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Assignment 4

The document discusses numerical techniques for fitting curves to experimental data. It describes least squares fitting, which finds the curve that minimizes the sum of the residuals (differences between observed and estimated values). It also discusses power fits, which assume the data points are not noisy and find a curve that passes through each point. The document then provides an example of using the normal equations to solve a linear system to find the coefficients of a least squares line.

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sanaullah sany
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20 views

Assignment 4

The document discusses numerical techniques for fitting curves to experimental data. It describes least squares fitting, which finds the curve that minimizes the sum of the residuals (differences between observed and estimated values). It also discusses power fits, which assume the data points are not noisy and find a curve that passes through each point. The document then provides an example of using the normal equations to solve a linear system to find the coefficients of a least squares line.

Uploaded by

sanaullah sany
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Numerical techniques in science and engineering frequently require curves to


experimental data, serving as a crucial method to extract valuable insights, validate
theories, and optimize designs across various disciplines.For example, in 1601 the
German astronomer Johannes Kepler formulated the third law of planetary motion,
3
T =Cx 2 , where xis the dis-stance to the sun measured in millions of kilometers,T is
the orbital period measure din days, and C is a constant.

Least-Squares Line
There are many proposed algorithms for curve fitting. The most well-known method
is least squares, where we search for a curve such that the sum of squares of the
residuals is minimum. By saying residual, we refer to the difference between the
observed sample and the estimation from the fitted curve. It can be used both for
linear and non-linear relationships.

To find Least-Squares Line y= Ax+ B using this formula

Power Fit:
In this case, we assume that the given samples are not noisy, and we want to learn a
curve that passes through each point. It is useful in cases we want to derive finite-
difference approximations or to find minimums, maximums, and zero crossings of a
function.

2.
The study of the first five chapters of this course has provided a comprehensive
foundation in numerical techniques, encompassing a diverse range of topics crucial
for applications in science and engineering. The initial chapter, "Preliminaries," laid
the groundwork by introducing fundamental concepts and principles that underpin
numerical analysis. This section likely covered essential mathematical tools,
computational considerations, and foundational aspects necessary for subsequent
chapters.

Moving forward, the exploration of "Solution of Nonlinear Equations" delves into


techniques for finding roots of nonlinear equations, a ubiquitous challenge in various
scientific and engineering problems. Understanding methods like Newton-Raphson
and bisection is pivotal, as they are widely employed in solving complex
mathematical models and optimizing systems where nonlinear relationships are
inherent.

The "Solution of Linear Systems" chapter is likely to have covered strategies for
efficiently solving systems of linear equations, a common occurrence in engineering
and physics. This knowledge is foundational for simulations, structural analysis, and
other applications where understanding and manipulating linear systems are essential.

The chapter, "Interpolation and Polynomial Approximation," is integral for


approximating functions between given data points. This has significant implications
in areas such as computer-aided design, signal processing, and numerical simulations,
where creating continuous representations of discrete data is crucial.

"Curve Fitting," the chapter, is likely to have focused on the application of numerical
techniques in fitting mathematical models to experimental data. This skill is
indispensable in scientific research and engineering design, where empirical
observations need to be translated into functional relationships for analysis,
prediction, and optimization.

3.

Answer:
The linear system involving A and B,
10 A +0 B=7
0 A+5 B=13
∴ A=0.7∧B=2.6
The least-squares line is
y=0.7 x+2.6

xk yk ek

-2 1 1.2 .2 .4
-1 2 1.9 -.1 .1
0 3 2.6 -.4 .16
1 3 3.3 .3 .9
2 4 4.4 0 0
0 .30
-3 -1 9 -27 81 3 -9
-1 25 1 -1 1 -25 25
1 25 1 1 1 25 25
3 1 9 27 81 3 9
0 50 20 0 164 6 50

A, B and C the linear system

25 3 225
The solution of the linear system is A=− 8 , B= 10 and C= 8

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