see how to use arguments object inside sum function,
function sum() {
var total = 0;
for (var i = 0, len = arguments.length; i < len; ++i) {
total += arguments[i];
}
return total;
}
sum(1, 2, 3); // returns 6
Note: You can’t apply array methods on arguments object. But you can
convert into a regular array as below.
var argsArray = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);
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129.
How do you make first letter of the string in an uppercase
You can create a function which uses a chain of string methods such as
charAt, toUpperCase and slice methods to generate a string with the first
letter in uppercase.
function capitalizeFirstLetter(string) {
return string.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + string.slice(1);
}
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130.
What are the pros and cons of for loop
The for-loop is a commonly used iteration syntax in javascript. It has
both pros and cons
Pros
1. Works on every environment
2. You can use break and continue flow control statements
60
Cons
1. Too verbose
2. Imperative
3. You might face one-by-off errors
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131.
How do you display the current date in javascript
You can use new Date() to generate a new Date object containing the
current date and time. For example, let’s display the current date in
mm/dd/yyyy
var today = new Date();
var dd = String(today.getDate()).padStart(2, "0");
var mm = String(today.getMonth() + 1).padStart(2, "0"); //January is 0!
var yyyy = today.getFullYear();
today = mm + "/" + dd + "/" + yyyy;
document.write(today);
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132.
How do you compare two date objects
You need to use date.getTime() method to compare date values instead
of comparison operators (==, !=, ===, and !== operators)
var d1 = new Date();
var d2 = new Date(d1);
console.log(d1.getTime() === d2.getTime()); //True
console.log(d1 === d2); // False
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133.
How do you check if a string starts with another string
You can use ECMAScript 6’s String.prototype.startsWith() method
to check if a string starts with another string or not. But it is not yet
supported in all browsers. Let’s see an example to see this usage,
"Good morning".startsWith("Good"); // true
"Good morning".startsWith("morning"); // false
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61
134.
How do you trim a string in javascript
JavaScript provided a trim method on string types to trim any whitespaces
present at the beginning or ending of the string.
" Hello World ".trim(); //Hello World
If your browser(<IE9) doesn’t support this method then you can use below
polyfill.
if (!String.prototype.trim) {
(function () {
// Make sure we trim BOM and NBSP
var rtrim = /^[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+|[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+$/g;
String.prototype.trim = function () {
return this.replace(rtrim, "");
};
})();
}
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135.
How do you add a key value pair in javascript
There are two possible solutions to add new properties to an object. Let’s
take a simple object to explain these solutions.
var object = {
key1: value1,
key2: value2,
};
1. Using dot notation: This solution is useful when you know the
name of the property
object.key3 = "value3";
1. Using square bracket notation: This solution is useful when the
name of the property is dynamically determined.
obj["key3"] = "value3";
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136.
62
Is the !– notation represents a special operator
No,that’s not a special operator. But it is a combination of 2 standard
operators one after the other,
1. A logical not (!)
2. A prefix decrement (–)
At first, the value decremented by one and then tested to see if it is equal
to zero or not for determining the truthy/falsy value.
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137.
How do you assign default values to variables
You can use the logical or operator || in an assignment expression to
provide a default value. The syntax looks like as below,
var a = b || c;
As per the above expression, variable ‘a ’will get the value of ’c’ only if ‘b’
is falsy (if is null, false, undefined, 0, empty string, or NaN), otherwise ‘a’
will get the value of ‘b’.
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138.
How do you define multiline strings
You can define multiline string literals using the ‘\’ character followed by
line terminator.
var str =
"This is a \
very lengthy \
sentence!";
But if you have a space after the ‘\’ character, the code will look exactly
the same, but it will raise a SyntaxError.
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139.
What is an app shell model
An application shell (or app shell) architecture is one way to build a Pro-
gressive Web App that reliably and instantly loads on your users’ screens,
similar to what you see in native applications. It is useful for getting some
initial HTML to the screen fast without a network.
63
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140.
Can we define properties for functions
Yes, We can define properties for functions because functions are also
objects.
fn = function (x) {
//Function code goes here
};
fn.name = "John";
fn.profile = function (y) {
//Profile code goes here
};
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141.
What is the way to find the number of parameters expected by
a function
You can use function.length syntax to find the number of parameters
expected by a function. Let’s take an example of sum function to calculate
the sum of numbers,
function sum(num1, num2, num3, num4) {
return num1 + num2 + num3 + num4;
}
sum.length; // 4 is the number of parameters expected.
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142.
What is a polyfill
A polyfill is a piece of JS code used to provide modern functionality on
older browsers that do not natively support it. For example, Silverlight
plugin polyfill can be used to mimic the functionality of an HTML Canvas
element on Microsoft Internet Explorer 7.
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143.
64
What are break and continue statements
The break statement is used to “jump out” of a loop. i.e, It breaks the
loop and continues executing the code after the loop.
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (i === 5) {
break;
}
text += "Number: " + i + "<br>";
}
The continue statement is used to “jump over” one iteration in the loop.
i.e, It breaks one iteration (in the loop), if a specified condition occurs,
and continues with the next iteration in the loop.
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (i === 5) {
continue;
}
text += "Number: " + i + "<br>";
}
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144.
What are js labels
The label statement allows us to name loops and blocks in JavaScript. We
can then use these labels to refer back to the code later. For example, the
below code with labels avoids printing the numbers when they are same,
var i, j;
loop1: for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
loop2: for (j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
if (i === j) {
continue loop1;
}
console.log("i = " + i + ", j = " + j);
}
}
// Output is:
// "i = 1, j = 0"
// "i = 2, j = 0"
// "i = 2, j = 1"
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65
145.
What are the benefits of keeping declarations at the top
It is recommended to keep all declarations at the top of each script or
function. The benefits of doing this are,
1. Gives cleaner code
2. It provides a single place to look for local variables
3. Easy to avoid unwanted global variables
4. It reduces the possibility of unwanted re-declarations
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146.
What are the benefits of initializing variables
It is recommended to initialize variables because of the below benefits,
1. It gives cleaner code
2. It provides a single place to initialize variables
3. Avoid undefined values in the code
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147.
What are the recommendations to create new object
It is recommended to avoid creating new objects using new Object().
Instead you can initialize values based on it’s type to create the objects.
1. Assign {} instead of new Object()
2. Assign “” instead of new String()
3. Assign 0 instead of new Number()
4. Assign false instead of new Boolean()
5. Assign [] instead of new Array()
6. Assign /()/ instead of new RegExp()
7. Assign function (){} instead of new Function()
You can define them as an example,
var v1 = {};
var v2 = "";
var v3 = 0;
var v4 = false;
var v5 = [];
var v6 = /()/;
var v7 = function () {};
66
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148.
How do you define JSON arrays
JSON arrays are written inside square brackets and arrays contain
javascript objects. For example, the JSON array of users would be as
below,
"users":[
{"firstName":"John", "lastName":"Abrahm"},
{"firstName":"Anna", "lastName":"Smith"},
{"firstName":"Shane", "lastName":"Warn"}
]
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149.
How do you generate random integers
You can use Math.random() with Math.floor() to return random integers.
For example, if you want generate random integers between 1 to 10, the
multiplication factor should be 10,
Math.floor(Math.random() * 10) + 1; // returns a random integer from 1 to 10
Math.floor(Math.random() * 100) + 1; // returns a random integer from 1 to 100
Note: Math.random() returns a random number between 0 (inclusive),
and 1 (exclusive)
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150.
Can you write a random integers function to print integers with
in a range
Yes, you can create a proper random function to return a random number
between min and max (both included)
function randomInteger(min, max) {
return Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min + 1)) + min;
}
randomInteger(1, 100); // returns a random integer from 1 to 100
randomInteger(1, 1000); // returns a random integer from 1 to 1000
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151.
67
What is tree shaking
Tree shaking is a form of dead code elimination. It means that unused
modules will not be included in the bundle during the build process and for
that it relies on the static structure of ES2015 module syntax,( i.e. import
and export). Initially this has been popularized by the ES2015 module
bundler rollup.
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152.
What is the need of tree shaking
Tree Shaking can significantly reduce the code size in any application. i.e,
The less code we send over the wire the more performant the application
will be. For example, if we just want to create a “Hello World” Application
using SPA frameworks then it will take around a few MBs, but by tree
shaking it can bring down the size to just a few hundred KBs. Tree shaking
is implemented in Rollup and Webpack bundlers.
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153.
Is it recommended to use eval
No, it allows arbitrary code to be run which causes a security problem.
As we know that the eval() function is used to run text as code. In most
of the cases, it should not be necessary to use it.
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154.
What is a Regular Expression
A regular expression is a sequence of characters that forms a search pattern.
You can use this search pattern for searching data in a text. These can be
used to perform all types of text search and text replace operations. Let’s
see the syntax format now,
/pattern/modifiers;
For example, the regular expression or search pattern with case-insensitive
username would be,
/John/i;
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155.
68
What are the string methods available in Regular expression
Regular Expressions has two string methods: search() and replace(). The
search() method uses an expression to search for a match, and returns the
position of the match.
var msg = "Hello John";
var n = msg.search(/John/i); // 6
The replace() method is used to return a modified string where the pattern
is replaced.
var msg = "Hello John";
var n = msg.replace(/John/i, "Buttler"); // Hello Buttler
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156.
What are modifiers in regular expression
Modifiers can be used to perform case-insensitive and global searches.
Let’s list down some of the modifiers,
Modifier Description
i Perform case-insensitive matching
g Perform a global match rather than stops at first match
m Perform multiline matching
Let’s take an example of global modifier,
var text = "Learn JS one by one";
var pattern = /one/g;
var result = text.match(pattern); // one,one
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157.
What are regular expression patterns
Regular Expressions provide a group of patterns in order to match char-
acters. Basically they are categorized into 3 types,
1. Brackets: These are used to find a range of characters. For example,
below are some use cases,
1.
2.
3. (a|b): Used to find any of the alternatives separated with |
69
2. Metacharacters: These are characters with a special meaning For
example, below are some use cases,
1. \d: Used to find a digit
2. \s: Used to find a whitespace character
3. \b: Used to find a match at the beginning or ending of a word
3. Quantifiers: These are useful to define quantities For example, be-
low are some use cases,
1. n+: Used to find matches for any string that contains at least
one n
2. n*: Used to find matches for any string that contains zero or
more occurrences of n
3. n?: Used to find matches for any string that contains zero or one
occurrences of n
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158.
What is a RegExp object
RegExp object is a regular expression object with predefined properties
and methods. Let’s see the simple usage of RegExp object,
var regexp = new RegExp("\\w+");
console.log(regexp);
// expected output: /\w+/
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159.
How do you search a string for a pattern
You can use the test() method of regular expression in order to search a
string for a pattern, and return true or false depending on the result.
var pattern = /you/;
console.log(pattern.test("How are you?")); //true
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160.
What is the purpose of exec method
The purpose of exec method is similar to test method but it executes a
search for a match in a specified string and returns a result array, or null
instead of returning true/false.
var pattern = /you/;
console.log(pattern.exec("How are you?")); //["you", index: 8, input: "How are you?", g
70
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161.
How do you change the style of a HTML element
You can change inline style or classname of a HTML element using
javascript
1. Using style property: You can modify inline style using style prop-
erty
document.getElementById("title").style.fontSize = "30px";
1. Using ClassName property: It is easy to modify element class
using className property
document.getElementById("title").className = "custom-title";
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162.
What would be the result of 1+2+‘3’
The output is going to be 33. Since 1 and 2 are numeric values, the result
of the first two digits is going to be a numeric value 3. The next digit is
a string type value because of that the addition of numeric value 3 and
string type value 3 is just going to be a concatenation value 33.
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163.
What is a debugger statement
The debugger statement invokes any available debugging functionality,
such as setting a breakpoint. If no debugging functionality is available,
this statement has no effect. For example, in the below function a debug-
ger statement has been inserted. So execution is paused at the debugger
statement just like a breakpoint in the script source.
function getProfile() {
// code goes here
debugger;
// code goes here
}
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164.
71
What is the purpose of breakpoints in debugging
You can set breakpoints in the javascript code once the debugger state-
ment is executed and the debugger window pops up. At each breakpoint,
javascript will stop executing, and let you examine the JavaScript values.
After examining values, you can resume the execution of code using the
play button.
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165.
Can I use reserved words as identifiers
No, you cannot use the reserved words as variables, labels, object or func-
tion names. Let’s see one simple example,
var else = "hello"; // Uncaught SyntaxError: Unexpected token else
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166.
How do you detect a mobile browser
You can use regex which returns a true or false value depending on whether
or not the user is browsing with a mobile.
window.mobilecheck = function () {
var mobileCheck = false;
(function (a) {
if (
/(android|bb\d+|meego).+mobile|avantgo|bada\/|blackberry|blazer|compal|elaine|fen
a
) ||
/1207|6310|6590|3gso|4thp|50[1-6]i|770s|802s|a wa|abac|ac(er|oo|s\-)|ai(ko|rn)|al
a.substr(0, 4)
)
)
mobileCheck = true;
})(navigator.userAgent || navigator.vendor || window.opera);
return mobileCheck;
};
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167.
72
How do you detect a mobile browser without regexp
You can detect mobile browsers by simply running through a list of devices
and checking if the useragent matches anything. This is an alternative
solution for RegExp usage,
function detectmob() {
if (
navigator.userAgent.match(/Android/i) ||
navigator.userAgent.match(/webOS/i) ||
navigator.userAgent.match(/iPhone/i) ||
navigator.userAgent.match(/iPad/i) ||
navigator.userAgent.match(/iPod/i) ||
navigator.userAgent.match(/BlackBerry/i) ||
navigator.userAgent.match(/Windows Phone/i)
) {
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
}
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168.
How do you get the image width and height using JS
You can programmatically get the image and check the dimensions(width
and height) using Javascript.
var img = new Image();
img.onload = function () {
console.log(this.width + "x" + this.height);
};
img.src = "http://www.google.com/intl/en_ALL/images/logo.gif";
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169.
How do you make synchronous HTTP request
Browsers provide an XMLHttpRequest object which can be used to make
synchronous HTTP requests from JavaScript
function httpGet(theUrl) {
var xmlHttpReq = new XMLHttpRequest();
xmlHttpReq.open("GET", theUrl, false); // false for synchronous request
xmlHttpReq.send(null);
73
return xmlHttpReq.responseText;
}
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170.
How do you make asynchronous HTTP request
Browsers provide an XMLHttpRequest object which can be used to make
asynchronous HTTP requests from JavaScript by passing the 3rd param-
eter as true.
function httpGetAsync(theUrl, callback) {
var xmlHttpReq = new XMLHttpRequest();
xmlHttpReq.onreadystatechange = function () {
if (xmlHttpReq.readyState == 4 && xmlHttpReq.status == 200)
callback(xmlHttpReq.responseText);
};
xmlHttp.open("GET", theUrl, true); // true for asynchronous
xmlHttp.send(null);
}
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171.
How do you convert date to another timezone in javascript
You can use the toLocaleString() method to convert dates in one timezone
to another. For example, let’s convert current date to British English
timezone as below,
console.log(event.toLocaleString("en-GB", { timeZone: "UTC" })); //29/06/2019, 09:56:00
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172.
What are the properties used to get size of window
You can use innerWidth, innerHeight, clientWidth, clientHeight properties
of windows, document element and document body objects to find the size
of a window. Let’s use them combination of these properties to calculate
the size of a window or document,
var width =
window.innerWidth ||
document.documentElement.clientWidth ||
document.body.clientWidth;
74
var height =
window.innerHeight ||
document.documentElement.clientHeight ||
document.body.clientHeight;
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173.
What is a conditional operator in javascript
The conditional (ternary) operator is the only JavaScript operator that
takes three operands which acts as a shortcut for if statements.
var isAuthenticated = false;
console.log(
isAuthenticated ? "Hello, welcome" : "Sorry, you are not authenticated"
); //Sorry, you are not authenticated
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174.
Can you apply chaining on conditional operator
Yes, you can apply chaining on conditional operators similar to if … else
if … else if … else chain. The syntax is going to be as below,
function traceValue(someParam) {
return condition1
? value1
: condition2
? value2
: condition3
? value3
: value4;
}
// The above conditional operator is equivalent to:
function traceValue(someParam) {
if (condition1) {
return value1;
} else if (condition2) {
return value2;
} else if (condition3) {
return value3;
} else {
return value4;
75
}
}
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175.
What are the ways to execute javascript after page load
You can execute javascript after page load in many different ways,
1. window.onload:
window.onload = function ...
1. document.onload:
document.onload = function ...
1. body onload:
<body onload="script();">
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176.
What is the difference between proto and prototype
The __proto__ object is the actual object that is used in the lookup chain
to resolve methods, etc. Whereas prototype is the object that is used to
build __proto__ when you create an object with new.
new Employee().__proto__ === Employee.prototype;
new Employee().prototype === undefined;
There are few more differences,
feature Prototype proto
Access All the function constructors have All the objects have __proto__
prototype properties. property
Purpose Used to reduce memory wastage Used in lookup chain to resolve
with a single copy of function methods, constructors etc.
ECMAScript
Introduced in ES6 Introduced in ES5
Usage Frequently used Rarely used
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177.
76
Give an example where do you really need semicolon
It is recommended to use semicolons after every statement in JavaScript.
For example, in the below case it throws an error “.. is not a function” at
runtime due to missing semicolon.
// define a function
var fn = (function () {
//...
})(
// semicolon missing at this line
// then execute some code inside a closure
function () {
//...
}
)();
and it will be interpreted as
var fn = (function () {
//...
})(function () {
//...
})();
In this case, we are passing the second function as an argument to the first
function and then trying to call the result of the first function call as a
function. Hence, the second function will fail with a “… is not a function”
error at runtime.
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178.
What is a freeze method
The freeze() method is used to freeze an object. Freezing an object
does not allow adding new properties to an object,prevents from removing
and prevents changing the enumerability, configurability, or writability of
existing properties. i.e, It returns the passed object and does not create a
frozen copy.
const obj = {
prop: 100,
};
Object.freeze(obj);
obj.prop = 200; // Throws an error in strict mode
77
console.log(obj.prop); //100
Remember freezing is only applied to the top-level properties in objects
but not for nested objects. For example, let’s try to freeze user object
which has employment details as nested object and observe that details
have been changed.
const user = {
name: "John",
employment: {
department: "IT",
},
};
Object.freeze(user);
user.employment.department = "HR";
Note: It causes a TypeError if the argument passed is not an object.
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179.
What is the purpose of freeze method
Below are the main benefits of using freeze method,
1. It is used for freezing objects and arrays.
2. It is used to make an object immutable.
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180.
Why do I need to use freeze method
In the Object-oriented paradigm, an existing API contains certain ele-
ments that are not intended to be extended, modified, or re-used outside
of their current context. Hence it works as the final keyword which is
used in various languages.
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181.
How do you detect a browser language preference
You can use navigator object to detect a browser language preference as
below,
78
var language =
(navigator.languages && navigator.languages[0]) || // Chrome / Firefox
navigator.language || // All browsers
navigator.userLanguage; // IE <= 10
console.log(language);
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182.
How to convert string to title case with javascript
Title case means that the first letter of each word is capitalized. You can
convert a string to title case using the below function,
function toTitleCase(str) {
return str.replace(/\w\S*/g, function (txt) {
return txt.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + txt.substring(1).toLowerCase();
});
}
toTitleCase("good morning john"); // Good Morning John
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183.
How do you detect javascript disabled in the page
You can use the <noscript> tag to detect javascript disabled or not. The
code block inside <noscript> gets executed when JavaScript is disabled,
and is typically used to display alternative content when the page gener-
ated in JavaScript.
<script type="javascript">
// JS related code goes here
</script>
<noscript>
<a href="next_page.html?noJS=true">JavaScript is disabled in the page. Please click
</noscript>
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184.
What are various operators supported by javascript
An operator is capable of manipulating(mathematical and logical compu-
tations) a certain value or operand. There are various operators supported
by JavaScript as below,
79
1. Arithmetic Operators: Includes + (Addition),– (Subtraction), *
(Multiplication), / (Division), % (Modulus), + + (Increment) and –
– (Decrement)
2. Comparison Operators: Includes = =(Equal),!= (Not Equal),
===(Equal with type), > (Greater than),> = (Greater than or
Equal to),< (Less than),<= (Less than or Equal to)
3. Logical Operators: Includes &&(Logical AND),||(Logical
OR),!(Logical NOT)
4. Assignment Operators: Includes = (Assignment Operator), +=
(Add and Assignment Operator), – = (Subtract and Assignment Op-
erator), *= (Multiply and Assignment), /= (Divide and Assignment),
%= (Modules and Assignment)
5. Ternary Operators: It includes conditional(: ?) Operator
6. typeof Operator: It uses to find type of variable. The syntax looks
like typeof variable
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185.
What is a rest parameter
Rest parameter is an improved way to handle function parameters which
allows us to represent an indefinite number of arguments as an array. The
syntax would be as below,
function f(a, b, ...theArgs) {
// ...
}
For example, let’s take a sum example to calculate on dynamic number of
parameters,
function sum(...args) {
let total = 0;
for (const i of args) {
total += i;
}
return total;
}
console.log(sum(1, 2)); //3
console.log(sum(1, 2, 3)); //6
console.log(sum(1, 2, 3, 4)); //13
console.log(sum(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)); //15
Note: Rest parameter is added in ES2015 or ES6
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80
186.
What happens if you do not use rest parameter as a last argu-
ment
The rest parameter should be the last argument, as its job is to collect
all the remaining arguments into an array. For example, if you define a
function like below it doesn’t make any sense and will throw an error.
function someFunc(a,…b,c){
//You code goes here
return;
}
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187.
What are the bitwise operators available in javascript
Below are the list of bitwise logical operators used in JavaScript
1. Bitwise AND ( & )
2. Bitwise OR ( | )
3. Bitwise XOR ( ^ )
4. Bitwise NOT ( ~ )
5. Left Shift ( « )
6. Sign Propagating Right Shift ( » )
7. Zero fill Right Shift ( »> )
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188.
What is a spread operator
Spread operator allows iterables( arrays / objects / strings ) to be ex-
panded into single arguments/elements. Let’s take an example to see this
behavior,
function calculateSum(x, y, z) {
return x + y + z;
}
const numbers = [1, 2, 3];
console.log(calculateSum(...numbers)); // 6
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189.
81
How do you determine whether object is frozen or not
Object.isFrozen() method is used to determine if an object is frozen or
not.An object is frozen if all of the below conditions hold true,
1. If it is not extensible.
2. If all of its properties are non-configurable.
3. If all its data properties are non-writable. The usage is going to be
as follows,
const object = {
property: "Welcome JS world",
};
Object.freeze(object);
console.log(Object.isFrozen(object));
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190.
How do you determine two values same or not using object
The Object.is() method determines whether two values are the same value.
For example, the usage with different types of values would be,
Object.is("hello", "hello"); // true
Object.is(window, window); // true
Object.is([], []); // false
Two values are the same if one of the following holds:
1. both undefined
2. both null
3. both true or both false
4. both strings of the same length with the same characters in the same
order
5. both the same object (means both object have same reference)
6. both numbers and both +0 both -0 both NaN both non-zero and
both not NaN and both have the same value.
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191.
What is the purpose of using object is method
Some of the applications of Object’s is method are follows,
1. It is used for comparison of two strings.
2. It is used for comparison of two numbers.
3. It is used for comparing the polarity of two numbers.
4. It is used for comparison of two objects.
82
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192.
How do you copy properties from one object to other
You can use the Object.assign() method which is used to copy the values
and properties from one or more source objects to a target object. It
returns the target object which has properties and values copied from the
source objects. The syntax would be as below,
Object.assign(target, ...sources);
Let’s take example with one source and one target object,
const target = { a: 1, b: 2 };
const source = { b: 3, c: 4 };
const returnedTarget = Object.assign(target, source);
console.log(target); // { a: 1, b: 3, c: 4 }
console.log(returnedTarget); // { a: 1, b: 3, c: 4 }
As observed in the above code, there is a common property(b) from source
to target so it’s value has been overwritten.
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193.
What are the applications of assign method
Below are the some of main applications of Object.assign() method,
1. It is used for cloning an object.
2. It is used to merge objects with the same properties.
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194.
What is a proxy object
The Proxy object is used to define custom behavior for fundamental op-
erations such as property lookup, assignment, enumeration, function invo-
cation, etc. The syntax would be as follows,
var p = new Proxy(target, handler);
Let’s take an example of proxy object,
83
var handler = {
get: function (obj, prop) {
return prop in obj ? obj[prop] : 100;
},
};
var p = new Proxy({}, handler);
p.a = 10;
p.b = null;
console.log(p.a, p.b); // 10, null
console.log("c" in p, p.c); // false, 100
In the above code, it uses get handler which define the behavior of the
proxy when an operation is performed on it
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195.
What is the purpose of seal method
The Object.seal() method is used to seal an object, by preventing new
properties from being added to it and marking all existing properties as
non-configurable. But values of present properties can still be changed
as long as they are writable. Let’s see the below example to understand
more about seal() method
const object = {
property: "Welcome JS world",
};
Object.seal(object);
object.property = "Welcome to object world";
console.log(Object.isSealed(object)); // true
delete object.property; // You cannot delete when sealed
console.log(object.property); //Welcome to object world
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196.
What are the applications of seal method
Below are the main applications of Object.seal() method,
1. It is used for sealing objects and arrays.
2. It is used to make an object immutable.
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197.
84
What are the differences between freeze and seal methods
If an object is frozen using the Object.freeze() method then its properties
become immutable and no changes can be made in them whereas if an
object is sealed using the Object.seal() method then the changes can be
made in the existing properties of the object.
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198.
How do you determine if an object is sealed or not
The Object.isSealed() method is used to determine if an object is sealed
or not. An object is sealed if all of the below conditions hold true
1. If it is not extensible.
2. If all of its properties are non-configurable.
3. If it is not removable (but not necessarily non-writable). Let’s see it
in the action
const object = {
property: "Hello, Good morning",
};
Object.seal(object); // Using seal() method to seal the object
console.log(Object.isSealed(object)); // checking whether the object is sealed or not
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199.
How do you get enumerable key and value pairs
The Object.entries() method is used to return an array of a given object’s
own enumerable string-keyed property [key, value] pairs, in the same or-
der as that provided by a for…in loop. Let’s see the functionality of ob-
ject.entries() method in an example,
const object = {
a: "Good morning",
b: 100,
};
for (let [key, value] of Object.entries(object)) {
console.log(`${key}: ${value}`); // a: 'Good morning'
// b: 100
}
85
Note: The order is not guaranteed as object defined.
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200.
What is the main difference between Object.values and Ob-
ject.entries method
The Object.values() method’s behavior is similar to Object.entries()
method but it returns an array of values instead [key,value] pairs.
const object = {
a: "Good morning",
b: 100,
};
for (let value of Object.values(object)) {
console.log(`${value}`); // 'Good morning'
100;
}
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201.
How can you get the list of keys of any object
You can use the Object.keys() method which is used to return an array
of a given object’s own property names, in the same order as we get with
a normal loop. For example, you can get the keys of a user object,
const user = {
name: "John",
gender: "male",
age: 40,
};
console.log(Object.keys(user)); //['name', 'gender', 'age']
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202.
How do you create an object with prototype
The Object.create() method is used to create a new object with the speci-
fied prototype object and properties. i.e, It uses an existing object as the
prototype of the newly created object. It returns a new object with the
specified prototype object and properties.
86
const user = {
name: "John",
printInfo: function () {
console.log(`My name is ${this.name}.`);
},
};
const admin = Object.create(user);
admin.name = "Nick"; // Remember that "name" is a property set on "admin" but not on "u
admin.printInfo(); // My name is Nick
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203.
What is a WeakSet
WeakSet is used to store a collection of weakly(weak references) held ob-
jects. The syntax would be as follows,
new WeakSet([iterable]);
Let’s see the below example to explain it’s behavior,
var ws = new WeakSet();
var user = {};
ws.add(user);
ws.has(user); // true
ws.delete(user); // removes user from the set
ws.has(user); // false, user has been removed
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204.
What are the differences between WeakSet and Set
The main difference is that references to objects in Set are strong while
references to objects in WeakSet are weak. i.e, An object in WeakSet can
be garbage collected if there is no other reference to it. Other differences
are,
1. Sets can store any value Whereas WeakSets can store only collections
of objects
2. WeakSet does not have size property unlike Set
3. WeakSet does not have methods such as clear, keys, values, entries,
forEach.
4. WeakSet is not iterable.
87
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205.
List down the collection of methods available on WeakSet
Below are the list of methods available on WeakSet,
1. add(value): A new object is appended with the given value to the
weakset
2. delete(value): Deletes the value from the WeakSet collection.
3. has(value): It returns true if the value is present in the WeakSet
Collection, otherwise it returns false.
Let’s see the functionality of all the above methods in an example,
var weakSetObject = new WeakSet();
var firstObject = {};
var secondObject = {};
// add(value)
weakSetObject.add(firstObject);
weakSetObject.add(secondObject);
console.log(weakSetObject.has(firstObject)); //true
weakSetObject.delete(secondObject);
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206.
What is a WeakMap
The WeakMap object is a collection of key/value pairs in which the keys
are weakly referenced. In this case, keys must be objects and the values
can be arbitrary values. The syntax is looking like as below,
new WeakMap([iterable]);
Let’s see the below example to explain it’s behavior,
var ws = new WeakMap();
var user = {};
ws.set(user);
ws.has(user); // true
ws.delete(user); // removes user from the map
ws.has(user); // false, user has been removed
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207.
88
What are the differences between WeakMap and Map
The main difference is that references to key objects in Map are strong
while references to key objects in WeakMap are weak. i.e, A key object
in WeakMap can be garbage collected if there is no other reference to it.
Other differences are,
1. Maps can store any key type Whereas WeakMaps can store only
collections of key objects
2. WeakMap does not have size property unlike Map
3. WeakMap does not have methods such as clear, keys, values, entries,
forEach.
4. WeakMap is not iterable.
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208.
List down the collection of methods available on WeakMap
Below are the list of methods available on WeakMap,
1. set(key, value): Sets the value for the key in the WeakMap object.
Returns the WeakMap object.
2. delete(key): Removes any value associated to the key.
3. has(key): Returns a Boolean asserting whether a value has been
associated to the key in the WeakMap object or not.
4. get(key): Returns the value associated to the key, or undefined if
there is none. Let’s see the functionality of all the above methods in
an example,
var weakMapObject = new WeakMap();
var firstObject = {};
var secondObject = {};
// set(key, value)
weakMapObject.set(firstObject, "John");
weakMapObject.set(secondObject, 100);
console.log(weakMapObject.has(firstObject)); //true
console.log(weakMapObject.get(firstObject)); // John
weakMapObject.delete(secondObject);
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209.
What is the purpose of uneval
The uneval() is an inbuilt function which is used to create a string repre-
sentation of the source code of an Object. It is a top-level function and
89
is not associated with any object. Let’s see the below example to know
more about it’s functionality,
var a = 1;
uneval(a); // returns a String containing 1
uneval(function user() {}); // returns "(function user(){})"
The uneval() function has been deprecated. It is recommended to use
toString() for functions and JSON.toStringify() for other cases.
function user() {}
console.log(user.toString()); // returns "(function user(){})"
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210.
How do you encode an URL
The encodeURI() function is used to encode complete URI which has
special characters except (, / ? : @ & = + $ #) characters.
var uri = "https://mozilla.org/?x=�����";
var encoded = encodeURI(uri);
console.log(encoded); // https://mozilla.org/?x=%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B
� Back to Top
211.
How do you decode an URL
The decodeURI() function is used to decode a Uniform Resource Identifier
(URI) previously created by encodeURI().
var uri = "https://mozilla.org/?x=�����";
var encoded = encodeURI(uri);
console.log(encoded); // https://mozilla.org/?x=%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B
try {
console.log(decodeURI(encoded)); // "https://mozilla.org/?x=�����"
} catch (e) {
// catches a malformed URI
console.error(e);
}
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212.
90
How do you print the contents of web page
The window object provided a print() method which is used to print the
contents of the current window. It opens a Print dialog box which lets
you choose between various printing options. Let’s see the usage of print
method in an example,
<input type="button" value="Print" onclick="window.print()" />
Note: In most browsers, it will block while the print dialog is open.
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213.
What is the difference between uneval and eval
The uneval function returns the source of a given object; whereas the eval
function does the opposite, by evaluating that source code in a different
memory area. Let’s see an example to clarify the difference,
var msg = uneval(function greeting() {
return "Hello, Good morning";
});
var greeting = eval(msg);
greeting(); // returns "Hello, Good morning"
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214.
What is an anonymous function
An anonymous function is a function without a name! Anonymous func-
tions are commonly assigned to a variable name or used as a callback
function. The syntax would be as below,
function (optionalParameters) {
//do something
}
const myFunction = function(){ //Anonymous function assigned to a variable
//do something
};
[1, 2, 3].map(function(element){ //Anonymous function used as a callback function
//do something
});
Let’s see the above anonymous function in an example,
91
var x = function (a, b) {
return a * b;
};
var z = x(5, 10);
console.log(z); // 50
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215.
What is the precedence order between local and global variables
A local variable takes precedence over a global variable with the same
name. Let’s see this behavior in an example.
var msg = "Good morning";
function greeting() {
msg = "Good Evening";
console.log(msg); // Good Evening
}
greeting();
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216.
What are javascript accessors
ECMAScript 5 introduced javascript object accessors or computed prop-
erties through getters and setters. Getters uses the get keyword whereas
Setters uses the set keyword.
var user = {
firstName: "John",
lastName: "Abraham",
language: "en",
get lang() {
return this.language;
},
set lang(lang) {
this.language = lang;
},
};
console.log(user.lang); // getter access lang as en
user.lang = "fr";
console.log(user.lang); // setter used to set lang as fr
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217.
92
How do you define property on Object constructor
The Object.defineProperty() static method is used to define a new prop-
erty directly on an object, or modify an existing property on an object, and
returns the object. Let’s see an example to know how to define property,
const newObject = {};
Object.defineProperty(newObject, "newProperty", {
value: 100,
writable: false,
});
console.log(newObject.newProperty); // 100
newObject.newProperty = 200; // It throws an error in strict mode due to writable setti
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218.
What is the difference between get and defineProperty
Both have similar results until unless you use classes. If you use get the
property will be defined on the prototype of the object whereas using
Object.defineProperty() the property will be defined on the instance
it is applied to.
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219.
What are the advantages of Getters and Setters
Below are the list of benefits of Getters and Setters,
1. They provide simpler syntax
2. They are used for defining computed properties, or accessors in JS.
3. Useful to provide equivalence relation between properties and meth-
ods
4. They can provide better data quality
5. Useful for doing things behind the scenes with the encapsulated logic.
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220.
Can I add getters and setters using defineProperty method
Yes, You can use the Object.defineProperty() method to add Getters
and Setters. For example, the below counter object uses increment, decre-
93
ment, add and subtract properties,
var obj = { counter: 0 };
// Define getters
Object.defineProperty(obj, "increment", {
get: function () {
this.counter++;
},
});
Object.defineProperty(obj, "decrement", {
get: function () {
this.counter--;
},
});
// Define setters
Object.defineProperty(obj, "add", {
set: function (value) {
this.counter += value;
},
});
Object.defineProperty(obj, "subtract", {
set: function (value) {
this.counter -= value;
},
});
obj.add = 10;
obj.subtract = 5;
console.log(obj.increment); //6
console.log(obj.decrement); //5
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221.
What is the purpose of switch-case
The switch case statement in JavaScript is used for decision making pur-
poses. In a few cases, using the switch case statement is going to be more
convenient than if-else statements. The syntax would be as below,
switch (expression)
{
case value1:
statement1;
break;
94
case value2:
statement2;
break;
.
.
case valueN:
statementN;
break;
default:
statementDefault;
}
The above multi-way branch statement provides an easy way to dispatch
execution to different parts of code based on the value of the expression.
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222.
What are the conventions to be followed for the usage of switch
case
Below are the list of conventions should be taken care,
1. The expression can be of type either number or string.
2. Duplicate values are not allowed for the expression.
3. The default statement is optional. If the expression passed to switch
does not match with any case value then the statement within default
case will be executed.
4. The break statement is used inside the switch to terminate a state-
ment sequence.
5. The break statement is optional. But if it is omitted, the execution
will continue on into the next case.
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223.
What are primitive data types
A primitive data type is data that has a primitive value (which has no
properties or methods). There are 7 types of primitive data types.
1. string
2. number
3. boolean
4. null
5. undefined
6. bigint
7. symbol
95
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224.
What are the different ways to access object properties
There are 3 possible ways for accessing the property of an object.
1. Dot notation: It uses dot for accessing the properties
objectName.property;
1. Square brackets notation: It uses square brackets for property
access
objectName["property"];
1. Expression notation: It uses expression in the square brackets
objectName[expression];
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225.
What are the function parameter rules
JavaScript functions follow below rules for parameters,
1. The function definitions do not specify data types for parameters.
2. Do not perform type checking on the passed arguments.
3. Do not check the number of arguments received. i.e, The below
function follows the above rules,
function functionName(parameter1, parameter2, parameter3) {
console.log(parameter1); // 1
}
functionName(1);
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226.
What is an error object
An error object is a built in error object that provides error information
when an error occurs. It has two properties: name and message. For
example, the below function logs error details,
try {
greeting("Welcome");
} catch (err) {
console.log(err.name + "<br>" + err.message);
}
96
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227.
When you get a syntax error
A SyntaxError is thrown if you try to evaluate code with a syntax error.
For example, the below missing quote for the function parameter throws
a syntax error
try {
eval("greeting('welcome)"); // Missing ' will produce an error
} catch (err) {
console.log(err.name);
}
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228.
What are the different error names from error object
There are 6 different types of error names returned from error object, |
Error Name | Description | |—- | ——— | EvalError | An error has occurred
in the eval() function | | RangeError | An error has occurred with a number
“out of range” | | ReferenceError | An error due to an illegal reference| |
SyntaxError | An error due to a syntax error| | TypeError | An error due
to a type error | | URIError | An error due to encodeURI() |
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229.
What are the various statements in error handling
Below are the list of statements used in an error handling,
1. try: This statement is used to test a block of code for errors
2. catch: This statement is used to handle the error
3. throw: This statement is used to create custom errors.
4. finally: This statement is used to execute code after try and catch
regardless of the result.
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230.
What are the two types of loops in javascript
1. Entry Controlled loops: In this kind of loop type, the test condi-
tion is tested before entering the loop body. For example, For Loop
97
and While Loop comes under this category.
2. Exit Controlled Loops: In this kind of loop type, the test condi-
tion is tested or evaluated at the end of the loop body. i.e, the loop
body will execute at least once irrespective of test condition true or
false. For example, do-while loop comes under this category.
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231.
What is nodejs
Node.js is a server-side platform built on Chrome’s JavaScript runtime for
easily building fast and scalable network applications. It is an event-based,
non-blocking, asynchronous I/O runtime that uses Google’s V8 JavaScript
engine and libuv library.
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232.
What is an Intl object
The Intl object is the namespace for the ECMAScript Internationaliza-
tion API, which provides language sensitive string comparison, number
formatting, and date and time formatting. It provides access to several
constructors and language sensitive functions.
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233.
How do you perform language specific date and time formatting
You can use the Intl.DateTimeFormat object which is a constructor for
objects that enable language-sensitive date and time formatting. Let’s see
this behavior with an example,
var date = new Date(Date.UTC(2019, 07, 07, 3, 0, 0));
console.log(new Intl.DateTimeFormat("en-GB").format(date)); // 07/08/2019
console.log(new Intl.DateTimeFormat("en-AU").format(date)); // 07/08/2019
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234.
What is an Iterator
An iterator is an object which defines a sequence and a return value upon
its termination. It implements the Iterator protocol with a next() method
which returns an object with two properties: value (the next value in the
98
sequence) and done (which is true if the last value in the sequence has
been consumed).
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235.
How does synchronous iteration works
Synchronous iteration was introduced in ES6 and it works with below set
of components,
Iterable: It is an object which can be iterated over via a method whose
key is Symbol.iterator. Iterator: It is an object returned by invoking
[Symbol.iterator]() on an iterable. This iterator object wraps each
iterated element in an object and returns it via next() method one by
one. IteratorResult: It is an object returned by next() method. The
object contains two properties; the value property contains an iterated
element and the done property determines whether the element is the last
element or not.
Let’s demonstrate synchronous iteration with an array as below,
const iterable = ["one", "two", "three"];
const iterator = iterable[Symbol.iterator]();
console.log(iterator.next()); // { value: 'one', done: false }
console.log(iterator.next()); // { value: 'two', done: false }
console.log(iterator.next()); // { value: 'three', done: false }
console.log(iterator.next()); // { value: 'undefined, done: true }
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236.
What is an event loop
The event loop is a process that continuously monitors both the call stack
and the event queue and checks whether or not the call stack is empty. If
the call stack is empty and there are pending events in the event queue,
the event loop dequeues the event from the event queue and pushes it to
the call stack. The call stack executes the event, and any additional events
generated during the execution are added to the end of the event queue.
Note: The event loop allows Node.js to perform non-blocking I/O opera-
tions, even though JavaScript is single-threaded, by offloading operations
to the system kernel whenever possible. Since most modern kernels are
multi-threaded, they can handle multiple operations executing in the back-
ground.
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99
237.
What is call stack
Call Stack is a data structure for javascript interpreters to keep track of
function calls(creates execution context) in the program. It has two major
actions,
1. Whenever you call a function for its execution, you are pushing it to
the stack.
2. Whenever the execution is completed, the function is popped out of
the stack.
Let’s take an example and it’s state representation in a diagram format
function hungry() {
eatFruits();
}
function eatFruits() {
return "I'm eating fruits";
}
// Invoke the `hungry` function
hungry();
The above code processed in a call stack as below,
1. Add the hungry() function to the call stack list and execute the code.
2. Add the eatFruits() function to the call stack list and execute the
code.
3. Delete the eatFruits() function from our call stack list.
4. Delete the hungry() function from the call stack list since there are
no items anymore.
Screenshot
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238.
What is an event queue
The event queue follows the queue data structure. It stores async callbacks
to be added to the call stack. It is also known as the Callback Queue or
Macrotask Queue.
Whenever the call stack receives an async function, it is moved into the
Web API. Based on the function, Web API executes it and awaits the
result. Once it is finished, it moves the callback into the event queue (the
callback of the promise is moved into the microtask queue).
100
The event loop constantly checks whether or not the call stack is empty.
Once the call stack is empty and there is a callback in the event queue,
the event loop moves the callback into the call stack. But if there is a
callback in the microtask queue as well, it is moved first. The microtask
queue has a higher priority than the event queue.
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239.
What is a decorator
A decorator is an expression that evaluates to a function and that takes the
target, name, and decorator descriptor as arguments. Also, it optionally
returns a decorator descriptor to install on the target object. Let’s define
admin decorator for user class at design time,
function admin(isAdmin) {
return function(target) {
target.isAdmin = isAdmin;
}
}
@admin(true)
class User() {
}
console.log(User.isAdmin); //true
@admin(false)
class User() {
}
console.log(User.isAdmin); //false
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240.
What are the properties of Intl object
Below are the list of properties available on Intl object,
1. Collator: These are the objects that enable language-sensitive string
comparison.
2. DateTimeFormat: These are the objects that enable language-
sensitive date and time formatting.
3. ListFormat: These are the objects that enable language-sensitive
list formatting.
4. NumberFormat: Objects that enable language-sensitive number
formatting.
101
5. PluralRules: Objects that enable plural-sensitive formatting and
language-specific rules for plurals.
6. RelativeTimeFormat: Objects that enable language-sensitive rel-
ative time formatting.
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241.
What is an Unary operator
The unary(+) operator is used to convert a variable to a number.If the
variable cannot be converted, it will still become a number but with the
value NaN. Let’s see this behavior in an action.
var x = "100";
var y = +x;
console.log(typeof x, typeof y); // string, number
var a = "Hello";
var b = +a;
console.log(typeof a, typeof b, b); // string, number, NaN
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242.
How do you sort elements in an array
The sort() method is used to sort the elements of an array in place and
returns the sorted array. The example usage would be as below,
var months = ["Aug", "Sep", "Jan", "June"];
months.sort();
console.log(months); // ["Aug", "Jan", "June", "Sep"]
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243.
What is the purpose of compareFunction while sorting arrays
The compareFunction is used to define the sort order. If omitted, the
array elements are converted to strings, then sorted according to each
character’s Unicode code point value. Let’s take an example to see the
usage of compareFunction,
let numbers = [1, 2, 5, 3, 4];
numbers.sort((a, b) => b - a);
console.log(numbers); // [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
102
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244.
How do you reversing an array
You can use the reverse() method to reverse the elements in an array. This
method is useful to sort an array in descending order. Let’s see the usage
of reverse() method in an example,
let numbers = [1, 2, 5, 3, 4];
numbers.sort((a, b) => b - a);
numbers.reverse();
console.log(numbers); // [1, 2, 3, 4 ,5]
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245.
How do you find min and max value in an array
You can use Math.min and Math.max methods on array variables to find
the minimum and maximum elements within an array. Let’s create two
functions to find the min and max value with in an array,
var marks = [50, 20, 70, 60, 45, 30];
function findMin(arr) {
return Math.min.apply(null, arr);
}
function findMax(arr) {
return Math.max.apply(null, arr);
}
console.log(findMin(marks));
console.log(findMax(marks));
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246.
How do you find min and max values without Math functions
You can write functions which loop through an array comparing each value
with the lowest value or highest value to find the min and max values. Let’s
create those functions to find min and max values,
var marks = [50, 20, 70, 60, 45, 30];
function findMin(arr) {
var length = arr.length;
var min = Infinity;
103
while (length--) {
if (arr[length] < min) {
min = arr[length];
}
}
return min;
}
function findMax(arr) {
var length = arr.length;
var max = -Infinity;
while (length--) {
if (arr[length] > max) {
max = arr[length];
}
}
return max;
}
console.log(findMin(marks));
console.log(findMax(marks));
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247.
What is an empty statement and purpose of it
The empty statement is a semicolon (;) indicating that no statement will
be executed, even if JavaScript syntax requires one. Since there is no
action with an empty statement you might think that it’s usage is quite
less, but the empty statement is occasionally useful when you want to
create a loop that has an empty body. For example, you can initialize an
array with zero values as below,
// Initialize an array a
for (let i = 0; i < a.length; a[i++] = 0);
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248.
How do you get metadata of a module
You can use the import.meta object which is a meta-property exposing
context-specific meta data to a JavaScript module. It contains information
about the current module, such as the module’s URL. In browsers, you
might get different meta data than NodeJS.
104
<script type="module" src="welcome-module.js"></script>;
console.log(import.meta); // { url: "file:///home/user/welcome-module.js" }
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249.
What is a comma operator
The comma operator is used to evaluate each of its operands from left to
right and returns the value of the last operand. This is totally different
from comma usage within arrays, objects, and function arguments and
parameters. For example, the usage for numeric expressions would be as
below,
var x = 1;
x = (x++, x);
console.log(x); // 2
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250.
What is the advantage of a comma operator
It is normally used to include multiple expressions in a location that re-
quires a single expression. One of the common usages of this comma
operator is to supply multiple parameters in a for loop. For example, the
below for loop uses multiple expressions in a single location using comma
operator,
for (var a = 0, b =10; a <= 10; a++, b--)
You can also use the comma operator in a return statement where it
processes before returning.
function myFunction() {
var a = 1;
return (a += 10), a; // 11
}
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251.
What is typescript
TypeScript is a typed superset of JavaScript created by Microsoft that
adds optional types, classes, async/await, and many other features, and
compiles to plain JavaScript. Angular built entirely in TypeScript and
used as a primary language. You can install it globally as
105
npm install -g typescript
Let’s see a simple example of TypeScript usage,
function greeting(name: string): string {
return "Hello, " + name;
}
let user = "Sudheer";
console.log(greeting(user));
The greeting method allows only string type as argument.
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252.
What are the differences between javascript and typescript
Below are the list of differences between javascript and typescript,
feature typescript javascript
Language Object oriented Scripting language
paradigm programming language
Typing Supports static typing It has dynamic typing
support
Modules Supported Not supported
Interface It has interfaces concept Doesn’t support interfaces
Optional Functions support No support of optional
parameters optional parameters parameters for functions
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253.
What are the advantages of typescript over javascript
Below are some of the advantages of typescript over javascript,
1. TypeScript is able to find compile time errors at the development
time only and it makes sures less runtime errors. Whereas javascript
is an interpreted language.
2. TypeScript is strongly-typed or supports static typing which allows
for checking type correctness at compile time. This is not available
in javascript.
3. TypeScript compiler can compile the .ts files into ES3,ES4 and ES5
unlike ES6 features of javascript which may not be supported in some
browsers.
106
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254.
What is an object initializer
An object initializer is an expression that describes the initialization of
an Object. The syntax for this expression is represented as a comma-
delimited list of zero or more pairs of property names and associated values
of an object, enclosed in curly braces ({}). This is also known as literal
notation. It is one of the ways to create an object.
var initObject = { a: "John", b: 50, c: {} };
console.log(initObject.a); // John
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255.
What is a constructor method
The constructor method is a special method for creating and initializing an
object created within a class. If you do not specify a constructor method,
a default constructor is used. The example usage of constructor would be
as below,
class Employee {
constructor() {
this.name = "John";
}
}
var employeeObject = new Employee();
console.log(employeeObject.name); // John
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256.
What happens if you write constructor more than once in a class
The “constructor” in a class is a special method and it should be defined
only once in a class. i.e, If you write a constructor method more than once
in a class it will throw a SyntaxError error.
class Employee {
constructor() {
this.name = "John";
107
}
constructor() { // Uncaught SyntaxError: A class may only have one constructor
this.age = 30;
}
}
var employeeObject = new Employee();
console.log(employeeObject.name);
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257.
How do you call the constructor of a parent class
You can use the super keyword to call the constructor of a parent class.
Remember that super() must be called before using ‘this’ reference. Oth-
erwise it will cause a reference error. Let’s the usage of it,
class Square extends Rectangle {
constructor(length) {
super(length, length);
this.name = "Square";
}
get area() {
return this.width * this.height;
}
set area(value) {
this.area = value;
}
}
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258.
How do you get the prototype of an object
You can use the Object.getPrototypeOf(obj) method to return the pro-
totype of the specified object. i.e. The value of the internal prototype
property. If there are no inherited properties then null value is returned.
const newPrototype = {};
const newObject = Object.create(newPrototype);
console.log(Object.getPrototypeOf(newObject) === newPrototype); // true
108
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259.
What happens If I pass string type for getPrototype method
In ES5, it will throw a TypeError exception if the obj parameter isn’t an
object. Whereas in ES2015, the parameter will be coerced to an Object.
// ES5
Object.getPrototypeOf("James"); // TypeError: "James" is not an object
// ES2015
Object.getPrototypeOf("James"); // String.prototype
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260.
How do you set prototype of one object to another
You can use the Object.setPrototypeOf() method that sets the proto-
type (i.e., the internal Prototype property) of a specified object to another
object or null. For example, if you want to set prototype of a square object
to rectangle object would be as follows,
Object.setPrototypeOf(Square.prototype, Rectangle.prototype);
Object.setPrototypeOf({}, null);
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261.
How do you check whether an object can be extendable or not
The Object.isExtensible() method is used to determine if an object is
extendable or not. i.e, Whether it can have new properties added to it or
not.
const newObject = {};
console.log(Object.isExtensible(newObject)); //true
Note: By default, all the objects are extendable. i.e, The new properties
can be added or modified.
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262.
How do you prevent an object to extend
The Object.preventExtensions() method is used to prevent new prop-
erties from ever being added to an object. In other words, it prevents
109
future extensions to the object. Let’s see the usage of this property,
const newObject = {};
Object.preventExtensions(newObject); // NOT extendable
try {
Object.defineProperty(newObject, "newProperty", {
// Adding new property
value: 100,
});
} catch (e) {
console.log(e); // TypeError: Cannot define property newProperty, object is not exten
}
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263.
What are the different ways to make an object non-extensible
You can mark an object non-extensible in 3 ways,
1. Object.preventExtensions
2. Object.seal
3. Object.freeze
var newObject = {};
Object.preventExtensions(newObject); // Prevent objects are non-extensible
Object.isExtensible(newObject); // false
var sealedObject = Object.seal({}); // Sealed objects are non-extensible
Object.isExtensible(sealedObject); // false
var frozenObject = Object.freeze({}); // Frozen objects are non-extensible
Object.isExtensible(frozenObject); // false
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264.
How do you define multiple properties on an object
The Object.defineProperties() method is used to define new or modify
existing properties directly on an object and returning the object. Let’s
define multiple properties on an empty object,
const newObject = {};
Object.defineProperties(newObject, {
110
newProperty1: {
value: "John",
writable: true,
},
newProperty2: {},
});
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265.
What is MEAN in javascript
The MEAN (MongoDB, Express, AngularJS, and Node.js) stack is the
most popular open-source JavaScript software tech stack available for
building dynamic web apps where you can write both the server-side and
client-side halves of the web project entirely in JavaScript.
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266.
What Is Obfuscation in javascript
Obfuscation is the deliberate act of creating obfuscated javascript code(i.e,
source or machine code) that is difficult for humans to understand. It is
something similar to encryption, but a machine can understand the code
and execute it. Let’s see the below function before Obfuscation,
function greeting() {
console.log("Hello, welcome to JS world");
}
And after the code Obfuscation, it would be appeared as below,
eval(
(function (p, a, c, k, e, d) {
e = function (c) {
return c;
};
if (!"".replace(/^/, String)) {
while (c--) {
d[c] = k[c] || c;
}
k = [
function (e) {
return d[e];
},
];
e = function () {
111
return "\\w+";
};
c = 1;
}
while (c--) {
if (k[c]) {
p = p.replace(new RegExp("\\b" + e(c) + "\\b", "g"), k[c]);
}
}
return p;
})(
"2 1(){0.3('4, 7 6 5 8')}",
9,
9,
"console|greeting|function|log|Hello|JS|to|welcome|world".split("|"),
0,
{}
)
);
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267.
Why do you need Obfuscation
Below are the few reasons for Obfuscation,
1. The Code size will be reduced. So data transfers between server and
client will be fast.
2. It hides the business logic from outside world and protects the code
from others
3. Reverse engineering is highly difficult
4. The download time will be reduced
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268.
What is Minification
Minification is the process of removing all unnecessary characters(empty
spaces are removed) and variables will be renamed without changing it’s
functionality. It is also a type of obfuscation .
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269.
112
What are the advantages of minification
Normally it is recommended to use minification for heavy traffic and in-
tensive requirements of resources. It reduces file sizes with below benefits,
1. Decreases loading times of a web page
2. Saves bandwidth usages
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270.
What are the differences between Obfuscation and Encryption
Below are the main differences between Obfuscation and Encryption,
Feature Obfuscation Encryption
Definition Changing the form of any Changing the form of information to
data in any other form an unreadable format by using a key
A key to It can be decoded It is required
decode without any key
Target It will be converted to a Converted into an unreadable format
data complex form
format
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271.
What are the common tools used for minification
There are many online/offline tools to minify the javascript files,
1. Google’s Closure Compiler
2. UglifyJS2
3. jsmin
4. javascript-minifier.com/
5. prettydiff.com
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272.
How do you perform form validation using javascript
JavaScript can be used to perform HTML form validation. For example,
if the form field is empty, the function needs to notify, and return false,
to prevent the form being submitted. Lets’ perform user login in an html
form,
113
<form name="myForm" onsubmit="return validateForm()" method="post">
User name: <input type="text" name="uname" />
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>
And the validation on user login is below,
function validateForm() {
var x = document.forms["myForm"]["uname"].value;
if (x == "") {
alert("The username shouldn't be empty");
return false;
}
}
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273.
How do you perform form validation without javascript
You can perform HTML form validation automatically without using
javascript. The validation enabled by applying the required attribute to
prevent form submission when the input is empty.
<form method="post">
<input type="text" name="uname" required />
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>
Note: Automatic form validation does not work in Internet Explorer 9 or
earlier.
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274.
What are the DOM methods available for constraint validation
The below DOM methods are available for constraint validation on an
invalid input,
1. checkValidity(): It returns true if an input element contains valid
data.
2. setCustomValidity(): It is used to set the validationMessage prop-
erty of an input element. Let’s take an user login form with DOM
validations
function myFunction() {
var userName = document.getElementById("uname");
if (!userName.checkValidity()) {
114
document.getElementById("message").innerHTML =
userName.validationMessage;
} else {
document.getElementById("message").innerHTML =
"Entered a valid username";
}
}
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275.
What are the available constraint validation DOM properties
Below are the list of some of the constraint validation DOM properties
available,
1. validity: It provides a list of boolean properties related to the validity
of an input element.
2. validationMessage: It displays the message when the validity is false.
3. willValidate: It indicates if an input element will be validated or not.
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276.
What are the list of validity properties
The validity property of an input element provides a set of properties
related to the validity of data.
1. customError: It returns true, if a custom validity message is set.
2. patternMismatch: It returns true, if an element’s value does not
match its pattern attribute.
3. rangeOverflow: It returns true, if an element’s value is greater than
its max attribute.
4. rangeUnderflow: It returns true, if an element’s value is less than its
min attribute.
5. stepMismatch: It returns true, if an element’s value is invalid accord-
ing to step attribute.
6. tooLong: It returns true, if an element’s value exceeds its maxLength
attribute.
7. typeMismatch: It returns true, if an element’s value is invalid accord-
ing to type attribute.
8. valueMissing: It returns true, if an element with a required attribute
has no value.
9. valid: It returns true, if an element’s value is valid.
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115
277.
Give an example usage of rangeOverflow property
If an element’s value is greater than its max attribute then rangeOverflow
property returns true. For example, the below form submission throws an
error if the value is more than 100,
<input id="age" type="number" max="100" />
<button onclick="myOverflowFunction()">OK</button>
function myOverflowFunction() {
if (document.getElementById("age").validity.rangeOverflow) {
alert("The mentioned age is not allowed");
}
}
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278.
Is enums feature available in javascript
No, javascript does not natively support enums. But there are different
kinds of solutions to simulate them even though they may not provide
exact equivalents. For example, you can use freeze or seal on object,
var DaysEnum = Object.freeze({"monday":1, "tuesday":2, "wednesday":3, ...})
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279.
What is an enum
An enum is a type restricting variables to one value from a predefined set
of constants. JavaScript has no enums but typescript provides built-in
enum support.
enum Color {
RED, GREEN, BLUE
}
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280.
How do you list all properties of an object
You can use the Object.getOwnPropertyNames() method which returns
an array of all properties found directly in a given object. Let’s the usage
of it in an example,
116
const newObject = {
a: 1,
b: 2,
c: 3,
};
console.log(Object.getOwnPropertyNames(newObject));
["a", "b", "c"];
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281.
How do you get property descriptors of an object
You can use the Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors() method which
returns all own property descriptors of a given object. The example usage
of this method is below,
const newObject = {
a: 1,
b: 2,
c: 3,
};
const descriptorsObject = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(newObject);
console.log(descriptorsObject.a.writable); //true
console.log(descriptorsObject.a.configurable); //true
console.log(descriptorsObject.a.enumerable); //true
console.log(descriptorsObject.a.value); // 1
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282.
What are the attributes provided by a property descriptor
A property descriptor is a record which has the following attributes
1. value: The value associated with the property
2. writable: Determines whether the value associated with the property
can be changed or not
3. configurable: Returns true if the type of this property descriptor can
be changed and if the property can be deleted from the corresponding
object.
4. enumerable: Determines whether the property appears during enu-
meration of the properties on the corresponding object or not.
5. set: A function which serves as a setter for the property
6. get: A function which serves as a getter for the property
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117
283.
How do you extend classes
The extends keyword is used in class declarations/expressions to create a
class which is a child of another class. It can be used to subclass custom
classes as well as built-in objects. The syntax would be as below,
class ChildClass extends ParentClass { ... }
Let’s take an example of Square subclass from Polygon parent class,
class Square extends Rectangle {
constructor(length) {
super(length, length);
this.name = "Square";
}
get area() {
return this.width * this.height;
}
set area(value) {
this.area = value;
}
}
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284.
How do I modify the url without reloading the page
The window.location.href property will be helpful to modify the url but
it reloads the page. HTML5 introduced the history.pushState() and
history.replaceState() methods, which allow you to add and modify
history entries, respectively. For example, you can use pushState as below,
window.history.pushState("page2", "Title", "/page2.html");
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285.
How do you check whether an array includes a particular value
or not
The Array#includes() method is used to determine whether an array
includes a particular value among its entries by returning either true or
false. Let’s see an example to find an element(numeric and string) within
an array.
118
var numericArray = [1, 2, 3, 4];
console.log(numericArray.includes(3)); // true
var stringArray = ["green", "yellow", "blue"];
console.log(stringArray.includes("blue")); //true
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286.
How do you compare scalar arrays
You can use length and every method of arrays to compare two
scalar(compared directly using ===) arrays. The combination of these
expressions can give the expected result,
const arrayFirst = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
const arraySecond = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
console.log(
arrayFirst.length === arraySecond.length &&
arrayFirst.every((value, index) => value === arraySecond[index])
); // true
If you would like to compare arrays irrespective of order then you should
sort them before,
const arrayFirst = [2, 3, 1, 4, 5];
const arraySecond = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
console.log(
arrayFirst.length === arraySecond.length &&
arrayFirst.sort().every((value, index) => value === arraySecond[index])
); //true
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287.
How to get the value from get parameters
The new URL() object accepts the url string and searchParams property
of this object can be used to access the get parameters. Remember that
you may need to use polyfill or window.location to access the URL in
older browsers(including IE).
let urlString = "http://www.some-domain.com/about.html?x=1&y=2&z=3"; //window.location.
let url = new URL(urlString);
let parameterZ = url.searchParams.get("z");
console.log(parameterZ); // 3
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119
288.
How do you print numbers with commas as thousand separators
You can use the Number.prototype.toLocaleString() method which
returns a string with a language-sensitive representation such as thousand
separator,currency etc of this number.
function convertToThousandFormat(x) {
return x.toLocaleString(); // 12,345.679
}
console.log(convertToThousandFormat(12345.6789));
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289.
What is the difference between java and javascript
Both are totally unrelated programming languages and no relation
between them. Java is statically typed, compiled, runs on its own VM.
Whereas Javascript is dynamically typed, interpreted, and runs in a
browser and nodejs environments. Let’s see the major differences in a
tabular format, | Feature | Java | JavaScript | |—- | —- | —– | Typed | It’s
a strongly typed language | It’s a dynamic typed language | | Paradigm |
Object oriented programming | Prototype based programming | | Scoping
| Block scoped | Function-scoped | | Concurrency | Thread based | event
based | | Memory | Uses more memory | Uses less memory. Hence it will
be used for web pages |
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290.
Does JavaScript supports namespace
JavaScript doesn’t support namespace by default. So if you create any
element(function, method, object, variable) then it becomes global and
pollutes the global namespace. Let’s take an example of defining two
functions without any namespace,
function func1() {
console.log("This is a first definition");
}
function func1() {
console.log("This is a second definition");
}
func1(); // This is a second definition
120
It always calls the second function definition. In this case, namespace will
solve the name collision problem.
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291.
How do you declare namespace
Even though JavaScript lacks namespaces, we can use Objects , IIFE to
create namespaces.
1. Using Object Literal Notation: Let’s wrap variables and func-
tions inside an Object literal which acts as a namespace. After that
you can access them using object notation
var namespaceOne = {
function func1() {
console.log("This is a first definition");
}
}
var namespaceTwo = {
function func1() {
console.log("This is a second definition");
}
}
namespaceOne.func1(); // This is a first definition
namespaceTwo.func1(); // This is a second definition
1. Using IIFE (Immediately invoked function expression): The
outer pair of parentheses of IIFE creates a local scope for all the code
inside of it and makes the anonymous function a function expression.
Due to that, you can create the same function in two different func-
tion expressions to act as a namespace.
(function () {
function fun1() {
console.log("This is a first definition");
}
fun1();
})();
(function () {
function fun1() {
console.log("This is a second definition");
}
fun1();
})();
121
1. Using a block and a let/const declaration: In ECMAScript 6,
you can simply use a block and a let declaration to restrict the scope
of a variable to a block.
{
let myFunction = function fun1() {
console.log("This is a first definition");
};
myFunction();
}
//myFunction(): ReferenceError: myFunction is not defined.
{
let myFunction = function fun1() {
console.log("This is a second definition");
};
myFunction();
}
//myFunction(): ReferenceError: myFunction is not defined.
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292.
How do you invoke javascript code in an iframe from parent page
Initially iFrame needs to be accessed using either document.getElementBy
or window.frames. After that contentWindow property of iFrame gives
the access for targetFunction
document.getElementById("targetFrame").contentWindow.targetFunction();
window.frames[0].frameElement.contentWindow.targetFunction(); // Accessing iframe this
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293.
How do get the timezone offset from date
You can use the getTimezoneOffset method of the date object. This
method returns the time zone difference, in minutes, from current locale
(host system settings) to UTC
var offset = new Date().getTimezoneOffset();
console.log(offset); // -480
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294.
122
How do you load CSS and JS files dynamically
You can create both link and script elements in the DOM and append
them as child to head tag. Let’s create a function to add script and style
resources as below,
function loadAssets(filename, filetype) {
if (filetype == "css") {
// External CSS file
var fileReference = document.createElement("link");
fileReference.setAttribute("rel", "stylesheet");
fileReference.setAttribute("type", "text/css");
fileReference.setAttribute("href", filename);
} else if (filetype == "js") {
// External JavaScript file
var fileReference = document.createElement("script");
fileReference.setAttribute("type", "text/javascript");
fileReference.setAttribute("src", filename);
}
if (typeof fileReference != "undefined")
document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(fileReference);
}
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295.
What are the different methods to find HTML elements in DOM
If you want to access any element in an HTML page, you need to start
with accessing the document object. Later you can use any of the below
methods to find the HTML element,
1. document.getElementById(id): It finds an element by Id
2. document.getElementsByTagName(name): It finds an element by
tag name
3. document.getElementsByClassName(name): It finds an element by
class name
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296.
What is jQuery
jQuery is a popular cross-browser JavaScript library that provides Doc-
ument Object Model (DOM) traversal, event handling, animations and
AJAX interactions by minimizing the discrepancies across browsers. It is
widely famous with its philosophy of “Write less, do more”. For example,
you can display welcome message on the page load using jQuery as below,
123
$(document).ready(function () {
// It selects the document and apply the function on page load
alert("Welcome to jQuery world");
});
Note: You can download it from jquery’s official site or install it from
CDNs, like google.
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297.
What is V8 JavaScript engine
V8 is an open source high-performance JavaScript engine used by the
Google Chrome browser, written in C++. It is also being used in the
node.js project. It implements ECMAScript and WebAssembly, and runs
on Windows 7 or later, macOS 10.12+, and Linux systems that use x64,
IA-32, ARM, or MIPS processors. Note: It can run standalone, or can
be embedded into any C++ application.
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298.
Why do we call javascript as dynamic language
JavaScript is a loosely typed or a dynamic language because variables in
JavaScript are not directly associated with any particular value type, and
any variable can be assigned/reassigned with values of all types.
let age = 50; // age is a number now
age = "old"; // age is a string now
age = true; // age is a boolean
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299.
What is a void operator
The void operator evaluates the given expression and then returns unde-
fined(i.e, without returning value). The syntax would be as below,
void expression;
void expression;
Let’s display a message without any redirection or reload
<a href="javascript:void(alert('Welcome to JS world'))">
Click here to see a message
</a>
124
Note: This operator is often used to obtain the undefined primitive value,
using “void(0)”.
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300.
How to set the cursor to wait
The cursor can be set to wait in JavaScript by using the property “cursor”.
Let’s perform this behavior on page load using the below function.
function myFunction() {
window.document.body.style.cursor = "wait";
}
and this function invoked on page load
<body onload="myFunction()"></body>
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301.
How do you create an infinite loop
You can create infinite loops using for and while loops without using any
expressions. The for loop construct or syntax is better approach in terms
of ESLint and code optimizer tools,
for (;;) {}
while (true) {}
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302.
Why do you need to avoid with statement
JavaScript’s with statement was intended to provide a shorthand for writ-
ing recurring accesses to objects. So it can help reduce file size by reducing
the need to repeat a lengthy object reference without performance penalty.
Let’s take an example where it is used to avoid redundancy when accessing
an object several times.
a.b.c.greeting = "welcome";
a.b.c.age = 32;
Using with it turns this into:
with (a.b.c) {
greeting = "welcome";
125
age = 32;
}
But this with statement creates performance problems since one cannot
predict whether an argument will refer to a real variable or to a property
inside the with argument.
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303.
What is the output of below for loops
for (var i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
// global scope
setTimeout(() => console.log(i));
}
for (let i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
// block scope
setTimeout(() => console.log(i));
}
The output of the above for loops is 4 4 4 4 and 0 1 2 3
Explanation: Due to the event queue/loop of javascript, the setTimeout
callback function is called after the loop has been executed. Since the
variable i is declared with the var keyword it became a global variable
and the value was equal to 4 using iteration when the time setTimeout
function is invoked. Hence, the output of the first loop is 4 4 4 4.
Whereas in the second loop, the variable i is declared as the let keyword
it becomes a block scoped variable and it holds a new value(0, 1 ,2 3) for
each iteration. Hence, the output of the first loop is 0 1 2 3.
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304.
List down some of the features of ES6
Below are the list of some new features of ES6,
1. Support for constants or immutable variables
2. Block-scope support for variables, constants and functions
3. Arrow functions
4. Default parameters
5. Rest and Spread Parameters
6. Template Literals
7. Multi-line Strings
8. Destructuring Assignment
126
9. Enhanced Object Literals
10. Promises
11. Classes
12. Modules
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305.
What is ES6
ES6 is the sixth edition of the javascript language and it was released
in June 2015. It was initially known as ECMAScript 6 (ES6) and later
renamed to ECMAScript 2015. Almost all the modern browsers support
ES6 but for the old browsers there are many transpilers, like Babel.js etc.
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306.
Can I redeclare let and const variables
No, you cannot redeclare let and const variables. If you do, it throws
below error
Uncaught SyntaxError: Identifier 'someVariable' has already been declared
Explanation: The variable declaration with var keyword refers to a
function scope and the variable is treated as if it were declared at the
top of the enclosing scope due to hoisting feature. So all the multiple
declarations contributing to the same hoisted variable without any error.
Let’s take an example of re-declaring variables in the same scope for both
var and let/const variables.
var name = "John";
function myFunc() {
var name = "Nick";
var name = "Abraham"; // Re-assigned in the same function block
alert(name); // Abraham
}
myFunc();
alert(name); // John
The block-scoped multi-declaration throws syntax error,
let name = "John";
function myFunc() {
let name = "Nick";
let name = "Abraham"; // Uncaught SyntaxError: Identifier 'name' has already been dec
alert(name);
}
127
myFunc();
alert(name);
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307.
Is const variable makes the value immutable
No, the const variable doesn’t make the value immutable. But it disallows
subsequent assignments(i.e, You can declare with assignment but can’t
assign another value later)
const userList = [];
userList.push("John"); // Can mutate even though it can't re-assign
console.log(userList); // ['John']
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308.
What are default parameters
In ES5, we need to depend on logical OR operators to handle default values
of function parameters. Whereas in ES6, Default function parameters
feature allows parameters to be initialized with default values if no value
or undefined is passed. Let’s compare the behavior with an examples,
//ES5
var calculateArea = function (height, width) {
height = height || 50;
width = width || 60;
return width * height;
};
console.log(calculateArea()); //300
The default parameters makes the initialization more simpler,
//ES6
var calculateArea = function (height = 50, width = 60) {
return width * height;
};
console.log(calculateArea()); //300
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309.
128
What are template literals
Template literals or template strings are string literals allowing embedded
expressions. These are enclosed by the back-tick (‘) character instead
of double or single quotes. In ES6, this feature enables using dynamic
expressions as below,
var greeting = `Welcome to JS World, Mr. ${firstName} ${lastName}.`;
In ES5, you need break string like below,
var greeting = 'Welcome to JS World, Mr. ' + firstName + ' ' + lastName.`
Note: You can use multi-line strings and string interpolation features
with template literals.
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310.
How do you write multi-line strings in template literals
In ES5, you would have to use newline escape characters(‘\n’) and con-
catenation symbols(+) in order to get multi-line strings.
console.log("This is string sentence 1\n" + "This is string sentence 2");
Whereas in ES6, You don’t need to mention any newline sequence charac-
ter,
console.log(`This is string sentence
'This is string sentence 2`);
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311.
What are nesting templates
The nesting template is a feature supported within template literals syntax
to allow inner backticks inside a placeholder ${ } within the template. For
example, the below nesting template is used to display the icons based on
user permissions whereas outer template checks for platform type,
const iconStyles = `icon ${
isMobilePlatform()
? ""
: `icon-${user.isAuthorized ? "submit" : "disabled"}`
}`;
You can write the above use case without nesting template features as well.
However, the nesting template feature is more compact and readable.
129
//Without nesting templates
const iconStyles = `icon ${
isMobilePlatform()
? ""
: user.isAuthorized
? "icon-submit"
: "icon-disabled"
}`;
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312.
What are tagged templates
Tagged templates are the advanced form of templates in which tags allow
you to parse template literals with a function. The tag function accepts
the first parameter as an array of strings and remaining parameters as
expressions. This function can also return manipulated strings based on
parameters. Let’s see the usage of this tagged template behavior of an IT
professional skill set in an organization,
var user1 = "John";
var skill1 = "JavaScript";
var experience1 = 15;
var user2 = "Kane";
var skill2 = "JavaScript";
var experience2 = 5;
function myInfoTag(strings, userExp, experienceExp, skillExp) {
var str0 = strings[0]; // "Mr/Ms. "
var str1 = strings[1]; // " is a/an "
var str2 = strings[2]; // "in"
var expertiseStr;
if (experienceExp > 10) {
expertiseStr = "expert developer";
} else if (skillExp > 5 && skillExp <= 10) {
expertiseStr = "senior developer";
} else {
expertiseStr = "junior developer";
}
return `${str0}${userExp}${str1}${expertiseStr}${str2}${skillExp}`;
}
130
var output1 = myInfoTag`Mr/Ms. ${user1} is a/an ${experience1} in ${skill1}`;
var output2 = myInfoTag`Mr/Ms. ${user2} is a/an ${experience2} in ${skill2}`;
console.log(output1); // Mr/Ms. John is a/an expert developer in JavaScript
console.log(output2); // Mr/Ms. Kane is a/an junior developer in JavaScript
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313.
What are raw strings
ES6 provides a raw strings feature using the String.raw() method which
is used to get the raw string form of template strings. This feature allows
you to access the raw strings as they were entered, without processing
escape sequences. For example, the usage would be as below,
var calculationString = String.raw`The sum of numbers is \n${
1 + 2 + 3 + 4
}!`;
console.log(calculationString); // The sum of numbers is \n10!
If you don’t use raw strings, the newline character sequence will be pro-
cessed by displaying the output in multiple lines
var calculationString = `The sum of numbers is \n${1 + 2 + 3 + 4}!`;
console.log(calculationString);
// The sum of numbers is
// 10!
Also, the raw property is available on the first argument to the tag function
function tag(strings) {
console.log(strings.raw[0]);
}
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314.
What is destructuring assignment
The destructuring assignment is a JavaScript expression that makes it pos-
sible to unpack values from arrays or properties from objects into distinct
variables. Let’s get the month values from an array using destructuring
assignment
var [one, two, three] = ["JAN", "FEB", "MARCH"];
console.log(one); // "JAN"
131
console.log(two); // "FEB"
console.log(three); // "MARCH"
and you can get user properties of an object using destructuring assign-
ment,
var { name, age } = { name: "John", age: 32 };
console.log(name); // John
console.log(age); // 32
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315.
What are default values in destructuring assignment
A variable can be assigned a default value when the value unpacked from
the array or object is undefined during destructuring assignment. It helps
to avoid setting default values separately for each assignment. Let’s take
an example for both arrays and object use cases,
Arrays destructuring:
var x, y, z;
[x = 2, y = 4, z = 6] = [10];
console.log(x); // 10
console.log(y); // 4
console.log(z); // 6
Objects destructuring:
var { x = 2, y = 4, z = 6 } = { x: 10 };
console.log(x); // 10
console.log(y); // 4
console.log(z); // 6
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316.
How do you swap variables in destructuring assignment
If you don’t use destructuring assignment, swapping two values requires a
temporary variable. Whereas using a destructuring feature, two variable
values can be swapped in one destructuring expression. Let’s swap two
number variables in array destructuring assignment,
var x = 10,
y = 20;
132
[x, y] = [y, x];
console.log(x); // 20
console.log(y); // 10
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317.
What are enhanced object literals
Object literals make it easy to quickly create objects with properties inside
the curly braces. For example, it provides shorter syntax for common
object property definition as below.
//ES6
var x = 10,
y = 20;
obj = { x, y };
console.log(obj); // {x: 10, y:20}
//ES5
var x = 10,
y = 20;
obj = { x: x, y: y };
console.log(obj); // {x: 10, y:20}
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318.
What are dynamic imports
The dynamic imports using import() function syntax allows us to load
modules on demand by using promises or the async/await syntax. Cur-
rently this feature is in stage4 proposal. The main advantage of dynamic
imports is reduction of our bundle’s sizes, the size/payload response of our
requests and overall improvements in the user experience. The syntax of
dynamic imports would be as below,
import("./Module").then((Module) => Module.method());
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319.
What are the use cases for dynamic imports
Below are some of the use cases of using dynamic imports over static
imports,
133
1. Import a module on-demand or conditionally. For example, if you
want to load a polyfill on legacy browser
if (isLegacyBrowser()) {
import(···)
.then(···);
}
1. Compute the module specifier at runtime. For example, you can use
it for internationalization.
import(`messages_${getLocale()}.js`).then(···);
1. Import a module from within a regular script instead a module.
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320.
What are typed arrays
Typed arrays are array-like objects from ECMAScript 6 API for handling
binary data. JavaScript provides 8 Typed array types,
1. Int8Array: An array of 8-bit signed integers
2. Int16Array: An array of 16-bit signed integers
3. Int32Array: An array of 32-bit signed integers
4. Uint8Array: An array of 8-bit unsigned integers
5. Uint16Array: An array of 16-bit unsigned integers
6. Uint32Array: An array of 32-bit unsigned integers
7. Float32Array: An array of 32-bit floating point numbers
8. Float64Array: An array of 64-bit floating point numbers
For example, you can create an array of 8-bit signed integers as below
const a = new Int8Array();
// You can pre-allocate n bytes
const bytes = 1024;
const a = new Int8Array(bytes);
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321.
What are the advantages of module loaders
The module loaders provides the below features,
1. Dynamic loading
2. State isolation
3. Global namespace isolation
4. Compilation hooks
134
5. Nested virtualization
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322.
What is collation
Collation is used for sorting a set of strings and searching within a set of
strings. It is parameterized by locale and aware of Unicode. Let’s take
comparison and sorting features,
1. Comparison:
var list = ["ä", "a", "z"]; // In German, "ä" sorts with "a" Whereas in Swedish, "ä" s
var l10nDE = new Intl.Collator("de");
var l10nSV = new Intl.Collator("sv");
console.log(l10nDE.compare("ä", "z") === -1); // true
console.log(l10nSV.compare("ä", "z") === +1); // true
1. Sorting:
var list = ["ä", "a", "z"]; // In German, "ä" sorts with "a" Whereas in Swedish, "ä" s
var l10nDE = new Intl.Collator("de");
var l10nSV = new Intl.Collator("sv");
console.log(list.sort(l10nDE.compare)); // [ "a", "ä", "z" ]
console.log(list.sort(l10nSV.compare)); // [ "a", "z", "ä" ]
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323.
What is for…of statement
The for…of statement creates a loop iterating over iterable objects or ele-
ments such as built-in String, Array, Array-like objects (like arguments or
NodeList), TypedArray, Map, Set, and user-defined iterables. The basic
usage of for…of statement on arrays would be as below,
let arrayIterable = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50];
for (let value of arrayIterable) {
value++;
console.log(value); // 11 21 31 41 51
}
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324.
135
What is the output of below spread operator array
[..."John Resig"];
The output of the array is [‘J’, ‘o’, ‘h’, ‘n’, ’‘, ’R’, ‘e’, ‘s’, ‘i’, ‘g’] Expla-
nation: The string is an iterable type and the spread operator within an
array maps every character of an iterable to one element. Hence, each
character of a string becomes an element within an Array.
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325.
Is PostMessage secure
Yes, postMessages can be considered very secure as long as the program-
mer/developer is careful about checking the origin and source of an arriv-
ing message. But if you try to send/receive a message without verifying
its source will create cross-site scripting attacks.
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326.
What are the problems with postmessage target origin as wild-
card
The second argument of postMessage method specifies which origin is
allowed to receive the message. If you use the wildcard “*” as an argument
then any origin is allowed to receive the message. In this case, there is no
way for the sender window to know if the target window is at the target
origin when sending the message. If the target window has been navigated
to another origin, the other origin would receive the data. Hence, this may
lead to XSS vulnerabilities.
targetWindow.postMessage(message, "*");
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327.
How do you avoid receiving postMessages from attackers
Since the listener listens for any message, an attacker can trick the ap-
plication by sending a message from the attacker’s origin, which gives an
impression that the receiver received the message from the actual sender’s
window. You can avoid this issue by validating the origin of the message
on the receiver’s end using the “message.origin” attribute. For examples,
let’s check the sender’s origin http://www.some-sender.com on receiver
side www.some-receiver.com,
136
//Listener on http://www.some-receiver.com/
window.addEventListener("message", function(message){
if(/^http://www\.some-sender\.com$/.test(message.origin)){
console.log('You received the data from valid sender', message.data);
}
});
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328.
Can I avoid using postMessages completely
You cannot avoid using postMessages completely(or 100%). Even though
your application doesn’t use postMessage considering the risks, a lot of
third party scripts use postMessage to communicate with the third party
service. So your application might be using postMessage without your
knowledge.
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329.
Is postMessages synchronous
The postMessages are synchronous in IE8 browser but they are asyn-
chronous in IE9 and all other modern browsers (i.e, IE9+, Firefox, Chrome,
Safari).Due to this asynchronous behaviour, we use a callback mechanism
when the postMessage is returned.
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330.
What paradigm is Javascript
JavaScript is a multi-paradigm language, supporting imperative/procedural
programming, Object-Oriented Programming and functional program-
ming. JavaScript supports Object-Oriented Programming with prototyp-
ical inheritance.
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331.
What is the difference between internal and external javascript
Internal JavaScript: It is the source code within the script tag. Ex-
ternal JavaScript: The source code is stored in an external file(stored
with .js extension) and referred with in the tag.
137
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332.
Is JavaScript faster than server side script
Yes, JavaScript is faster than server side scripts. Because JavaScript is a
client-side script it does not require any web server’s help for its compu-
tation or calculation. So JavaScript is always faster than any server-side
script like ASP, PHP, etc.
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333.
How do you get the status of a checkbox
You can apply the checked property on the selected checkbox in the DOM.
If the value is true it means the checkbox is checked, otherwise it is
unchecked. For example, the below HTML checkbox element can be access
using javascript as below:
<input type="checkbox" id="checkboxname" value="Agree" /> Agree the
conditions<br />
console.log(document.getElementById(‘checkboxname’).checked); // true or false
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334.
What is the purpose of double tilde operator
The double tilde operator(~~) is known as double NOT bitwise operator.
This operator is a slightly quicker substitute for Math.floor().
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335.
How do you convert character to ASCII code
You can use the String.prototype.charCodeAt() method to convert
string characters to ASCII numbers. For example, let’s find ASCII code
for the first letter of ‘ABC’ string,
"ABC".charCodeAt(0); // returns 65
Whereas String.fromCharCode() method converts numbers to equal
ASCII characters.
String.fromCharCode(65, 66, 67); // returns 'ABC'
138
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336.
What is ArrayBuffer
An ArrayBuffer object is used to represent a generic, fixed-length raw
binary data buffer. You can create it as below,
let buffer = new ArrayBuffer(16); // create a buffer of length 16
alert(buffer.byteLength); // 16
To manipulate an ArrayBuffer, we need to use a “view” object.
//Create a DataView referring to the buffer
let view = new DataView(buffer);
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337.
What is the output of below string expression
console.log("Welcome to JS world"[0]);
The output of the above expression is “W”. Explanation: The bracket
notation with specific index on a string returns the character at a specific
location. Hence, it returns the character “W” of the string. Since this
is not supported in IE7 and below versions, you may need to use the
.charAt() method to get the desired result.
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338.
What is the purpose of Error object
The Error constructor creates an error object and the instances of error
objects are thrown when runtime errors occur. The Error object can also
be used as a base object for user-defined exceptions. The syntax of error
object would be as below,
new Error([message[, fileName[, lineNumber]]])
You can throw user defined exceptions or errors using Error object in
try…catch block as below,
try {
if (withdraw > balance)
throw new Error("Oops! You don't have enough balance");
} catch (e) {
console.log(e.name + ": " + e.message);
}
139
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339.
What is the purpose of EvalError object
The EvalError object indicates an error regarding the global eval() func-
tion. Even though this exception is not thrown by JavaScript anymore, the
EvalError object remains for compatibility. The syntax of this expression
would be as below,
new EvalError([message[, fileName[, lineNumber]]])
You can throw EvalError with in try…catch block as below,
try {
throw new EvalError('Eval function error', 'someFile.js', 100);
} catch (e) {
console.log(e.message, e.name, e.fileName); // "Eval function error", "E
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340.
What are the list of cases error thrown from non-strict mode to
strict mode
When you apply ‘use strict’; syntax, some of the below cases will throw a
SyntaxError before executing the script
1. When you use Octal syntax
var n = 022;
1. Using with statement
2. When you use delete operator on a variable name
3. Using eval or arguments as variable or function argument name
4. When you use newly reserved keywords
5. When you declare a function in a block
if (someCondition) {
function f() {}
}
Hence, the errors from above cases are helpful to avoid errors in develop-
ment/production environments.
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341.
140
Do all objects have prototypes
No. All objects have prototypes except for the base object which is created
by the user, or an object that is created using the new keyword.
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342.
What is the difference between a parameter and an argument
Parameter is the variable name of a function definition whereas an argu-
ment represents the value given to a function when it is invoked. Let’s
explain this with a simple function
function myFunction(parameter1, parameter2, parameter3) {
console.log(arguments[0]); // "argument1"
console.log(arguments[1]); // "argument2"
console.log(arguments[2]); // "argument3"
}
myFunction("argument1", "argument2", "argument3");
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343.
What is the purpose of some method in arrays
The some() method is used to test whether at least one element in the array
passes the test implemented by the provided function. The method returns
a boolean value. Let’s take an example to test for any odd elements,
var array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10];
var odd = (element) => element % 2 !== 0;
console.log(array.some(odd)); // true (the odd element exists)
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344.
How do you combine two or more arrays
The concat() method is used to join two or more arrays by returning a
new array containing all the elements. The syntax would be as below,
array1.concat(array2, array3, ..., arrayX)
Let’s take an example of array’s concatenation with veggies and fruits
arrays,
141
var veggies = ["Tomato", "Carrot", "Cabbage"];
var fruits = ["Apple", "Orange", "Pears"];
var veggiesAndFruits = veggies.concat(fruits);
console.log(veggiesAndFruits); // Tomato, Carrot, Cabbage, Apple, Orange, Pears
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345.
What is the difference between Shallow and Deep copy
There are two ways to copy an object,
Shallow Copy: Shallow copy is a bitwise copy of an object. A new object
is created that has an exact copy of the values in the original object. If any
of the fields of the object are references to other objects, just the reference
addresses are copied i.e., only the memory address is copied.
Example
var empDetails = {
name: "John",
age: 25,
expertise: "Software Developer",
};
to create a duplicate
var empDetailsShallowCopy = empDetails; //Shallow copying!
if we change some property value in the duplicate one like this:
empDetailsShallowCopy.name = "Johnson";
The above statement will also change the name of empDetails, since we
have a shallow copy. That means we’re losing the original data as well.
Deep copy: A deep copy copies all fields, and makes copies of dynamically
allocated memory pointed to by the fields. A deep copy occurs when an
object is copied along with the objects to which it refers.
Example
var empDetails = {
name: "John",
age: 25,
expertise: "Software Developer",
};
Create a deep copy by using the properties from the original object into
new variable
142
var empDetailsDeepCopy = {
name: empDetails.name,
age: empDetails.age,
expertise: empDetails.expertise,
};
Now if you change empDetailsDeepCopy.name, it will only affect
empDetailsDeepCopy & not empDetails
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346.
How do you create specific number of copies of a string
The repeat() method is used to construct and return a new string which
contains the specified number of copies of the string on which it was called,
concatenated together. Remember that this method has been added to
the ECMAScript 2015 specification. Let’s take an example of Hello string
to repeat it 4 times,
"Hello".repeat(4); // 'HelloHelloHelloHello'
347.
How do you return all matching strings against a regular expres-
sion
The matchAll() method can be used to return an iterator of all results
matching a string against a regular expression. For example, the below
example returns an array of matching string results against a regular ex-
pression,
let regexp = /Hello(\d?))/g;
let greeting = "Hello1Hello2Hello3";
let greetingList = [...greeting.matchAll(regexp)];
console.log(greetingList[0]); //Hello1
console.log(greetingList[1]); //Hello2
console.log(greetingList[2]); //Hello3
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348.
How do you trim a string at the beginning or ending
The trim method of string prototype is used to trim on both sides of a
string. But if you want to trim especially at the beginning or ending of the
143
string then you can use trimStart/trimLeft and trimEnd/trimRight
methods. Let’s see an example of these methods on a greeting message,
var greeting = " Hello, Goodmorning! ";
console.log(greeting); // " Hello, Goodmorning! "
console.log(greeting.trimStart()); // "Hello, Goodmorning! "
console.log(greeting.trimLeft()); // "Hello, Goodmorning! "
console.log(greeting.trimEnd()); // " Hello, Goodmorning!"
console.log(greeting.trimRight()); // " Hello, Goodmorning!"
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349.
What is the output of below console statement with unary op-
erator
Let’s take console statement with unary operator as given below,
console.log(+"Hello");
The output of the above console log statement returns NaN. Because the
element is prefixed by the unary operator and the JavaScript interpreter
will try to convert that element into a number type. Since the conversion
fails, the value of the statement results in NaN value.
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350.
Does javascript uses mixins
Mixin is a generic object-oriented programming term - is a class containing
methods that can be used by other classes without a need to inherit from
it. In JavaScript we can only inherit from a single object. ie. There can
be only one [[prototype]] for an object.
But sometimes we require to extend more than one, to overcome this we
can use Mixin which helps to copy methods to the prototype of another
class.
Say for instance, we’ve two classes User and CleanRoom. Suppose we need
to add CleanRoom functionality to User, so that user can clean the room
at demand. Here’s where concept called mixins comes into picture.
// mixin
let cleanRoomMixin = {
cleanRoom() {
alert(`Hello ${this.name}, your room is clean now`);
144
},
sayBye() {
alert(`Bye ${this.name}`);
},
};
// usage:
class User {
constructor(name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
// copy the methods
Object.assign(User.prototype, cleanRoomMixin);
// now User can clean the room
new User("Dude").cleanRoom(); // Hello Dude, your room is clean now!
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351.
What is a thunk function
A thunk is just a function which delays the evaluation of the value. It
doesn’t take any arguments but gives the value whenever you invoke the
thunk. i.e, It is used not to execute now but it will be sometime in the
future. Let’s take a synchronous example,
const add = (x, y) => x + y;
const thunk = () => add(2, 3);
thunk(); // 5
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352.
What are asynchronous thunks
The asynchronous thunks are useful to make network requests. Let’s see
an example of network requests,
function fetchData(fn) {
fetch("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos/1")
.then((response) => response.json())
.then((json) => fn(json));
145
}
const asyncThunk = function () {
return fetchData(function getData(data) {
console.log(data);
});
};
asyncThunk();
The getData function won’t be called immediately but it will be invoked
only when the data is available from API endpoint. The setTimeout func-
tion is also used to make our code asynchronous. The best real time
example is redux state management library which uses the asynchronous
thunks to delay the actions to dispatch.
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353.
What is the output of below function calls
Code snippet:
const circle = {
radius: 20,
diameter() {
return this.radius * 2;
},
perimeter: () => 2 * Math.PI * this.radius,
};
console.log(circle.diameter());
console.log(circle.perimeter());
Output:
The output is 40 and NaN. Remember that diameter is a regular function,
whereas the value of perimeter is an arrow function. The this keyword
of a regular function(i.e, diameter) refers to the surrounding scope which
is a class(i.e, Shape object). Whereas this keyword of perimeter function
refers to the surrounding scope which is a window object. Since there is
no radius property on window objects it returns an undefined value and
the multiple of number value returns NaN value.
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354.
146
How to remove all line breaks from a string
The easiest approach is using regular expressions to detect and replace
newlines in the string. In this case, we use replace function along with
string to replace with, which in our case is an empty string.
function remove_linebreaks( var message ) {
return message.replace( /[\r\n]+/gm, "" );
}
In the above expression, g and m are for global and multiline flags.
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355.
What is the difference between reflow and repaint
A repaint occurs when changes are made which affect the visibility of an
element, but not its layout. Examples of this include outline, visibility,
or background color. A reflow involves changes that affect the layout
of a portion of the page (or the whole page). Resizing the browser win-
dow, changing the font, content changing (such as user typing text), using
JavaScript methods involving computed styles, adding or removing ele-
ments from the DOM, and changing an element’s classes are a few of the
things that can trigger reflow. Reflow of an element causes the subsequent
reflow of all child and ancestor elements as well as any elements following
it in the DOM.
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356.
What happens with negating an array
Negating an array with ! character will coerce the array into a boolean.
Since Arrays are considered to be truthy So negating it will return false.
console.log(![]); // false
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357.
What happens if we add two arrays
If you add two arrays together, it will convert them both to strings and
concatenate them. For example, the result of adding arrays would be as
below,
147
console.log(["a"] + ["b"]); // "ab"
console.log([] + []); // ""
console.log(![] + []); // "false", because ![] returns false.
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358.
What is the output of prepend additive operator on falsy values
If you prepend the additive(+) operator on falsy values(null, undefined,
NaN, false, ““), the falsy value converts to a number value zero. Let’s
display them on browser console as below,
console.log(+null); // 0
console.log(+undefined); // NaN
console.log(+false); // 0
console.log(+NaN); // NaN
console.log(+""); // 0
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359.
How do you create self string using special characters
The self string can be formed with the combination of []()!+ characters.
You need to remember the below conventions to achieve this pattern.
1. Since Arrays are truthful values, negating the arrays will produce
false: [] === false
2. As per JavaScript coercion rules, the addition of arrays together will
toString them: [] + [] === “”
3. Prepend an array with + operator will convert an array to false,
the negation will make it true and finally converting the result will
produce value ‘1’: +(!(+[])) === 1
By applying the above rules, we can derive below conditions
(![] + [] === "false" + !+[]) === 1;
Now the character pattern would be created as below,
s e l f
^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
(![] + [])[3] + (![] + [])[4] + (![] + [])[2] + (![] + [])[0]
^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
(![] + [])[+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]] +
(![] + [])[+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]] +
(![] + [])[+!+[]+!+[]] +
148
(![] + [])[+[]]
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
(![]+[])[+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[
� Back to Top
360.
How do you remove falsy values from an array
You can apply the filter method on the array by passing Boolean as a
parameter. This way it removes all falsy values(0, undefined, null, false
and ““) from the array.
const myArray = [false, null, 1, 5, undefined];
myArray.filter(Boolean); // [1, 5] // is same as myArray.filter(x => x);
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361.
How do you get unique values of an array
You can get unique values of an array with the combination of Set and
rest expression/spread(…) syntax.
console.log([...new Set([1, 2, 4, 4, 3])]); // [1, 2, 4, 3]
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362.
What is destructuring aliases
Sometimes you would like to have a destructured variable with a different
name than the property name. In that case, you’ll use a : newName to
specify a name for the variable. This process is called destructuring aliases.
const obj = { x: 1 };
// Grabs obj.x as as { otherName }
const { x: otherName } = obj;
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363.
How do you map the array values without using map method
You can map the array values without using the map method by just using
the from method of Array. Let’s map city names from Countries array,
149
const countries = [
{ name: "India", capital: "Delhi" },
{ name: "US", capital: "Washington" },
{ name: "Russia", capital: "Moscow" },
{ name: "Singapore", capital: "Singapore" },
{ name: "China", capital: "Beijing" },
{ name: "France", capital: "Paris" },
];
const cityNames = Array.from(countries, ({ capital }) => capital);
console.log(cityNames); // ['Delhi, 'Washington', 'Moscow', 'Singapore', 'Beijing', 'Pa
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364.
How do you empty an array
You can empty an array quickly by setting the array length to zero.
let cities = ["Singapore", "Delhi", "London"];
cities.length = 0; // cities becomes []
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365.
How do you rounding numbers to certain decimals
You can round numbers to a certain number of decimals using toFixed
method from native javascript.
let pie = 3.141592653;
pie = pie.toFixed(3); // 3.142
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366.
What is the easiest way to convert an array to an object
You can convert an array to an object with the same data using spread(…)
operator.
var fruits = ["banana", "apple", "orange", "watermelon"];
var fruitsObject = { ...fruits };
console.log(fruitsObject); // {0: "banana", 1: "apple", 2: "orange", 3: "watermelon"}
� Back to Top
367.
150
How do you create an array with some data
You can create an array with some data or an array with the same values
using fill method.
var newArray = new Array(5).fill("0");
console.log(newArray); // ["0", "0", "0", "0", "0"]
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368.
What are the placeholders from console object
Below are the list of placeholders available from console object,
1. %o — It takes an object,
2. %s — It takes a string,
3. %d — It is used for a decimal or integer These placeholders can be
represented in the console.log as below
const user = { name: "John", id: 1, city: "Delhi" };
console.log(
"Hello %s, your details %o are available in the object form",
"John",
user
); // Hello John, your details {name: "John", id: 1, city: "Delhi"} are available in ob
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369.
Is it possible to add CSS to console messages
Yes, you can apply CSS styles to console messages similar to html text on
the web page.
console.log(
"%c The text has blue color, with large font and red background",
"color: blue; font-size: x-large; background: red"
);
The text will be displayed as below, Screenshot
Note: All CSS styles can be applied to console messages.
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370.
151
What is the purpose of dir method of console object
The console.dir() is used to display an interactive list of the properties
of the specified JavaScript object as JSON.
const user = { name: "John", id: 1, city: "Delhi" };
console.dir(user);
The user object displayed in JSON representation Screenshot
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371.
Is it possible to debug HTML elements in console
Yes, it is possible to get and debug HTML elements in the console just
like inspecting elements.
const element = document.getElementsByTagName("body")[0];
console.log(element);
It prints the HTML element in the console,
Screenshot
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372.
How do you display data in a tabular format using console object
The console.table() is used to display data in the console in a tabular
format to visualize complex arrays or objects.
const users = [
{ name: "John", id: 1, city: "Delhi" },
{ name: "Max", id: 2, city: "London" },
{ name: "Rod", id: 3, city: "Paris" },
];
console.table(users);
The data visualized in a table format,
Screenshot Not: Remember that console.table() is not supported in
IE.
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373.
152
How do you verify that an argument is a Number or not
The combination of IsNaN and isFinite methods are used to confirm
whether an argument is a number or not.
function isNumber(n) {
return !isNaN(parseFloat(n)) && isFinite(n);
}
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374.
How do you create copy to clipboard button
You need to select the content(using .select() method) of the input ele-
ment and execute the copy command with execCommand (i.e, execCom-
mand(‘copy’)). You can also execute other system commands like cut and
paste.
document.querySelector("#copy-button").onclick = function () {
// Select the content
document.querySelector("#copy-input").select();
// Copy to the clipboard
document.execCommand("copy");
};
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375.
What is the shortcut to get timestamp
You can use new Date().getTime() to get the current timestamp. There
is an alternative shortcut to get the value.
console.log(+new Date());
console.log(Date.now());
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376.
How do you flattening multi dimensional arrays
Flattening bi-dimensional arrays is trivial with Spread operator.
const biDimensionalArr = [11, [22, 33], [44, 55], [66, 77], 88, 99];
const flattenArr = [].concat(...biDimensionalArr); // [11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88,
But you can make it work with multi-dimensional arrays by recursive calls,
153
function flattenMultiArray(arr) {
const flattened = [].concat(...arr);
return flattened.some((item) => Array.isArray(item))
? flattenMultiArray(flattened)
: flattened;
}
const multiDimensionalArr = [11, [22, 33], [44, [55, 66, [77, [88]], 99]]];
const flatArr = flattenMultiArray(multiDimensionalArr); // [11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77,
Also you can use the flat method of Array.
const arr = [1, [2, 3], 4, 5, [6, 7]];
const fllattenArr = arr.flat(); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
// And for multiDemensional arrays
const multiDimensionalArr = [11, [22, 33], [44, [55, 66, [77, [88]], 99]]];
const oneStepFlat = multiDimensionalArr.flat(1); // [11, 22, 33, 44, [55, 66, [77, [88]
const towStep = multiDimensionalArr.flat(2); // [11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, [77, [88]], 99
const fullyFlatArray = multiDimensionalArr.flat(Infinity); // [11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66,
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377.
What is the easiest multi condition checking
You can use indexOf to compare input with multiple values instead of
checking each value as one condition.
// Verbose approach
if (
input === "first" ||
input === 1 ||
input === "second" ||
input === 2
) {
someFunction();
}
// Shortcut
if (["first", 1, "second", 2].indexOf(input) !== -1) {
someFunction();
}
� Back to Top
378.
154
How do you capture browser back button
The beforeunload event is triggered when the window, the document and
its resources are about to be unloaded. This event is helpful to warn users
about losing the current data and detect back button event.
window.addEventListener('beforeunload', () => {
console.log('Clicked browser back button');
});
You can also use popstate event to detect the browser back button. Note:
The history entry has been activated using history.pushState method.
window.addEventListener('popstate', () => {
console.log('Clicked browser back button');
box.style.backgroundColor = 'white';
});
const box = document.getElementById('div');
box.addEventListener('click', () => {
box.style.backgroundColor = 'blue';
window.history.pushState({}, null, null);
});
In the preceeding code, When the box element clicked, its background color appears in blue c
**[� Back to Top](#table-of-contents)**
379.
How do you disable right click in the web page
The right click on the page can be disabled by returning false from the
oncontextmenu attribute on the body element.
<body oncontextmenu="return false;"></body>
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380.
What are wrapper objects
Primitive Values like string,number and boolean don’t have properties
and methods but they are temporarily converted or coerced to an ob-
ject(Wrapper object) when you try to perform actions on them. For ex-
ample, if you apply toUpperCase() method on a primitive string value, it
does not throw an error but returns uppercase of the string.
155
let name = "john";
console.log(name.toUpperCase()); // Behind the scenes treated as console.log(new String
i.e, Every primitive except null and undefined have Wrapper Objects and
the list of wrapper objects are String,Number,Boolean,Symbol and BigInt.
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381.
What is AJAX
AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML and it is a group of
related technologies(HTML, CSS, JavaScript, XMLHttpRequest API etc)
used to display data asynchronously. i.e. We can send data to the server
and get data from the server without reloading the web page.
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382.
What are the different ways to deal with Asynchronous Code
Below are the list of different ways to deal with Asynchronous code.
1. Callbacks
2. Promises
3. Async/await
4. Third-party libraries such as async.js,bluebird etc
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383.
How to cancel a fetch request
Until a few days back, One shortcoming of native promises is no direct
way to cancel a fetch request. But the new AbortController from js
specification allows you to use a signal to abort one or multiple fetch calls.
The basic flow of cancelling a fetch request would be as below,
1. Create an AbortController instance
2. Get the signal property of an instance and pass the signal as a fetch
option for signal
3. Call the AbortController’s abort property to cancel all fetches that
use that signal For example, let’s pass the same signal to multiple
fetch calls will cancel all requests with that signal,
const controller = new AbortController();
const { signal } = controller;
156
fetch("http://localhost:8000", { signal })
.then((response) => {
console.log(`Request 1 is complete!`);
})
.catch((e) => {
if (e.name === "AbortError") {
// We know it's been canceled!
}
});
fetch("http://localhost:8000", { signal })
.then((response) => {
console.log(`Request 2 is complete!`);
})
.catch((e) => {
if (e.name === "AbortError") {
// We know it's been canceled!
}
});
// Wait 2 seconds to abort both requests
setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), 2000);
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384.
What is web speech API
Web speech API is used to enable modern browsers recognize and synthe-
size speech(i.e, voice data into web apps). This API has been introduced
by W3C Community in the year 2012. It has two main parts,
1. SpeechRecognition (Asynchronous Speech Recognition or
Speech-to-Text): It provides the ability to recognize voice context
from an audio input and respond accordingly. This is accessed by
the SpeechRecognition interface. The below example shows on how
to use this API to get text from speech,
window.SpeechRecognition =
window.webkitSpeechRecognition || window.SpeechRecognition; // webkitSpeechRecognitio
const recognition = new window.SpeechRecognition();
recognition.onresult = (event) => {
// SpeechRecognitionEvent type
const speechToText = event.results[0][0].transcript;
console.log(speechToText);
};
157
recognition.start();
In this API, browser is going to ask you for permission to use your micro-
phone
1. SpeechSynthesis (Text-to-Speech): It provides the ability to rec-
ognize voice context from an audio input and respond. This is ac-
cessed by the SpeechSynthesis interface. For example, the below
code is used to get voice/speech from text,
if ("speechSynthesis" in window) {
var speech = new SpeechSynthesisUtterance("Hello World!");
speech.lang = "en-US";
window.speechSynthesis.speak(speech);
}
The above examples can be tested on chrome(33+) browser’s developer
console. Note: This API is still a working draft and only available in
Chrome and Firefox browsers(ofcourse Chrome only implemented the spec-
ification)
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385.
What is minimum timeout throttling
Both browser and NodeJS javascript environments throttles with a min-
imum delay that is greater than 0ms. That means even though setting
a delay of 0ms will not happen instantaneously. Browsers: They have
a minimum delay of 4ms. This throttle occurs when successive calls are
triggered due to callback nesting(certain depth) or after a certain number
of successive intervals. Note: The older browsers have a minimum delay
of 10ms. Nodejs: They have a minimum delay of 1ms. This throttle
happens when the delay is larger than 2147483647 or less than 1. The
best example to explain this timeout throttling behavior is the order of
below code snippet.
function runMeFirst() {
console.log("My script is initialized");
}
setTimeout(runMeFirst, 0);
console.log("Script loaded");
and the output would be in
Script loaded
My script is initialized
If you don’t use setTimeout, the order of logs will be sequential.
158
function runMeFirst() {
console.log("My script is initialized");
}
runMeFirst();
console.log("Script loaded");
and the output is,
My script is initialized
Script loaded
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386.
How do you implement zero timeout in modern browsers
You can’t use setTimeout(fn, 0) to execute the code immediately
due to minimum delay of greater than 0ms. But you can use win-
dow.postMessage() to achieve this behavior.
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387.
What are tasks in event loop
A task is any javascript code/program which is scheduled to be run by the
standard mechanisms such as initially starting to run a program, run an
event callback, or an interval or timeout being fired. All these tasks are
scheduled on a task queue. Below are the list of use cases to add tasks to
the task queue,
1. When a new javascript program is executed directly from console or
running by the <script> element, the task will be added to the task
queue.
2. When an event fires, the event callback added to task queue
3. When a setTimeout or setInterval is reached, the corresponding call-
back added to task queue
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388.
What is microtask
Microtask is the javascript code which needs to be executed immediately
after the currently executing task/microtask is completed. They are kind
of blocking in nature. i.e, The main thread will be blocked until the micro-
task queue is empty. The main sources of microtasks are Promise.resolve,
Promise.reject, MutationObservers, IntersectionObservers etc
159
Note: All of these microtasks are processed in the same turn of the event
loop. � Back to Top
389.
What are different event loops
In JavaScript, there are multiple event loops that can be used depending
on the context of your application. The most common event loops are:
390. The Browser Event Loop
391. The Node.js Event Loop
- Browser Event Loop: The Browser Event Loop is used in client-side JavaScript applications
- The Node.js Event Loop is used in server-side JavaScript applications and is responsible f
**[� Back to Top](#table-of-contents)**
390.
What is the purpose of queueMicrotask
The queueMicrotask function is used to schedule a microtask, which is
a function that will be executed asynchronously in the microtask queue.
The purpose of queueMicrotask is to ensure that a function is executed
after the current task has finished, but before the browser performs any
rendering or handles user events.
Example:
console.log("Start"); //1
queueMicrotask(() => {
console.log("Inside microtask"); // 3
});
console.log("End"); //2
By using queueMicrotask, you can ensure that certain tasks or callbacks
are executed at the earliest opportunity during the JavaScript event loop,
making it useful for performing work that needs to be done asynchronously
but with higher priority than regular setTimeout or setInterval call-
backs.
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391.
160
How do you use javascript libraries in typescript file
It is known that not all JavaScript libraries or frameworks have TypeScript
declaration files. But if you still want to use libraries or frameworks in
our TypeScript files without getting compilation errors, the only solution
is declare keyword along with a variable declaration. For example, let’s
imagine you have a library called customLibrary that doesn’t have a
TypeScript declaration and have a namespace called customLibrary in
the global namespace. You can use this library in typescript code as
below,
declare var customLibrary;
In the runtime, typescript will provide the type to the customLibrary
variable as any type. The another alternative without using declare key-
word is below
var customLibrary: any;
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392.
What are the differences between promises and observables
Some of the major difference in a tabular form
Promises Observables
Emits only a single value at a Emits multiple values over a period of
time time(stream of values ranging from 0 to
multiple)
Eager in nature; they are going Lazy in nature; they require subscription
to be called immediately to be invoked
Promise is always asynchronous Observable can be either synchronous or
even though it resolved asynchronous
immediately
Doesn’t provide any operators Provides operators such as map, forEach,
filter, reduce, retry, and retryWhen etc
Cannot be canceled Canceled by using unsubscribe() method
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393.
What is heap
Heap(Or memory heap) is the memory location where objects are stored
when we define variables. i.e, This is the place where all the memory
161
allocations and de-allocation take place. Both heap and call-stack are two
containers of JS runtime. Whenever runtime comes across variables and
function declarations in the code it stores them in the Heap.
Screenshot
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394.
What is an event table
Event Table is a data structure that stores and keeps track of all the
events which will be executed asynchronously like after some time interval
or after the resolution of some API requests. i.e Whenever you call a
setTimeout function or invoke async operation, it is added to the Event
Table. It doesn’t not execute functions on it’s own. The main purpose
of the event table is to keep track of events and send them to the Event
Queue as shown in the below diagram.
Screenshot
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395.
What is a microTask queue
Microtask Queue is the new queue where all the tasks initiated by promise
objects get processed before the callback queue. The microtasks queue
are processed before the next rendering and painting jobs. But if these
microtasks are running for a long time then it leads to visual degradation.
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396.
What is the difference between shim and polyfill
A shim is a library that brings a new API to an older environment, using
only the means of that environment. It isn’t necessarily restricted to a
web application. For example, es5-shim.js is used to emulate ES5 features
on older browsers (mainly pre IE9). Whereas polyfill is a piece of code (or
plugin) that provides the technology that you, the developer, expect the
browser to provide natively. In a simple sentence, A polyfill is a shim for
a browser API.
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397.
162
How do you detect primitive or non primitive value type
In JavaScript, primitive types include boolean, string, number, BigInt,
null, Symbol and undefined. Whereas non-primitive types include the
Objects. But you can easily identify them with the below function,
var myPrimitive = 30;
var myNonPrimitive = {};
function isPrimitive(val) {
return Object(val) !== val;
}
isPrimitive(myPrimitive);
isPrimitive(myNonPrimitive);
If the value is a primitive data type, the Object constructor creates a new
wrapper object for the value. But If the value is a non-primitive data type
(an object), the Object constructor will give the same object.
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398.
What is babel
Babel is a JavaScript transpiler to convert ECMAScript 2015+ code into a
backwards compatible version of JavaScript in current and older browsers
or environments. Some of the main features are listed below,
1. Transform syntax
2. Polyfill features that are missing in your target environment (using
@babel/polyfill)
3. Source code transformations (or codemods)
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399.
Is Node.js completely single threaded
Node is a single thread, but some of the functions included in the Node.js
standard library(e.g, fs module functions) are not single threaded. i.e,
Their logic runs outside of the Node.js single thread to improve the speed
and performance of a program.
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400.
163
What are the common use cases of observables
Some of the most common use cases of observables are web sockets with
push notifications, user input changes, repeating intervals, etc
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401.
What is RxJS
RxJS (Reactive Extensions for JavaScript) is a library for implementing
reactive programming using observables that makes it easier to compose
asynchronous or callback-based code. It also provides utility functions for
creating and working with observables.
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402.
What is the difference between Function constructor and func-
tion declaration
The functions which are created with Function constructor do not cre-
ate closures to their creation contexts but they are always created in the
global scope. i.e, the function can access its own local variables and global
scope variables only. Whereas function declarations can access outer func-
tion variables(closures) too.
Let’s see this difference with an example,
Function Constructor:
var a = 100;
function createFunction() {
var a = 200;
return new Function("return a;");
}
console.log(createFunction()()); // 100
Function declaration:
var a = 100;
function createFunction() {
var a = 200;
return function func() {
return a;
};
}
console.log(createFunction()()); // 200
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164
403.
What is a Short circuit condition
Short circuit conditions are meant for condensed way of writing simple
if statements. Let’s demonstrate the scenario using an example. If you
would like to login to a portal with an authentication condition, the ex-
pression would be as below,
if (authenticate) {
loginToPorta();
}
Since the javascript logical operators evaluated from left to right, the above
expression can be simplified using && logical operator
authenticate && loginToPorta();
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404.
What is the easiest way to resize an array
The length property of an array is useful to resize or empty an array
quickly. Let’s apply length property on number array to resize the number
of elements from 5 to 2,
var array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
console.log(array.length); // 5
array.length = 2;
console.log(array.length); // 2
console.log(array); // [1,2]
and the array can be emptied too
var array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
array.length = 0;
console.log(array.length); // 0
console.log(array); // []
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405.
What is an observable
An Observable is basically a function that can return a stream of values
either synchronously or asynchronously to an observer over time. The
consumer can get the value by calling subscribe() method. Let’s look at
a simple example of an Observable
165
import { Observable } from "rxjs";
const observable = new Observable((observer) => {
setTimeout(() => {
observer.next("Message from a Observable!");
}, 3000);
});
observable.subscribe((value) => console.log(value));
Screenshot
Note: Observables are not part of the JavaScript language yet but they
are being proposed to be added to the language
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406.
What is the difference between function and class declarations
The main difference between function declarations and class declarations
is hoisting. The function declarations are hoisted but not class declara-
tions.
Classes:
const user = new User(); // ReferenceError
class User {}
Constructor Function:
const user = new User(); // No error
function User() {}
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407.
What is an async function
An async function is a function declared with the async keyword which
enables asynchronous, promise-based behavior to be written in a cleaner
style by avoiding promise chains. These functions can contain zero or
more await expressions.
Let’s take a below async function example,
async function logger() {
let data = await fetch("http://someapi.com/users"); // pause until fetch returns
166
console.log(data);
}
logger();
It is basically syntax sugar over ES2015 promises and generators.
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408.
How do you prevent promises swallowing errors
While using asynchronous code, JavaScript’s ES6 promises can make your
life a lot easier without having callback pyramids and error handling on
every second line. But Promises have some pitfalls and the biggest one is
swallowing errors by default.
Let’s say you expect to print an error to the console for all the below cases,
Promise.resolve("promised value").then(function () {
throw new Error("error");
});
Promise.reject("error value").catch(function () {
throw new Error("error");
});
new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
throw new Error("error");
});
But there are many modern JavaScript environments that won’t print any
errors. You can fix this problem in different ways,
1. Add catch block at the end of each chain: You can add catch
block to the end of each of your promise chains
Promise.resolve("promised value")
.then(function () {
throw new Error("error");
})
.catch(function (error) {
console.error(error.stack);
});
But it is quite difficult to type for each promise chain and verbose
too.
2. Add done method: You can replace first solution’s then and catch
blocks with done method
167
Promise.resolve("promised value").done(function () {
throw new Error("error");
});
Let’s say you want to fetch data using HTTP and later perform
processing on the resulting data asynchronously. You can write done
block as below,
getDataFromHttp()
.then(function (result) {
return processDataAsync(result);
})
.done(function (processed) {
displayData(processed);
});
In future, if the processing library API changed to synchronous then
you can remove done block as below,
getDataFromHttp().then(function (result) {
return displayData(processDataAsync(result));
});
and then you forgot to add done block to then block leads to silent
errors.
3. Extend ES6 Promises by Bluebird: Bluebird extends the ES6
Promises API to avoid the issue in the second solution. This library
has a “default” onRejection handler which will print all errors from
rejected Promises to stderr. After installation, you can process un-
handled rejections
Promise.onPossiblyUnhandledRejection(function (error) {
throw error;
});
and discard a rejection, just handle it with an empty catch
Promise.reject("error value").catch(function () {});
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409.
What is deno
Deno is a simple, modern and secure runtime for JavaScript and Type-
Script that uses V8 JavaScript engine and the Rust programming lan-
guage.
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168
410.
How do you make an object iterable in javascript
By default, plain objects are not iterable. But you can make the object
iterable by defining a Symbol.iterator property on it.
Let’s demonstrate this with an example,
const collection = {
one: 1,
two: 2,
three: 3,
[Symbol.iterator]() {
const values = Object.keys(this);
let i = 0;
return {
next: () => {
return {
value: this[values[i++]],
done: i > values.length,
};
},
};
},
};
const iterator = collection[Symbol.iterator]();
console.log(iterator.next()); // → {value: 1, done: false}
console.log(iterator.next()); // → {value: 2, done: false}
console.log(iterator.next()); // → {value: 3, done: false}
console.log(iterator.next()); // → {value: undefined, done: true}
The above process can be simplified using a generator function,
const collection = {
one: 1,
two: 2,
three: 3,
[Symbol.iterator]: function* () {
for (let key in this) {
yield this[key];
}
},
};
const iterator = collection[Symbol.iterator]();
console.log(iterator.next()); // {value: 1, done: false}
169
console.log(iterator.next()); // {value: 2, done: false}
console.log(iterator.next()); // {value: 3, done: false}
console.log(iterator.next()); // {value: undefined, done: true}
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411.
What is a Proper Tail Call
First, we should know about tail call before talking about “Proper Tail
Call”. A tail call is a subroutine or function call performed as the final
action of a calling function. Whereas Proper tail call(PTC) is a tech-
nique where the program or code will not create additional stack frames
for a recursion when the function call is a tail call.
For example, the below classic or head recursion of factorial function re-
lies on stack for each step. Each step need to be processed upto n *
factorial(n - 1)
function factorial(n) {
if (n === 0) {
return 1;
}
return n * factorial(n - 1);
}
console.log(factorial(5)); //120
But if you use Tail recursion functions, they keep passing all the necessary
data it needs down the recursion without relying on the stack.
function factorial(n, acc = 1) {
if (n === 0) {
return acc;
}
return factorial(n - 1, n * acc);
}
console.log(factorial(5)); //120
The above pattern returns the same output as the first one. But the accu-
mulator keeps track of total as an argument without using stack memory
on recursive calls.
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412.
How do you check an object is a promise or not
If you don’t know if a value is a promise or not, wrapping the value as
Promise.resolve(value) which returns a promise
170
function isPromise(object) {
if (Promise && Promise.resolve) {
return Promise.resolve(object) == object;
} else {
throw "Promise not supported in your environment";
}
}
var i = 1;
var promise = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
resolve();
});
console.log(isPromise(i)); // false
console.log(isPromise(promise)); // true
Another way is to check for .then() handler type
function isPromise(value) {
return Boolean(value && typeof value.then === "function");
}
var i = 1;
var promise = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
resolve();
});
console.log(isPromise(i)); // false
console.log(isPromise(promise)); // true
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413.
How to detect if a function is called as constructor
You can use new.target pseudo-property to detect whether a function was
called as a constructor(using the new operator) or as a regular function
call.
1. If a constructor or function invoked using the new operator,
new.target returns a reference to the constructor or function.
2. For function calls, new.target is undefined.
function Myfunc() {
if (new.target) {
console.log("called with new");
} else {
console.log("not called with new");
}
171
}
new Myfunc(); // called with new
Myfunc(); // not called with new
Myfunc.call({}); // not called with new
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414.
What are the differences between arguments object and rest
parameter
There are three main differences between arguments object and rest pa-
rameters
1. The arguments object is an array-like but not an array. Whereas the
rest parameters are array instances.
2. The arguments object does not support methods such as sort, map,
forEach, or pop. Whereas these methods can be used in rest param-
eters.
3. The rest parameters are only the ones that haven’t been given a
separate name, while the arguments object contains all arguments
passed to the function
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415.
What are the differences between spread operator and rest pa-
rameter
Rest parameter collects all remaining elements into an array. Whereas
Spread operator allows iterables( arrays / objects / strings ) to be ex-
panded into single arguments/elements. i.e, Rest parameter is opposite to
the spread operator.
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416.
What are the different kinds of generators
There are five kinds of generators,
1. Generator function declaration:
function* myGenFunc() {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
172
}
const genObj = myGenFunc();
2. Generator function expressions:
const myGenFunc = function* () {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
};
const genObj = myGenFunc();
3. Generator method definitions in object literals:
const myObj = {
*myGeneratorMethod() {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
},
};
const genObj = myObj.myGeneratorMethod();
4. Generator method definitions in class:
class MyClass {
*myGeneratorMethod() {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
}
}
const myObject = new MyClass();
const genObj = myObject.myGeneratorMethod();
5. Generator as a computed property:
const SomeObj = {
*[Symbol.iterator]() {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
},
};
console.log(Array.from(SomeObj)); // [ 1, 2, 3 ]
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417.
173
What are the built-in iterables
Below are the list of built-in iterables in javascript,
1. Arrays and TypedArrays
2. Strings: Iterate over each character or Unicode code-points
3. Maps: iterate over its key-value pairs
4. Sets: iterates over their elements
5. arguments: An array-like special variable in functions
6. DOM collection such as NodeList
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418.
What are the differences between for…of and for…in statements
Both for…in and for…of statements iterate over js data structures. The
only difference is over what they iterate:
1. for..in iterates over all enumerable property keys of an object
2. for..of iterates over the values of an iterable object.
Let’s explain this difference with an example,
let arr = ["a", "b", "c"];
arr.newProp = "newVlue";
// key are the property keys
for (let key in arr) {
console.log(key); // 0, 1, 2 & newValue
}
// value are the property values
for (let value of arr) {
console.log(value); // a, b, c
}
Since for..in loop iterates over the keys of the object, the first loop logs
0, 1, 2 and newProp while iterating over the array object. The for..of
loop iterates over the values of a arr data structure and logs a, b, c in the
console.
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419.
174
How do you define instance and non-instance properties
The Instance properties must be defined inside of class methods. For
example, name and age properties defined inside constructor as below,
class Person {
constructor(name, age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
}
But Static(class) and prototype data properties must be defined outside
of the ClassBody declaration. Let’s assign the age value for Person class
as below,
Person.staticAge = 30;
Person.prototype.prototypeAge = 40;
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420.
What is the difference between isNaN and Number.isNaN?
1. isNaN: The global function isNaN converts the argument to a Num-
ber and returns true if the resulting value is NaN.
2. Number.isNaN: This method does not convert the argument. But
it returns true when the type is a Number and value is NaN.
Let’s see the difference with an example,
isNaN(‘hello’); // true
Number.isNaN('hello'); // false
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421.
How to invoke an IIFE without any extra brackets?
Immediately Invoked Function Expressions(IIFE) requires a pair of paren-
thesis to wrap the function which contains set of statements.
(function (dt) {
console.log(dt.toLocaleTimeString());
})(new Date());
Since both IIFE and void operator discard the result of an expression, you
can avoid the extra brackets using void operator for IIFE as below,
175
void (function (dt) {
console.log(dt.toLocaleTimeString());
})(new Date());
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422.
Is that possible to use expressions in switch cases?
You might have seen expressions used in switch condition but it is also
possible to use for switch cases by assigning true value for the switch
condition. Let’s see the weather condition based on temparature as an
example,
const weather = (function getWeather(temp) {
switch (true) {
case temp < 0:
return "freezing";
case temp < 10:
return "cold";
case temp < 24:
return "cool";
default:
return "unknown";
}
})(10);
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423.
What is the easiest way to ignore promise errors?
The easiest and safest way to ignore promise errors is void that error. This
approach is ESLint friendly too.
await promise.catch((e) => void e);
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424.
How do style the console output using CSS?
You can add CSS styling to the console output using the CSS format
content specifier %c. The console string message can be appended after
the specifier and CSS style in another argument. Let’s print the red the
color text using console.log and CSS specifier as below,
console.log("%cThis is a red text", "color:red");
176
It is also possible to add more styles for the content. For example, the
font-size can be modified for the above text
console.log(
"%cThis is a red text with bigger font",
"color:red; font-size:20px"
);
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425.
What is nullish coalescing operator (??)?
It is a logical operator that returns its right-hand side operand when its left-
hand side operand is null or undefined, and otherwise returns its left-hand
side operand. This can be contrasted with the logical OR (||) operator,
which returns the right-hand side operand if the left operand is any falsy
value, not only null or undefined.
console.log(null ?? true); // true
console.log(false ?? true); // false
console.log(undefined ?? true); // true
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426.
How do you group and nest console output?
The console.group() can be used to group related log messages to be
able to easily read the logs and use console.groupEnd()to close the group.
Along with this, you can also nest groups which allows to output message
in hierarchical manner.
For example, if you’re logging a user’s details:
console.group("User Details");
console.log("name: Sudheer Jonna");
console.log("job: Software Developer");
// Nested Group
console.group("Address");
console.log("Street: Commonwealth");
console.log("City: Los Angeles");
console.log("State: California");
// Close nested group
console.groupEnd();
177
// Close outer group
console.groupEnd();
You can also use console.groupCollapsed() instead of console.group()
if you want the groups to be collapsed by default.
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427.
What is the difference between dense and sparse arrays?
An array contains items at each index starting from first(0) to
last(array.length - 1) is called as Dense array. Whereas if at least
one item is missing at any index, the array is called as sparse.
Let’s see the below two kind of arrays,
const avengers = ["Ironman", "Hulk", "CaptainAmerica"];
console.log(avengers[0]); // 'Ironman'
console.log(avengers[1]); // 'Hulk'
console.log(avengers[2]); // 'CaptainAmerica'
console.log(avengers.length); // 3
const justiceLeague = ["Superman", "Aquaman", , "Batman"];
console.log(justiceLeague[0]); // 'Superman'
console.log(justiceLeague[1]); // 'Aquaman'
console.log(justiceLeague[2]); // undefined
console.log(justiceLeague[3]); // 'Batman'
console.log(justiceLeague.length); // 4
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428.
What are the different ways to create sparse arrays?
There are 4 different ways to create sparse arrays in JavaScript
1. Array literal: Omit a value when using the array literal
const justiceLeague = ["Superman", "Aquaman", , "Batman"];
console.log(justiceLeague); // ['Superman', 'Aquaman', empty ,'Batman']
2. Array() constructor: Invoking Array(length) or new Ar-
ray(length)
const array = Array(3);
console.log(array); // [empty, empty ,empty]
3. Delete operator: Using delete array[index] operator on the array
178
const justiceLeague = ["Superman", "Aquaman", "Batman"];
delete justiceLeague[1];
console.log(justiceLeague); // ['Superman', empty, ,'Batman']
4. Increase length property: Increasing length property of an array
const justiceLeague = ["Superman", "Aquaman", "Batman"];
justiceLeague.length = 5;
console.log(justiceLeague); // ['Superman', 'Aquaman', 'Batman', empty, empty]
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429.
What is the difference between setTimeout, setImmediate and
process.nextTick?
1. Set Timeout: setTimeout() is to schedule execution of a one-time
callback after delay milliseconds.
2. Set Immediate: The setImmediate function is used to execute a
function right after the current event loop finishes.
3. Process NextTick: If process.nextTick() is called in a given phase,
all the callbacks passed to process.nextTick() will be resolved before
the event loop continues. This will block the event loop and create
I/O Starvation if process.nextTick() is called recursively.
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430.
How do you reverse an array without modifying original array?
The reverse() method reverses the order of the elements in an array but
it mutates the original array. Let’s take a simple example to demonistrate
this case,
const originalArray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
const newArray = originalArray.reverse();
console.log(newArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
console.log(originalArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
There are few solutions that won’t mutate the original array. Let’s take a
look.
1. Using slice and reverse methods: In this case, just invoke the
slice() method on the array to create a shallow copy followed by
reverse() method call on the copy.
const originalArray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
const newArray = originalArray.slice().reverse(); //Slice an array gives a new copy
179
console.log(originalArray); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
console.log(newArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
2. Using spread and reverse methods: In this case, let’s use the
spread syntax (…) to create a copy of the array followed by reverse()
method call on the copy.
const originalArray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
const newArray = [...originalArray].reverse();
console.log(originalArray); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
console.log(newArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
3. Using reduce and spread methods: Here execute a reducer func-
tion on an array elements and append the accumulated array on right
side using spread syntax
const originalArray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
const newArray = originalArray.reduce((accumulator, value) => {
return [value, ...accumulator];
}, []);
console.log(originalArray); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
console.log(newArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
4. Using reduceRight and spread methods: Here execute a right
reducer function(i.e. opposite direction of reduce method) on an array
elements and append the accumulated array on left side using spread
syntax
const originalArray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
const newArray = originalArray.reduceRight((accumulator, value) => {
return [...accumulator, value];
}, []);
console.log(originalArray); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
console.log(newArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
5. Using reduceRight and push methods: Here execute a right
reducer function(i.e. opposite direction of reduce method) on an array
elements and push the iterated value to the accumulator
const originalArray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
const newArray = originalArray.reduceRight((accumulator, value) => {
accumulator.push(value);
return accumulator;
}, []);
180
console.log(originalArray); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
console.log(newArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
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431.
How do you create custom HTML element?
The creation of custom HTML elements involves two main steps,
1. Define your custom HTML element: First you need to
define some custom class by extending HTMLElement class. Af-
ter that define your component properties (styles,text etc) using
connectedCallback method. Note: The browser exposes a function
called customElements.define inorder to reuse the element.
class CustomElement extends HTMLElement {
connectedCallback() {
this.innerHTML = "This is a custom element";
}
}
customElements.define("custom-element", CustomElement);
2. Use custome element just like other HTML element: Declare
your custom element as a HTML tag.
<body>
<custom-element>
</body>
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432.
What is global execution context?
The global execution context is the default or first execution context that
is created by the JavaScript engine before any code is executed(i.e, when
the file first loads in the browser). All the global code that is not inside
a function or object will be executed inside this global execution context.
Since JS engine is single threaded there will be only one global environment
and there will be only one global execution context.
For example, the below code other than code inside any function or object
is executed inside the global execution context.
var x = 10;
function A() {
console.log("Start function A");
181
function B() {
console.log("In function B");
}
B();
}
A();
console.log("GlobalContext");
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433.
What is function execution context?
Whenever a function is invoked, the JavaScript engine creates a different
type of Execution Context known as a Function Execution Context (FEC)
within the Global Execution Context (GEC) to evaluate and execute the
code within that function.
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434.
What is debouncing?
Debouncing is a programming pattern that allows delaying execution of
some piece of code until a specified time to avoid unnecessary CPU cycles,
API calls and improve performance. The debounce function make sure
that your code is only triggered once per user input. The common usecases
are Search box suggestions, text-field auto-saves, and eliminating double-
button clicks.
Let’s say you want to show suggestions for a search query, but only after
a visitor has finished typing it. So here you write a debounce function
where the user keeps writing the characters with in 500ms then previous
timer cleared out using clearTimeout and reschedule API call/DB query
for a new time—300 ms in the future.
function debounce(func, timeout = 500) {
let timer;
return (...args) => {
clearTimeout(timer);
timer = setTimeout(() => {
func.apply(this, args);
}, timeout);
182
};
}
function fetchResults() {
console.log("Fetching input suggestions");
}
const processChange = debounce(() => fetchResults());
The debounce() function can be used on input, button and window events
Input:
<input type="text" onkeyup="processChange()" />
Button:
<button onclick="processChange()">Click me</button>
Windows event:
window.addEventListener("scroll", processChange);
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435.
What is throttling?
Throttling is a technique used to limit the execution of an event handler
function, even when this event triggers continuously due to user actions.
The common use cases are browser resizing, window scrolling etc.
The below example creates a throttle function to reduce the number of
events for each pixel change and trigger scroll event for each 100ms except
for the first event.
const throttle = (func, limit) => {
let inThrottle;
return (...args) => {
if (!inThrottle) {
func.apply(this, args);
inThrottle = true;
setTimeout(() => (inThrottle = false), limit);
}
};
};
window.addEventListener("scroll", () => {
throttle(handleScrollAnimation, 100);
});
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436.
183
What is optional chaining?
According to MDN official docs, the optional chaining operator (?.) per-
mits reading the value of a property located deep within a chain of con-
nected objects without having to expressly validate that each reference in
the chain is valid.
The ?. operator is like the . chaining operator, except that instead of
causing an error if a reference is nullish (null or undefined), the expression
short-circuits with a return value of undefined. When used with function
calls, it returns undefined if the given function does not exist.
const adventurer = {
name: "Alice",
cat: {
name: "Dinah",
},
};
const dogName = adventurer.dog?.name;
console.log(dogName);
// expected output: undefined
console.log(adventurer.someNonExistentMethod?.());
// expected output: undefined
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437.
What is an environment record?
According to ECMAScript specification 262 (9.1):
Environment Record is a specification type used to define the as-
sociation of Identifiers to specific variables and functions, based
upon the lexical nesting structure of ECMAScript code.
Usually an Environment Record is associated with some specific syntactic
structure of ECMAScript code such as a FunctionDeclaration, a Block-
Statement, or a Catch clause of a TryStatement.
Each time such code is evaluated, a new Environment Record is created
to record the identifier bindings that are created by that code.
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438.
184
How to verify if a variable is an array?
It is possible to check if a variable is an array instance using 3 different
ways,
1. Array.isArray() method:
The Array.isArray(value) utility function is used to determine
whether value is an array or not. This function returns a true boolean
value if the variable is an array and a false value if it is not.
const numbers = [1, 2, 3];
const user = { name: "John" };
Array.isArray(numbers); // true
Array.isArray(user); //false
2. instanceof operator:
The instanceof operator is used to check the type of an array at run
time. It returns true if the type of a variable is an Array other false
for other type.
const numbers = [1, 2, 3];
const user = { name: "John" };
console.log(numbers instanceof Array); // true
console.log(user instanceof Array); // false
3. Checking constructor type:
The constructor property of the variable is used to determine whether
the variable Array type or not.
const numbers = [1, 2, 3];
const user = { name: "John" };
console.log(numbers.constructor === Array); // true
console.log(user.constructor === Array); // false
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439.
What is pass by value and pass by reference?
Pass-by-value creates a new space in memory and makes a copy of a value.
Primitives such as string, number, boolean etc will actually create a new
copy. Hence, updating one value doesn’t impact the other value. i.e, The
values are independent of each other.
let a = 5;
let b = a;
185
b++;
console.log(a, b); //5, 6
In the above code snippet, the value of a is assigned to b and the variable
b has been incremented. Since there is a new space created for variable b,
any update on this variable doesn’t impact the variable a.
Pass by reference doesn’t create a new space in memory but the new
variable adopts a memory address of an initial variable. Non-primitives
such as objects, arrays and functions gets the reference of the initiable
variable. i.e, updating one value will impact the other variable.
let user1 = {
name: "John",
age: 27,
};
let user2 = user1;
user2.age = 30;
console.log(user1.age, user2.age); // 30, 30
In the above code snippet, updating the age property of one object will
impact the other property due to the same reference.
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440.
What are the differences between primitives and non-primitives?
JavaScript language has both primitives and non-primitives but there are
few differences between them as below,
Primitives Non-primitives
These types are predefined Created by developer
These are immutable Mutable
Compare by value Compare by reference
Stored in Stack Stored in heap
Contain certain value Can contain NULL too
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441.
How do you create your own bind method using either call or
apply method?
The custom bind function needs to be created on Function prototype in-
order to use it as other builtin functions. This custom function should
186
return a function similar to original bind method and the implementation
of inner function needs to use apply method call.
The function which is going to bind using custom myOwnBind method
act as the attached function(boundTargetFunction) and argument as the
object for apply method call.
Function.prototype.myOwnBind = function (whoIsCallingMe) {
if (typeof this !== "function") {
throw new Error(this + "cannot be bound as it's not callable");
}
const boundTargetFunction = this;
return function () {
boundTargetFunction.apply(whoIsCallingMe, arguments);
};
};
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442.
What are the differences between pure and impure functions?
Some of the major differences between pure and impure function are as
below,
Pure function Impure function
It has no side effects It causes side effects
It is always return the It returns different result on each call
same result
Easy to read and debug Difficult to read and debug because they are
affected by extenal code
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445.
What is referential transparency?
An expression in javascript that can be replaced by its value without affecting
the behaviour of the program is called referential transparency. Pure functions
are referentially transparent.
const add = (x, y) => x + y;
const multiplyBy2 = (x) => x * 2;
//Now add (2, 3) can be replaced by 5.
187
multiplyBy2(add(2, 3));
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446.
What are the possible side-effects in javascript?
A side effect is the modification of the state through the invocation of a
function or expression. These side effects make our function impure by
default. Below are some side effects which make function impure,
• Making an HTTP request. Asynchronous functions such as fetch and
promise are impure.
• DOM manipulations
• Mutating the input data
• Printing to a screen or console: For example, console.log() and alert()
• Fetching the current time
• Math.random() calls: Modifies the internal state of Math object
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447.
What are compose and pipe functions?
The “compose” and “pipe” are two techniques commonly used in func-
tional programming to simplify complex operations and make code more
readable. They are not native to JavaScript and higher-order functions.
the compose() applies right to left any number of functions to the output
of the previous function.
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448.
What is module pattern?
Module pattern is a designed pattern used to wrap a set of variables and
functions together in a single scope returned as an object. JavaScript
doesn’t have access specifiers similar to other languages(Java, Python,
etc) to provide private scope. It uses IIFE (Immediately invoked function
expression) to allow for private scopes. i.e., a closure that protect variables
and methods.
The module pattern looks like below,
(function () {
// Private variables or functions goes here.
188
return {
// Return public variables or functions here.
};
})();
Let’s see an example of a module pattern for an employee with private
and public access,
const createEmployee = (function () {
// Private
const name = "John";
const department = "Sales";
const getEmployeeName = () => name;
const getDepartmentName = () => department;
// Public
return {
name,
department,
getName: () => getEmployeeName(),
getDepartment: () => getDepartmentName(),
};
})();
console.log(createEmployee.name);
console.log(createEmployee.department);
console.log(createEmployee.getName());
console.log(createEmployee.getDepartment());
Note: It mimic the concepts of classes with private variables and methods.
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449.
What is Function Composition?
It is an approach where the result of one function is passed on to the next
function, which is passed to another until the final function is executed
for the final result.
//example
const double = (x) => x * 2;
const square = (x) => x * x;
var output1 = double(2);
var output2 = square(output1);
console.log(output2);
189
var output_final = square(double(2));
console.log(output_final);
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450.
How to use await outside of async function prior to ES2022?
Prior to ES2022, if you attempted to use an await outside of an async
function resulted in a SyntaxError.
await Promise.resolve(console.log("Hello await")); // SyntaxError: await is only valid
But you can fix this issue with an alternative IIFE (Immediately Invoked
Function Expression) to get access to the feature.
(async function () {
await Promise.resolve(console.log("Hello await")); // Hello await
})();
In ES2022, you can write top-level await without writing any hacks.
await Promise.resolve(console.log("Hello await")); //Hello await
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Coding Exercise
1. What is the output of below code
var car = new Vehicle("Honda", "white", "2010", "UK");
console.log(car);
function Vehicle(model, color, year, country) {
this.model = model;
this.color = color;
this.year = year;
this.country = country;
}
• 1: Undefined
• 2: ReferenceError
• 3: null
• 4: {model: “Honda”, color: “white”, year: “2010”, country: “UK”}
Answer
Answer: 4 The function declarations are hoisted similar to any variables. So
the placement for Vehicle function declaration doesn’t make any difference.
190
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2. What is the output of below code
function foo() {
let x = (y = 0);
x++;
y++;
return x;
}
console.log(foo(), typeof x, typeof y);
• 1: 1, undefined and undefined
• 2: ReferenceError: X is not defined
• 3: 1, undefined and number
• 4: 1, number and number
Answer
Answer: 3 Of course the return value of foo() is 1 due to the increment op-
erator. But the statement let x = y = 0 declares a local variable x. Whereas
y declared as a global variable accidentally. This statement is equivalent to,
let x;
window.y = 0;
x = window.y;
Since the block scoped variable x is undefined outside of the function, the type
will be undefined too. Whereas the global variable y is available outside the
function, the value is 0 and type is number.
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3. What is the output of below code
function main() {
console.log("A");
setTimeout(function print() {
console.log("B");
}, 0);
console.log("C");
}
main();
• 1: A, B and C
• 2: B, A and C
• 3: A and C
191
• 4: A, C and B
Answer
Answer: 4 The statements order is based on the event loop mechanism. The
order of statements follows the below order,
1. At first, the main function is pushed to the stack.
2. Then the browser pushes the first statement of the main function( i.e, A’s
console.log) to the stack, executing and popping out immediately.
3. But setTimeout statement moved to Browser API to apply the delay for
callback.
4. In the meantime, C’s console.log added to stack, executed and popped
out.
5. The callback of setTimeout moved from Browser API to message queue.
6. The main function popped out from stack because there are no statements
to execute
7. The callback moved from message queue to the stack since the stack is
empty.
8. The console.log for B is added to the stack and display on the console.
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4. What is the output of below equality check
console.log(0.1 + 0.2 === 0.3);
• 1: false
• 2: true
Answer
Answer: 1 This is due to the float point math problem. Since the float-
ing point numbers are encoded in binary format, the addition operations on
them lead to rounding errors. Hence, the comparison of floating points doesn’t
give expected results. You can find more details about the explanation here
0.30000000000000004.com/
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5. What is the output of below code
var y = 1;
if (function f() {}) {
y += typeof f;
192
}
console.log(y);
• 1: 1function
• 2: 1object
• 3: ReferenceError
• 4: 1undefined
Answer
Answer: 4 The main points in the above code snippets are,
1. You can see function expression instead function declaration inside if state-
ment. So it always returns true.
2. Since it is not declared(or assigned) anywhere, f is undefined and typeof f
is undefined too.
In other words, it is same as
var y = 1;
if ("foo") {
y += typeof f;
}
console.log(y);
Note: It returns 1object for MS Edge browser
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6. What is the output of below code
function foo() {
return;
{
message: "Hello World";
}
}
console.log(foo());
• 1: Hello World
• 2: Object {message: “Hello World”}
• 3: Undefined
• 4: SyntaxError
Answer
Answer: 3 This is a semicolon issue. Normally semicolons are optional in
JavaScript. So if there are any statements(in this case, return) missing semi-
193
colon, it is automatically inserted immediately. Hence, the function returned as
undefined.
Whereas if the opening curly brace is along with the return keyword then the
function is going to be returned as expected.
function foo() {
return {
message: "Hello World",
};
}
console.log(foo()); // {message: "Hello World"}
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7. What is the output of below code
var myChars = ["a", "b", "c", "d"];
delete myChars[0];
console.log(myChars);
console.log(myChars[0]);
console.log(myChars.length);
• 1: [empty, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’], empty, 3
• 2: [null, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’], empty, 3
• 3: [empty, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’], undefined, 4
• 4: [null, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’], undefined, 4
Answer
Answer: 3 The delete operator will delete the object property but it will
not reindex the array or change its length. So the number or elements or length
of the array won’t be changed. If you try to print myChars then you can observe
that it doesn’t set an undefined value, rather the property is removed from the
array. The newer versions of Chrome use empty instead of undefined to make
the difference a bit clearer.
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8. What is the output of below code in latest Chrome
var array1 = new Array(3);
console.log(array1);
var array2 = [];
array2[2] = 100;
194
console.log(array2);
var array3 = [, , ,];
console.log(array3);
• 1: [undefined × 3], [undefined × 2, 100], [undefined × 3]
• 2: [empty × 3], [empty × 2, 100], [empty × 3]
• 3: [null × 3], [null × 2, 100], [null × 3]
• 4: [], [100], []
Answer
Answer: 2 The latest chrome versions display sparse array(they are filled
with holes) using this empty x n notation. Whereas the older versions have
undefined x n notation. Note: The latest version of FF displays n empty
slots notation.
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9. What is the output of below code
const obj = {
prop1: function () {
return 0;
},
prop2() {
return 1;
},
["prop" + 3]() {
return 2;
},
};
console.log(obj.prop1());
console.log(obj.prop2());
console.log(obj.prop3());
• 1: 0, 1, 2
• 2: 0, { return 1 }, 2
• 3: 0, { return 1 }, { return 2 }
• 4: 0, 1, undefined
Answer
Answer: 1 ES6 provides method definitions and property shorthands for
objects. So both prop2 and prop3 are treated as regular function values.
195
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10. What is the output of below code
console.log(1 < 2 < 3);
console.log(3 > 2 > 1);
• 1: true, true
• 2: true, false
• 3: SyntaxError, SyntaxError,
• 4: false, false
Answer
Answer: 2 The important point is that if the statement contains the same
operators(e.g, < or >) then it can be evaluated from left to right. The first
statement follows the below order,
1. console.log(1 < 2 < 3);
2. console.log(true < 3);
3. console.log(1 < 3); // True converted as 1 during comparison
4. True
Whereas the second statement follows the below order,
1. console.log(3 > 2 > 1);
2. console.log(true > 1);
3. console.log(1 > 1); // False converted as 0 during comparison
4. False
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11. What is the output of below code in non-strict mode
function printNumbers(first, second, first) {
console.log(first, second, first);
}
printNumbers(1, 2, 3);
• 1: 1, 2, 3
• 2: 3, 2, 3
• 3: SyntaxError: Duplicate parameter name not allowed in this context
• 4: 1, 2, 1
Answer
196
Answer: 2 In non-strict mode, the regular JavaScript functions allow dupli-
cate named parameters. The above code snippet has duplicate parameters on
1st and 3rd parameters. The value of the first parameter is mapped to the third
argument which is passed to the function. Hence, the 3rd argument overrides
the first parameter.
Note: In strict mode, duplicate parameters will throw a Syntax Error.
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12. What is the output of below code
const printNumbersArrow = (first, second, first) => {
console.log(first, second, first);
};
printNumbersArrow(1, 2, 3);
• 1: 1, 2, 3
• 2: 3, 2, 3
• 3: SyntaxError: Duplicate parameter name not allowed in this context
• 4: 1, 2, 1
Answer
Answer: 3 Unlike regular functions, the arrow functions doesn’t not al-
low duplicate parameters in either strict or non-strict mode. So you can see
SyntaxError in the console.
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13. What is the output of below code
const arrowFunc = () => arguments.length;
console.log(arrowFunc(1, 2, 3));
• 1: ReferenceError: arguments is not defined
• 2: 3
• 3: undefined
• 4: null
Answer
Answer: 1 Arrow functions do not have an arguments, super, this, or
new.target bindings. So any reference to arguments variable tries to resolve
to a binding in a lexically enclosing environment. In this case, the arguments
197
variable is not defined outside of the arrow function. Hence, you will receive a
reference error.
Where as the normal function provides the number of arguments passed to the
function
const func = function () {
return arguments.length;
};
console.log(func(1, 2, 3));
But If you still want to use an arrow function then rest operator on arguments
provides the expected arguments
const arrowFunc = (...args) => args.length;
console.log(arrowFunc(1, 2, 3));
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14. What is the output of below code
console.log(String.prototype.trimLeft.name === "trimLeft");
console.log(String.prototype.trimLeft.name === "trimStart");
• 1: True, False
• 2: False, True
Answer
Answer: 2 In order to be consistent with functions like String.prototype.padStart,
the standard method name for trimming the whitespaces is considered as
trimStart. Due to web web compatibility reasons, the old method name
‘trimLeft’ still acts as an alias for ‘trimStart’. Hence, the prototype for ‘trimLeft’
is always ‘trimStart’
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15. What is the output of below code
console.log(Math.max());
• 1: undefined
• 2: Infinity
• 3: 0
• 4: -Infinity
Answer
198
Answer: 4 -Infinity is the initial comparant because almost every other value
is bigger. So when no arguments are provided, -Infinity is going to be returned.
Note: Zero number of arguments is a valid case.
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16. What is the output of below code
console.log(10 == [10]);
console.log(10 == [[[[[[[10]]]]]]]);
• 1: True, True
• 2: True, False
• 3: False, False
• 4: False, True
Answer
Answer: 1 As per the comparison algorithm in the ECMAScript
specification(ECMA-262), the above expression converted into JS as be-
low
10 === Number([10].valueOf().toString()); // 10
So it doesn’t matter about number brackets([]) around the number, it is always
converted to a number in the expression.
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17. What is the output of below code
console.log(10 + "10");
console.log(10 - "10");
• 1: 20, 0
• 2: 1010, 0
• 3: 1010, 10-10
• 4: NaN, NaN
Answer
Answer: 2 The concatenation operator(+) is applicable for both number and
string types. So if any operand is string type then both operands concatenated
as strings. Whereas subtract(-) operator tries to convert the operands as number
type.
199
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18. What is the output of below code
console.log([0] == false);
if ([0]) {
console.log("I'm True");
} else {
console.log("I'm False");
}
• 1: True, I’m True
• 2: True, I’m False
• 3: False, I’m True
• 4: False, I’m False
Answer
Answer: 1 In comparison operators, the expression [0] converted to Num-
ber([0].valueOf().toString()) which is resolved to false. Whereas [0] just be-
comes a truthy value without any conversion because there is no comparison
operator.
19. What is the output of below code
console.log([1, 2] + [3, 4]);
• 1: [1,2,3,4]
• 2: [1,2][3,4]
• 3: SyntaxError
• 4: 1,23,4
Answer
Answer: 4 The + operator is not meant or defined for arrays. So it converts
arrays into strings and concatenates them.
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20. What is the output of below code
const numbers = new Set([1, 1, 2, 3, 4]);
console.log(numbers);
const browser = new Set("Firefox");
console.log(browser);
• 1: {1, 2, 3, 4}, {“F”, “i”, “r”, “e”, “f”, “o”, “x”}
200
• 2: {1, 2, 3, 4}, {“F”, “i”, “r”, “e”, “o”, “x”}
• 3: [1, 2, 3, 4], [“F”, “i”, “r”, “e”, “o”, “x”]
• 4: {1, 1, 2, 3, 4}, {“F”, “i”, “r”, “e”, “f”, “o”, “x”}
Answer
Answer: 1 Since Set object is a collection of unique values, it won’t allow
duplicate values in the collection. At the same time, it is case sensitive data
structure.
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21. What is the output of below code
console.log(NaN === NaN);
• 1: True
• 2: False
Answer
Answer: 2 JavaScript follows IEEE 754 spec standards. As per this spec,
NaNs are never equal for floating-point numbers.
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22. What is the output of below code
let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, NaN];
console.log(numbers.indexOf(NaN));
• 1: 4
• 2: NaN
• 3: SyntaxError
• 4: -1
Answer
Answer: 4 The indexOf uses strict equality operator(===) inter-
nally and NaN === NaN evaluates to false. Since indexOf won’t be able
to find NaN inside an array, it returns -1 always. But you can use
Array.prototype.findIndex method to find out the index of NaN in an array
or You can use Array.prototype.includes to check if NaN is present in an
array or not.
201
let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, NaN];
console.log(numbers.findIndex(Number.isNaN)); // 4
console.log(numbers.includes(NaN)); // true
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23. What is the output of below code
let [a, ...b,] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
console.log(a, b);
• 1: 1, [2, 3, 4, 5]
• 2: 1, {2, 3, 4, 5}
• 3: SyntaxError
• 4: 1, [2, 3, 4]
Answer
Answer: 3 When using rest parameters, trailing commas are not allowed and
will throw a SyntaxError. If you remove the trailing comma then it displays 1st
answer
let [a, ...b] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
console.log(a, b); // 1, [2, 3, 4, 5]
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25. What is the output of below code
async function func() {
return 10;
}
console.log(func());
• 1: Promise {<fulfilled>: 10}
• 2: 10
• 3: SyntaxError
• 4: Promise {<rejected>: 10}
Answer
Answer: 1 Async functions always return a promise. But even if the re-
turn value of an async function is not explicitly a promise, it will be implicitly
wrapped in a promise. The above async function is equivalent to below expres-
sion,
202
function func() {
return Promise.resolve(10);
}
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26. What is the output of below code
async function func() {
await 10;
}
console.log(func());
• 1: Promise {<fulfilled>: 10}
• 2: 10
• 3: SyntaxError
• 4: Promise {<resolved>: undefined}
Answer
Answer: 4 The await expression returns value 10 with promise resolution
and the code after each await expression can be treated as existing in a .then
callback. In this case, there is no return expression at the end of the function.
Hence, the default return value of undefined is returned as the resolution of
the promise. The above async function is equivalent to below expression,
function func() {
return Promise.resolve(10).then(() => undefined);
}
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27. What is the output of below code
function delay() {
return new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 2000));
}
async function delayedLog(item) {
await delay();
console.log(item);
}
async function processArray(array) {
array.forEach(item => {
await delayedLog(item);
203
})
}
processArray([1, 2, 3, 4]);
• 1: SyntaxError
• 2: 1, 2, 3, 4
• 3: 4, 4, 4, 4
• 4: 4, 3, 2, 1
Answer
Answer: 1 Even though “processArray” is an async function, the anonymous
function that we use for forEach is synchronous. If you use await inside a
synchronous function then it throws a syntax error.
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28. What is the output of below code
function delay() {
return new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 2000));
}
async function delayedLog(item) {
await delay();
console.log(item);
}
async function process(array) {
array.forEach(async (item) => {
await delayedLog(item);
});
console.log("Process completed!");
}
process([1, 2, 3, 5]);
• 1: 1 2 3 5 and Process completed!
• 2: 5 5 5 5 and Process completed!
• 3: Process completed! and 5 5 5 5
• 4: Process completed! and 1 2 3 5
Answer
Answer: 4 The forEach method will not wait until all items are finished but
it just runs the tasks and goes next. Hence, the last statement is displayed first
followed by a sequence of promise resolutions.
204
But you control the array sequence using for..of loop,
async function processArray(array) {
for (const item of array) {
await delayedLog(item);
}
console.log("Process completed!");
}
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29. What is the output of below code
var set = new Set();
set.add("+0").add("-0").add(NaN).add(undefined).add(NaN);
console.log(set);
• 1: Set(4) {“+0”, “-0”, NaN, undefined}
• 2: Set(3) {“+0”, NaN, undefined}
• 3: Set(5) {“+0”, “-0”, NaN, undefined, NaN}
• 4: Set(4) {“+0”, NaN, undefined, NaN}
Answer
Answer: 1 Set has few exceptions from equality check,
1. All NaN values are equal
2. Both +0 and -0 considered as different values
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30. What is the output of below code
const sym1 = Symbol("one");
const sym2 = Symbol("one");
const sym3 = Symbol.for("two");
const sym4 = Symbol.for("two");
console.log(sym1 === sym2, sym3 === sym4);
• 1: true, true
• 2: true, false
• 3: false, true
• 4: false, false
Answer
205
Answer: 3 Symbol follows below conventions,
1. Every symbol value returned from Symbol() is unique irrespective of the
optional string.
2. Symbol.for() function creates a symbol in a global symbol registry list.
But it doesn’t necessarily create a new symbol on every call, it checks
first if a symbol with the given key is already present in the registry and
returns the symbol if it is found. Otherwise a new symbol created in the
registry.
Note: The symbol description is just useful for debugging purposes.
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31. What is the output of below code
const sym1 = new Symbol("one");
console.log(sym1);
• 1: SyntaxError
• 2: one
• 3: Symbol(‘one’)
• 4: Symbol
Answer
Answer: 1 Symbol is a just a standard function and not an object construc-
tor(unlike other primitives new Boolean, new String and new Number). So if
you try to call it with the new operator will result in a TypeError
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32. What is the output of below code
let myNumber = 100;
let myString = "100";
if (!typeof myNumber === "string") {
console.log("It is not a string!");
} else {
console.log("It is a string!");
}
if (!typeof myString === "number") {
console.log("It is not a number!");
} else {
206
console.log("It is a number!");
}
• 1: SyntaxError
• 2: It is not a string!, It is not a number!
• 3: It is not a string!, It is a number!
• 4: It is a string!, It is a number!
Answer
Answer: 4 The return value of typeof myNumber or typeof myString is
always a truthy value (either “number” or “string”). The ! operator operates
on either typeof myNumber or typeof myString, converting them to boolean
values. Since the value of both !typeof myNumber and !typeof myString is
false, the if condition fails, and control goes to else block.
To make the ! operator operate on the equality expression, one needs to add
parentheses:
if (!(typeof myNumber === "string"))
Or simply use the inequality operator:
if (typeof myNumber !== "string")
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33. What is the output of below code
console.log(
JSON.stringify({ myArray: ["one", undefined, function () {}, Symbol("")] })
);
console.log(
JSON.stringify({ [Symbol.for("one")]: "one" }, [Symbol.for("one")])
);
• 1: {“myArray”:[‘one’, undefined, {}, Symbol]}, {}
• 2: {“myArray”:[‘one’, null,null,null]}, {}
• 3: {“myArray”:[‘one’, null,null,null]}, “{ [Symbol.for(‘one’)]: ‘one’ },
[Symbol.for(‘one’)]”
• 4: {“myArray”:[‘one’, undefined, function(){}, Symbol(’’)]}, {}
Answer
Answer: 2 The symbols has below constraints,
1. The undefined, Functions, and Symbols are not valid JSON values. So
those values are either omitted (in an object) or changed to null (in an
array). Hence, it returns null values for the value array.
207
2. All Symbol-keyed properties will be completely ignored. Hence it returns
an empty object({}).
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34. What is the output of below code
class A {
constructor() {
console.log(new.target.name);
}
}
class B extends A {
constructor() {
super();
}
}
new A();
new B();
• 1: A, A
• 2: A, B
Answer
Answer: 2 Using constructors, new.target refers to the constructor (points
to the class definition of class which is initialized) that was directly invoked by
new. This also applies to the case if the constructor is in a parent class and was
delegated from a child constructor.
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35. What is the output of below code
const [x, ...y, z] = [1, 2, 3, 4];
console.log(x, y, z);
• 1: 1, [2, 3], 4
• 2: 1, [2, 3, 4], undefined
• 3: 1, [2], 3
• 4: SyntaxError
Answer
208
Answer: 4 It throws a syntax error because the rest element should not have
a trailing comma. You should always consider using a rest operator as the last
element.
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36. What is the output of below code
const { a: x = 10, b: y = 20 } = { a: 30 };
console.log(x);
console.log(y);
• 1: 30, 20
• 2: 10, 20
• 3: 10, undefined
• 4: 30, undefined
Answer
Answer: 1 The object property follows below rules,
1. The object properties can be retrieved and assigned to a variable with a
different name
2. The property assigned a default value when the retrieved value is
undefined
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37. What is the output of below code
function area({ length = 10, width = 20 }) {
console.log(length * width);
}
area();
• 1: 200
• 2: Error
• 3: undefined
• 4: 0
Answer
209
Answer: 2 If you leave out the right-hand side assignment for the destructur-
ing object, the function will look for at least one argument to be supplied when
invoked. Otherwise you will receive an error Error: Cannot read property
'length' of undefined as mentioned above.
You can avoid the error with either of the below changes,
1. Pass at least an empty object:
function area({ length = 10, width = 20 }) {
console.log(length * width);
}
area({});
2. Assign default empty object:
function area({ length = 10, width = 20 } = {}) {
console.log(length * width);
}
area();
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38. What is the output of below code
const props = [
{ id: 1, name: "John" },
{ id: 2, name: "Jack" },
{ id: 3, name: "Tom" },
];
const [, , { name }] = props;
console.log(name);
• 1: Tom
• 2: Error
• 3: undefined
• 4: John
Answer
Answer: 1 It is possible to combine Array and Object destructuring. In
this case, the third element in the array props accessed first followed by name
property in the object.
210
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39. What is the output of below code
function checkType(num = 1) {
console.log(typeof num);
}
checkType();
checkType(undefined);
checkType("");
checkType(null);
• 1: number, undefined, string, object
• 2: undefined, undefined, string, object
• 3: number, number, string, object
• 4: number, number, number, number
Answer
Answer: 3 If the function argument is set implicitly(not passing argument)
or explicitly to undefined, the value of the argument is the default parameter.
Whereas for other falsy values(’’ or null), the value of the argument is passed
as a parameter.
Hence, the result of function calls categorized as below,
1. The first two function calls logs number type since the type of default
value is number
2. The type of ’’ and null values are string and object type respectively.
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40. What is the output of below code
function add(item, items = []) {
items.push(item);
return items;
}
console.log(add("Orange"));
console.log(add("Apple"));
• 1: [‘Orange’], [‘Orange’, ‘Apple’]
• 2: [‘Orange’], [‘Apple’]
Answer
211
Answer: 2 Since the default argument is evaluated at call time, a new object
is created each time the function is called. So in this case, the new array is
created and an element pushed to the default empty array.
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41. What is the output of below code
function greet(greeting, name, message = greeting + " " + name) {
console.log([greeting, name, message]);
}
greet("Hello", "John");
greet("Hello", "John", "Good morning!");
• 1: SyntaxError
• 2: [‘Hello’, ‘John’, ‘Hello John’], [‘Hello’, ‘John’, ‘Good morning!’]
Answer
Answer: 2 Since parameters defined earlier are available to later default
parameters, this code snippet doesn’t throw any error.
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42. What is the output of below code
function outer(f = inner()) {
function inner() {
return "Inner";
}
}
outer();
• 1: ReferenceError
• 2: Inner
Answer
Answer: 1 The functions and variables declared in the function body cannot
be referred from default value parameter initializers. If you still try to access,
it throws a run-time ReferenceError(i.e, inner is not defined).
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212
43. What is the output of below code
function myFun(x, y, ...manyMoreArgs) {
console.log(manyMoreArgs);
}
myFun(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
myFun(1, 2);
• 1: [3, 4, 5], undefined
• 2: SyntaxError
• 3: [3, 4, 5], []
• 4: [3, 4, 5], [undefined]
Answer
Answer: 3 The rest parameter is used to hold the remaining parameters of
a function and it becomes an empty array if the argument is not provided.
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44. What is the output of below code
const obj = { key: "value" };
const array = [...obj];
console.log(array);
• 1: [‘key’, ‘value’]
• 2: TypeError
• 3: []
• 4: [‘key’]
Answer
Answer: 2 Spread syntax can be applied only to iterable objects. By default,
Objects are not iterable, but they become iterable when used in an Array, or
with iterating functions such as map(), reduce(), and assign(). If you still
try to do it, it still throws TypeError: obj is not iterable.
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45. What is the output of below code
function* myGenFunc() {
yield 1;
yield 2;
213
yield 3;
}
var myGenObj = new myGenFunc();
console.log(myGenObj.next().value);
• 1: 1
• 2: undefined
• 3: SyntaxError
• 4: TypeError
Answer
Answer: 4 Generators are not constructible type. But if you still proceed to
do, there will be an error saying “TypeError: myGenFunc is not a constructor”
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46. What is the output of below code
function* yieldAndReturn() {
yield 1;
return 2;
yield 3;
}
var myGenObj = yieldAndReturn();
console.log(myGenObj.next());
console.log(myGenObj.next());
console.log(myGenObj.next());
• 1: { value: 1, done: false }, { value: 2, done: true }, { value: undefined,
done: true }
• 2: { value: 1, done: false }, { value: 2, done: false }, { value: undefined,
done: true }
• 3: { value: 1, done: false }, { value: 2, done: true }, { value: 3, done:
true }
• 4: { value: 1, done: false }, { value: 2, done: false }, { value: 3, done:
true }
Answer
Answer: 1 A return statement in a generator function will make the generator
finish. If a value is returned, it will be set as the value property of the object
and done property to true. When a generator is finished, subsequent next()
calls return an object of this form: {value: undefined, done: true}.
214
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47. What is the output of below code
const myGenerator = (function* () {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
})();
for (const value of myGenerator) {
console.log(value);
break;
}
for (const value of myGenerator) {
console.log(value);
}
• 1: 1,2,3 and 1,2,3
• 2: 1,2,3 and 4,5,6
• 3: 1 and 1
• 4: 1
Answer
Answer: 4 The generator should not be re-used once the iterator is closed.
i.e, Upon exiting a loop(on completion or using break & return), the generator
is closed and trying to iterate over it again does not yield any more results.
Hence, the second loop doesn’t print any value.
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48. What is the output of below code
const num = 0o38;
console.log(num);
• 1: SyntaxError
• 2: 38
Answer
Answer: 1 If you use an invalid number(outside of 0-7 range) in the octal
literal, JavaScript will throw a SyntaxError. In ES5, it treats the octal literal
as a decimal number.
215
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49. What is the output of below code
const squareObj = new Square(10);
console.log(squareObj.area);
class Square {
constructor(length) {
this.length = length;
}
get area() {
return this.length * this.length;
}
set area(value) {
this.area = value;
}
}
• 1: 100
• 2: ReferenceError
Answer
Answer: 2 Unlike function declarations, class declarations are not hoisted.
i.e, First You need to declare your class and then access it, otherwise it will
throw a ReferenceError “Uncaught ReferenceError: Square is not defined”.
Note: Class expressions also applies to the same hoisting restrictions of class
declarations.
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50. What is the output of below code
function Person() {}
Person.prototype.walk = function () {
return this;
};
Person.run = function () {
return this;
};
216
let user = new Person();
let walk = user.walk;
console.log(walk());
let run = Person.run;
console.log(run());
• 1: undefined, undefined
• 2: Person, Person
• 3: SyntaxError
• 4: Window, Window
Answer
Answer: 4 When a regular or prototype method is called without a value
for this, the methods return an initial this value if the value is not undefined.
Otherwise global window object will be returned. In our case, the initial this
value is undefined so both methods return window objects.
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51. What is the output of below code
class Vehicle {
constructor(name) {
this.name = name;
}
start() {
console.log(`${this.name} vehicle started`);
}
}
class Car extends Vehicle {
start() {
console.log(`${this.name} car started`);
super.start();
}
}
const car = new Car("BMW");
console.log(car.start());
• 1: SyntaxError
• 2: BMW vehicle started, BMW car started
• 3: BMW car started, BMW vehicle started
217
• 4: BMW car started, BMW car started
Answer
Answer: 3 The super keyword is used to call methods of a superclass. Unlike
other languages the super invocation doesn’t need to be a first statement. i.e,
The statements will be executed in the same order of code.
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52. What is the output of below code
const USER = { age: 30 };
USER.age = 25;
console.log(USER.age);
• 1: 30
• 2: 25
• 3: Uncaught TypeError
• 4: SyntaxError
Answer
Answer: 2 Even though we used constant variables, the content of it is an
object and the object’s contents (e.g properties) can be altered. Hence, the
change is going to be valid in this case.
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53. What is the output of below code
console.log("�" === "�");
• 1: false
• 2: true
Answer
Answer: 2 Emojis are unicodes and the unicode for smile symbol is
“U+1F642”. The unicode comparision of same emojies is equivalent to string
comparison. Hence, the output is always true.
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218
54. What is the output of below code?
console.log(typeof typeof typeof true);
• 1: string
• 2: boolean
• 3: NaN
• 4: number
Answer
Answer: 1 The typeof operator on any primitive returns a string value. So
even if you apply the chain of typeof operators on the return value, it is always
string.
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55. What is the output of below code?
let zero = new Number(0);
if (zero) {
console.log("If");
} else {
console.log("Else");
}
• 1: If
• 2: Else
• 3: NaN
• 4: SyntaxError
Answer
Answer: 1
1. The type of operator on new Number always returns object. i.e, typeof
new Number(0) –> object.
2. Objects are always truthy in if block
Hence the above code block always goes to if section.
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55. What is the output of below code in non strict mode?
219
let msg = "Good morning!!";
msg.name = "John";
console.log(msg.name);
• 1: “”
• 2: Error
• 3: John
• 4: Undefined
Answer
Answer: 4 It returns undefined for non-strict mode and returns Error for
strict mode. In non-strict mode, the wrapper object is going to be created and
get the mentioned property. But the object get disappeared after accessing the
property in next line.
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56. What is the output of below code?
let count = 10;
(function innerFunc() {
if (count === 10) {
let count = 11;
console.log(count);
}
console.log(count);
})();
• 1: 11, 10
• 2: 11, 11
• 3: 10, 11
• 4: 10, 10
Answer
Answer: 1 11 and 10 is logged to the console.
The innerFunc is a closure which captures the count variable from the outerscope.
i.e, 10. But the conditional has another local variable count which overwrites
the ourter count variable. So the first console.log displays value 11. Whereas
the second console.log logs 10 by capturing the count variable from outerscope.
220
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57. What is the output of below code ?
• 1: console.log(true && ‘hi’);
• 2: console.log(true && ‘hi’ && 1);
• 3: console.log(true && ’’ && 0);
Answer
• 1: hi
• 2: 1
• 3: ’’
Reason : The operator returns the value of the first falsy operand encountered
when evaluating from left to right, or the value of the last operand if they are
all truthy.
Note: Below these values are consider as falsy value
• 1: 0
• 2: ’’
• 3: null
• 4: undefined
• 5: NAN
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58. What is the output of below code ?
let arr = [1, 2, 3];
let str = "1,2,3";
console.log(arr == str);
• 1: false
• 2: Error
• 3: true
Answer
Answer: 3 Arrays have their own implementation of toString method that
returns a comma-separated list of elements. So the above code snippet returns
true. In order to avoid conversion of array type, we should use === for com-
parison.
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221
59. What is the output of below code?
getMessage();
var getMessage = () => {
console.log("Good morning");
};
• 1: Good morning
• 2: getMessage is not a function
• 3: getMessage is not defined
• 4: Undefined
Answer
Answer: 2 Hoisting will move variables and functions to be the top of scope.
Even though getMessage is an arrow function the above function will considered
as a varible due to it’s variable declaration or assignment. So the variables will
have undefined value in memory phase and throws an error ‘getMessage is not
a function’ at the code execution phase.
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60. What is the output of below code?
let quickPromise = Promise.resolve();
quickPromise.then(() => console.log("promise finished"));
console.log("program finished");
• 1: program finished
• 2: Cannot predict the order
• 3: program finished, promise finished
• 4: promise finished, program finished
Answer
Answer: 3 Even though a promise is resolved immediately, it won’t be exe-
cuted immediately because its .then/catch/finally handlers or callbacks(aka
task) are pushed into the queue. Whenever the JavaScript engine becomes free
from the current program, it pulls a task from the queue and executes it. This is
the reason why last statement is printed first before the log of promise handler.
Note: We call the above queue as “MicroTask Queue”
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222
61. What is the output of below code?
console
.log("First line")
[("a", "b", "c")].forEach((element) => console.log(element));
console.log("Third line");
• 1: First line, then print a, b, c in a new line, and finally print Third
line as next line
• 2: First line, then print a, b, c in a first line, and print Third line
as next line
• 3: Missing semi-colon error
• 4: Cannot read properties of undefined
Answer
Answer: 4 When JavaScript encounters a line break without a semicolon,
the JavaScript parser will automatically add a semicolon based on a set of
rules called Automatic Semicolon Insertion which determines whether line
break as end of statement or not to insert semicolon. But it does not assume
a semicolon before square brackets […]. So the first two lines considered as a
single statement as below.
console
.log("First line")
[("a", "b", "c")].forEach((element) => console.log(element));
Hence, there will be cannot read properties of undefined error while apply-
ing the array square bracket on log function.
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62. Write a function that returns a random HEX color Solution 1
(Iterative generation)
const HEX_ALPHABET = [
"0",
"1",
"2",
"3",
"4",
"5",
"6",
"7",
"8",
"9",
"a",
223
"b",
"c",
"d",
"e",
"f",
];
const HEX_PREFIX = "#";
const HEX_LENGTH = 6;
function generateRandomHex() {
let randomHex = "";
for (let i = 0; i < HEX_LENGTH; i++) {
const randomIndex = Math.floor(Math.random() * HEX_ALPHABET.length);
randomHex += HEX_ALPHABET[randomIndex];
}
return HEX_PREFIX + randomHex;
}
Solution 2 (One-liner)
const HEX_PREFIX = "#";
const HEX_RADIX = 16;
const HEX_LENGTH = 6;
function generateRandomHex() {
return (
HEX_PREFIX +
Math.floor(Math.random() * 0xffffff)
.toString(HEX_RADIX)
.padStart(HEX_LENGTH, "0")
);
}
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63. What is the output of below code?
var of = ["of"];
for (var of of of) {
console.log(of);
}
• 1: of
• 2: SyntaxError: Unexpected token of
224
• 3: SyntaxError: Identifier ‘of’ has already been declared
• 4: ReferenceError: of is not defined
Answer
Answer: 1 In JavaScript, of is not considered as a reserved keyword. So
the variable declaration with of is accepted and prints the array value of using
for..of loop.
But if you use reserved keyword such as in then there will be a syntax error
saying SyntaxError: Unexpected token in,
var in = ['in'];
for(var in in in) {
console.log(in[in]);
}
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64. What is the output of below code?
const numbers = [11, 25, 31, 23, 33, 18, 200];
numbers.sort();
console.log(numbers);
• 1: [11, 18, 23, 25, 31, 33, 200]
• 2: [11, 18, 200, 23, 25, 31, 33]
• 3: [11, 25, 31, 23, 33, 18, 200]
• 4: Cannot sort numbers
Answer
Answer: 2 By default, the sort method sorts elements alphabetically. This is
because elemented converted to strings and strings compared in UTF-16 code
units order. Hence, you will see the above numbers not sorted as expected.
In order to sort numerically just supply a comparator function which handles
numeric sorts.
const numbers = [11, 25, 31, 23, 33, 18, 200];
numbers.sort((a, b) => a - b);
console.log(numbers);
Note: Sort() method changes the original array.
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225
65. What is the output order of below code?
setTimeout(() => {
console.log("1");
}, 0);
Promise.resolve("hello").then(() => console.log("2"));
console.log("3");
• 1: 1, 2, 3
• 2: 1, 3, 2
• 3: 3, 1, 2
• 4: 3, 2, 1
Answer
Answer: 4 When the JavaScript engine parses the above code, the first two
statements are asynchronous which will be executed later and third statement is
synchronous statement which will be moved to callstack, executed and prints the
number 3 in the console. Next, Promise is native in ES6 and it will be moved to
Job queue which has high priority than callback queue in the execution order. At
last, since setTimeout is part of WebAPI the callback function moved to callback
queue and executed. Hence, you will see number 2 printed first followed by 1.
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66. What is the output of below code?
console.log(name);
console.log(message());
var name = "John";
(function message() {
console.log("Hello John: Welcome");
});
• 1: John, Hello John: Welcome
• 2: undefined, Hello John, Welcome
• 3: Reference error: name is not defined, Reference error: message is not
defined
• 4: undefined, Reference error: message is not defined
Answer
Answer: 4 IIFE(Immediately Invoked Function Expression) is just like any
other function expression which won’t be hoisted. Hence, there will be a refer-
ence error for message call. The behavior would be the same with below function
expression of message1,
226
console.log(name);
console.log(message());
var name = 'John';
var message = function () {
console.log('Hello John: Welcome');
});
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67. What is the output of below code?
message();
function message() {
console.log("Hello");
}
function message() {
console.log("Bye");
}
• 1: Reference error: message is not defined
• 2: Hello
• 3: Bye
• 4: Compile time error
Answer
Answer: 3 As part of hoisting, initially JavaScript Engine or compiler will
store first function in heap memory but later rewrite or replaces with redefined
function content.
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68. What is the output of below code?
var currentCity = "NewYork";
var changeCurrentCity = function () {
console.log("Current City:", currentCity);
var currentCity = "Singapore";
console.log("Current City:", currentCity);
};
changeCurrentCity();
• 1: NewYork, Singapore
227
• 2: NewYork, NewYork
• 3: undefined, Singapore
• 4: Singapore, Singapore
Answer
Answer: 3 Due to hositing feature, the variables declared with var will have
undefined value in the creation phase so the outer variable currentCity will
get same undefined value. But after few lines of code JavaScript engine found
a new function call(changeCurrentCity()) to update the current city with var
re-declaration. Since each function call will create a new execution context,
the same variable will have undefined value before the declaration and new
value(Singapore) after the declarion. Hence, the value undefined print first
followed by new value Singapore in the execution phase.
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69. What is the output of below code in an order?
function second() {
var message;
console.log(message);
}
function first() {
var message = "first";
second();
console.log(message);
}
var message = "default";
first();
console.log(message);
• 1: undefined, first, default
• 2: default, default, default
• 3: first, first, default
• 4: undefined, undefined, undefined
Answer
Answer: 1 Each context(global or functional) has it’s own variable environ-
ment and the callstack of variables in a LIFO order. So you can see the message
variable value from second, first functions in an order followed by global context
message variable value at the end.
228
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70. What is the output of below code?
var expressionOne = function functionOne() {
console.log("functionOne");
};
functionOne();
• 1: functionOne is not defined
• 2: functionOne
• 3: console.log(“functionOne”)
• 4: undefined
Answer
Answer: 1 The function call functionOne is not going to be part of scope
chain and it has it’s own execution context with the enclosed variable environ-
ment. i.e, It won’t be accessed from global context. Hence, there will be an
error while invoking the function as functionOne is not defined.
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71. What is the output of below code?
const user = {
name: "John",
eat() {
console.log(this);
var eatFruit = function () {
console.log(this);
};
eatFruit();
},
};
user.eat();
• 1: {name: “John”, eat: f}, {name: “John”, eat: f}
• 2: Window {…}, Window {…}
• 3: {name: “John”, eat: f}, undefined
• 4: {name: “John”, eat: f}, Window {…}
Answer
Answer: 4 this keyword is dynamic scoped but not lexically scoped . In
other words, it doesn’t matter where this has been written but how it has been
invoked really matter. In the above code snippet, the user object invokes eat
229
function so this keyword refers to user object but eatFruit has been invoked
by eat function and this will have default Window object.
The above pit fall fixed by three ways,
1. In ES6, the arrow function will make this keyword as lexically scoped.
Since the surrounding object of this object is user object, the eatFruit
function will contain user object for this object.
const user = {
name: "John",
eat() {
console.log(this);
var eatFruit = () => {
console.log(this);
};
eatFruit();
},
};
user.eat();
The next two solutions have been used before ES6 introduced.
2. It is possible create a reference of this into a separate variable and use
that new variable inplace of this keyword inside eatFruit function. This
is a common practice in jQuery and AngularJS before ES6 introduced.
const user = {
name: "John",
eat() {
console.log(this);
var self = this;
var eatFruit = () => {
console.log(self);
};
eatFruit();
},
};
user.eat();
3. The eatFruit function can bind explicitly with this keyword where it
refers Window object.
const user = {
name: "John",
eat() {
console.log(this);
var eatFruit = function () {
console.log(this);
};
230
return eatFruit.bind(this);
},
};
user.eat()();
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72. What is the output of below code?
let message = "Hello World!";
message[0] = "J";
console.log(message);
let name = "John";
name = name + " Smith";
console.log(name);
• 1: Jello World!, John Smith
• 2: Jello World!, John
• 3: Hello World!, John Smith
• 4: Hello World!, John
Answer
Answer: 3 In JavaScript, primitives are immutable i.e. there is no way to
change a primitive value once it gets created. So when you try to update the
string’s first character, there is no change in the string value and prints the same
initial value Hello World!. Whereas in the later example, the concatenated
value is re-assigned to the same variable which will result into creation of new
memory block with the reference pointing to John Smith value and the old
memory block value(John) will be garbage collected.
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73. What is the output of below code?
let user1 = {
name: "Jacob",
age: 28,
};
let user2 = {
name: "Jacob",
age: 28,
};
231
console.log(user1 === user2);
• 1: True
• 2: False
• 3: Compile time error
Answer
Answer: 2 In JavaScript, the variables such as objects, arrays and functions
comes under pass by reference. When you try to compare two objects with same
content, it is going to compare memory address or reference of those variables.
These variables always create separate memory blocks hence the comparison is
always going to return false value.
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74. What is the output of below code?
function greeting() {
setTimeout(function () {
console.log(message);
}, 5000);
const message = "Hello, Good morning";
}
greeting();
• 1: Undefined
• 2: Reference error:
• 3: Hello, Good morning
• 4: null
Answer
Answer: 3 The variable message is still treated as closure(since it has been
used in inner function) eventhough it has been declared after setTimeout func-
tion. The function with in setTimeout function will be sent to WebAPI and the
variable declaration executed with in 5 seconds with the assigned value. Hence,
the text declared for the variable will be displayed.
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75. What is the output of below code?
232
const a = new Number(10);
const b = 10;
console.log(a === b);
• 1: False
• 2: True
Answer
Answer: 1 Eventhough both variables a and b refer a number value, the first
declaration is based on constructor function and the type of the variable is going
to be object type. Whereas the second declaration is primitive assignment with
a number and the type is number type. Hence, the equality operator === will
output false value.
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76. What is the type of below function?
function add(a, b) {
console.log("The input arguments are: ", a, b);
return a + b;
}
• 1: Pure function
• 2: Impure function
Answer
Answer: 2 Eventhough the above function returns the same result for the
same arguments(input) that are passed in the function, the console.log()
statement causes a function to have side effects because it affects the state of
an external code. i.e, the console object’s state and depends on it to perform
the job. Hence, the above function considered as impure function.
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77. What is the output of below code?
const promiseOne = new Promise((resolve, reject) => setTimeout(resolve, 4000));
const promiseTwo = new Promise((resolve, reject) => setTimeout(reject, 4000));
Promise.all([promiseOne, promiseTwo]).then((data) => console.log(data));
• 1: [{status: “fullfilled”, value: undefined}, {status: “rejected”, reason:
undefined}]
233
• 2: [{status: “fullfilled”, value: undefined}, Uncaught(in promise)]
• 3: Uncaught (in promise)
• 4: [Uncaught(in promise), Uncaught(in promise)]
Answer
Answer: 3 The above promises settled at the same time but one of them
resolved and other one rejected. When you use .all method on these promises,
the result will be short circuted by throwing an error due to rejection in sec-
ond promise. But If you use .allSettled method then result of both the
promises will be returned irrespective of resolved or rejected promise status
without throwing any error.
Promise.allSettled([promiseOne, promiseTwo]).then((data) => console.log(data));
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78. What is the output of below code?
try {
setTimeout(() => {
console.log("try block");
throw new Error(`An exception is thrown`);
}, 1000);
} catch (err) {
console.log("Error: ", err);
}
• 1: try block, Error: An exception is thrown
• 2: Error: An exception is thrown
• 3: try block, Uncaught Error: Exception is thrown
• 4: Uncaught Error: Exception is thrown
Answer
Answer: 3 If you put setTimeout and setInterval methods inside the try
clause and an exception is thrown, the catch clause will not catch any of them.
This is because the try…catch statement works synchronously, and the function
in the above code is executed asynchronously after a certain period of time.
Hence, you will see runtime exception without catching the error. To resolve
this issue, you have to put the try…catch block inside the function as below,
setTimeout(() => {
try {
console.log("try block");
throw new Error(`An exception is thrown`);
} catch (err) {
234
console.log("Error: ", err);
}
}, 1000);
You can use .catch() function in promises to avoid these issues with asyn-
chronous code.
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79. What is the output of below code?
let a = 10;
if (true) {
let a = 20;
console.log(a, "inside");
}
console.log(a, "outside");
• 1: 20, “inside” and 20, “outside”
• 2: 20, “inside” and 10, “outside”
• 3: 10, “inside” and 10, “outside”
• 4: 10, “inside” and 20, “outside”
Answer
Answer: 2 The variable “a” declared inside “if” has block scope and does not
affect the value of the outer “a” variable.
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80. What is the output of below code?
let arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, -6, 7];
arr.length = 0;
console.log(arr);
• 1: 0
• 2: Undefined
• 3: null
• 4: []
Answer
Answer: 4 The length of the array ‘arr’ has been set to 0, so the array
becomes empty.
235
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81. How do you verify two strings are anagrams? An anagram is a
word or phrase formed by rearranging all the letters of a different word or
phrase exactly once. For example, the anagrams of “eat” word are “tea” and
“ate”.
You can split each word into characters, followed by sort action and later join
them back. After that you can compare those two words to verify whether those
two words are anagrams or not.
function verifyAnagrams(word1, word2) {
return word1.split("").sort().join("") === word2.split("").sort().join("")
}
console.log(verifyAnagrams("eat", "ate"));
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Disclaimer
The questions provided in this repository are the summary of frequently asked
questions across numerous companies. We cannot guarantee that these ques-
tions will actually be asked during your interview process, nor should you focus
on memorizing all of them. The primary purpose is for you to get a sense of
what some companies might ask — do not get discouraged if you don’t know
the answer to all of them — that is ok!
Good luck with your interview �
236
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