History of Atom Elements and Compounds Mastery 1
History of Atom Elements and Compounds Mastery 1
History of Atom Elements and Compounds Mastery 1
Atoms
Chemistry is the study of atoms and how they interact. Atoms are too small to see with a microscope and
throughout history scientists have had different opinions of what atoms are and what they are made of. Those
opinions were based on experimental evidence.
Charge
2. Use the keywords and phrases to label the diagrams above. Some can be used more than once.
Nuclear model, negative charges studded in, negatively charged electrons, ball of spread out positive charge, hard
sphere, positive nucleus, fixed energy level, electron shell model, protons and neutrons, empty space
3. What type of evidence led scientists to change their model of the atom?
4. State two differences between Dalton’s model and the Plum Pudding model.
5. State three differences between the Plum Pudding model and the nuclear model.
Rutherford Scattering
This experiment proved that atoms have a nucleus. Scientists took a very thin strip of gold foil. They fired particles
with positive charges at it (alpha particles).
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If the Plum Pudding Model were true
most of the positive charges would go
straight through the atoms as the
positive charge was so spread out it
would not be big enough to repel
them.
6. Label the diagrams with the labels below. Some labels should be used more than once.
nucleus with dense positive charge, negative electrons orbiting nucleus, negative electrons studded in,
alpha particles, expected to travel straight through, spread out positive charge, deflected path, then
layer of atoms
7. Describe the plum pudding model of the atom.
8. Outline the Rutherford Scattering experiment.
9. Explain what conclusion could be drawn from the Rutherford Scattering experiment.
Challenge: read through page 13 in the textbook and summarise why Bohr had to change Rutherford’s nuclear
model of the atom.
The current model has atoms being made of three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons and electrons. Bohr’s
experiments provided evidence that the electrons were in fixed orbits called shells.
Electron 0 -1
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Different atoms
There are about 100 different types of a_____. They differ in their numbers of p_______,
n______ and e______. If a s_________ is made of one type of atom, it is called an e__________.
The different atoms and the name of the elements they make up are found in the p_______
t______ of e______ and are represented by a symbol (e.g. Na = _____________).
19. If an atom has 7 protons, what would its relative mass be?
Each proton has a relative mass of 1, so this atom’s relative mass must be 7x1=7
20. If an atom has 9 protons and no neutrons, what would its relative mass be?
21. Give two differences between the plum pudding and the nuclear model of the atom
22. If an atom has 12 neutrons only, what would its relative mass be?
23. An atom has 14 neutrons and 8 protons. What would its relative mass be?
24. An atom has 21 neutrons, 20 protons and 20 electrons. What is its relative mass?
Challenge: an atom has a relative mass of 39. It has twice as many neutrons as protons, but the same number of
electrons as protons. It has a prime number of electrons. How many protons, neutrons and electrons does it have?
It also tells you the number of electrons. This is because an atom must have the same number of positive charges
and negative charges so it does not have an overall charge – the protons and electrons cancel each other out.
Hydrogen H 1 0 1
Nitrogen 7 7 14
Carbon C 6
Fe 26
Gold 118 197
Ge 41
Tellurium 128
Copper 29 35 64
Co
161
26. An atom has 6 protons. How many electrons will it have? (hint – read the paragraphs at the beginning of this
section again)
27. How can you tell from the periodic table how many electrons an atom has?
Challenge: the periodic table has the elements organised by their atomic number not their atomic mass. Use
the periodic table to explain why.
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Isotopes
If two atoms have the same number of protons, they are the same element. If they have a different number of
protons, they are different elements.
However, two atoms can have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. These atoms are
called isotopes. Their atomic number will be the same but their mass number will be different. Chadwick was the
scientist who discovered the neutron. This allowed other scientists to understand that it was possible for atoms of
the same element to have different masses (as they had different numbers of neutrons).
Look at chlorine on the periodic table. Its mass number is 35.5 and its atomic number is 17. How many neutrons
does it have?
This cannot be correct as you cannot have half a neutron. Instead, it represents the average mass of all the atoms
of chlorine in the universe.
Scientists have discovered that 75% of the atoms of chlorine in the universe have a mass of 35 (so 18 neutrons)
When we work out the mean mass we call it the relative atomic mass
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Copper has two isotopes. 69% is Cu-63 and 31% is Cu-65. What is the relative atomic mass?
Calculate the relative atomic mass of the following mixtures of isotopes. Give your answers to 1 decimal place.
28. 90.5% Ne and 9.5% Ne (remember that the mass number is the larger number
32. The table shows the natural relative abundance of the main isotopes of mercury, Hg.
a. Calculate the relative atomic mass of mercury. Give your answer to 1 decimal place.
b. Explain why the relative atomic mass of mercury is shown as 201 in the periodic table.
Electronic structure
The electrons that an atom has determines how it reacts. We have seen already that the number of electrons is the
same as the atomic number of an atom.
Electrons orbit atoms in fixed energy levels (often called shells). Two electrons can fit on the first shell. 8 electrons
can fit on the next shells. The first shell needs to be filled before the second and the second before the third.
36. In your exercise book, draw diagrams for the first 20 atoms. Include the number notation.
37. Challenge: in the periodic table, the columns are labelled groups and the rows labelled periods. What does
the group and period of an element tell you about its electronic structure?
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In our previous lessons we have been looking at the atom and how scientists have modelled it over time. In this
booklet we will be looking at how those atoms combine to form elements or compounds.
Atoms can be joined together by chemical bonds. If atoms of the same type are joined together, the substance is
called an element. If different types are joined together, the substance is called a compound. The names of the
elements can be found on the periodic table. Compounds are not found on the periodic table.
Molecules
47. Which of the definitions below is best for the word molecule?
f. Atoms of different elements chemically joined together
g. More than one atom chemically joined together
h. A type of compound
i. More than one atom of the same type chemically joined together
j. A group of atoms together
48. Explain why the other options are worse.
49. Draw the electronic structure of sodium and of fluorine.
50. How would you make molecules of fluorine?
51. Is sodium fluoride an element or compound?
52. Explain your answer to Q14
The c____________ f_______________ of a molecular substance tells you which atoms, and how
many of them, are present.
Remember that when you have different substances together that are not chemically bonded it is called a mixture.
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We will be learning about six different molecular substances:
Hydrogen, H2
Oxygen, O2
Nitrogen, N2
Water, H2O
Methane, CH4
Carbon dioxide, CO2
54. For each of the molecular substances above, write out which atoms they have in them and how many of
them there are.
Example: H2 has two hydrogen atoms in it
55. Identify which of the substances above are compounds and which are elements.
56. Name each of the substances represented by the diagrams below.
57.
Giant structures
63. Which of the diagrams above represents an element, and which represents a compound?
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64. How do you know?
65. How can you tell by looking at the diagrams that they are giant substances and not molecular ones?
66. What is the chemical symbol for iron?
67. How many protons, neutrons and electrons are there in iron?
68. X-45 and X-49 are isotopes. X-45 has an abundance of 42% and X-49 has an abundance of 58%. What is the
relative mass of X?
69. Connect the sentences:
Atoms are made of How many atoms are in that substance and what
those atoms are
Atoms can be joined together by Molecular substance
When a small group of atoms are joined together Elements or compounds
we call this a
A substance made of lots of molecules is a Giant substance
A substance made of billions of atoms all joined Molecule
together is a
Molecular and giant substances can be Chemical bonds
The chemical formula of a substance tells you Protons neutrons and electrons
Challenge: sand is made of small grains. Do you think it is a giant or molecular substance? Explain your answer.
Chemical Equations
A chemical equation is a way of showing what occurs in a chemical reaction. The substances that you start with
are called reactants and the ones that you finish with are called products. For example:
In this case, hydrogen and oxygen are reactants and water is the product. The equation above is a word equation:
an equation which uses the names of substances to represent a chemical reaction.
70. When nitrogen and hydrogen react together they produce a compound called ammonia. Write a word
equation for this reaction.
71. What are the reactants?
72. What is the product?
73. Ethanol reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water. Write a word equation for this reaction.
74. Identify the reactants and products in this reaction.
75. Oxygen is an element. What does this mean?
76. Oxygen is molecular substance. What does this mean?
77. How many protons, neutrons and electrons are present in an atom of oxygen?
Challenge: a sample of oxygen atoms contains 73% O-18, 12% O-19 and 15% O-21. What is the relative atomic mass
of this sample?
Chemical formulae
In previous lessons, we looked at how every element has a symbol to represent it. Compound have a chemical
formula which represents how many atoms they have in them and what those atoms are. For example NaF, sodium
fluoride, has one atom of sodium and one atom of fluorine. However, Na 2O, sodium oxide, has two atoms of sodium
and two of oxygen.
78. Which atoms, and how many of them, are present in:
a. CaO
One atom of calcium and one of oxygen
b. CaBr2
c. Mg3N2
d. C6H12O6
e. CO2
f. C7H5N3O6
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If symbols are in brackets, then you must multiply everything in the brackets by the little number that follows
them. For example:
Mg(OH)2 has one magnesium atom. The O and H are in brackets so must be multiplied by 2.
Therefore this compound has one magnesium atom, two oxygen atoms and two hydrogen atoms.
79. Which atoms, and how many of them, are present in:
a. Ca(OH)2 d. CaCO3
b. Li2SO4 e. Mg(NO3)2
c. Al2(SO4)3 f. Ga(NO3)2
Conservation of mass
In any chemical reaction, the atoms are neither created nor destroyed. It does not matter whether the reaction is
hot or cold, the atoms cannot be created or destroyed. But they are rearranged. For example, in a reaction
between a carbon atom and an oxygen molecule, the atoms rearrange to form carbon dioxide.
C O O O C O
You can see that the atoms on the left have all rearranged themselves to produce a new substance. This is called
the conservation of mass; that atoms cannot be created or destroyed as a result of a chemical reaction.
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Symbol equations
Because all substances can be represented by symbols and formulae, we can write an equation with the symbols
and formulae instead of just words. For example:
But because mass is conserved, we can run into a problem with symbol equations. For example, hydrogen and
oxygen react together to form water as below:
H H O O H O H
But if you look carefully you will see a problem. There are two atoms of hydrogen in the reactants, and two in the
products. This shows that no hydrogen atoms have been created or destroyed.
However, if you look at oxygen, you will see two atoms on the left, but only one on the right. This shows that an
atom of oxygen has been destroyed, which is impossible.
An easy way to solve this would be to change the H2O into H2O2. However, this would be incorrect as H2O2 is not
water; it is a completely different compound!
In fact, we cannot touch the small numbers at this point. All we can do is change the number of molecules that we
have to start with:
H H O O H O H
H H
H O H
Now you can see that all the atoms in the reactants are present in the product. We can write this in an equation
like so:
2H2 + O2 2H2O
In your exercise book, copy out the equations below and balance them:
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Summary questions
In a reaction, copper sulphate and sodium hydroxide react together to form copper hydroxide and sodium sulphate.
107. The formula for marble powder is CaCO3 and its name is calcium carbonate. Which atoms are
present in calcium carbonate?
108. Is calcium carbonate an element or a compound? Explain your answer.
109. Calcium carbonate is made of billions of atoms all chemically bonded together. What type of
substance is it?
110. Below is a symbol equation for the reaction.
CaCO3 + HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
Copy the equation into your exercise book and balance it
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The structure of the periodic table
The modern periodic table lists approximately 100 elements, but has changed a lot over time as scientists have
organised the elements differently. The changes are summarised below:
Elements placed in Atomic mass Normally atomic mass, but some Atomic number
order by: elements were swapped around
Completion: Showed no gaps Left gaps for undiscovered No gaps (all elements up
elements (Mendeleev made to a certain atomic
predictions about the properties of number have been
these elements) discovered)
Grouping: Elements were not Elements grouped according to Elements grouped
grouped chemical properties according to number of
electrons in outer shells
Metals and non- No clear distinction No clear distinction Metals to the left, non-
metals: metals to the right
Use the table above and the modern periodic table to help you answer the questions below.
116. The idea of a periodic table of the elements was started by John Newlands about 140 years ago. He
wrote down the elements he knew about in order,
starting with the lightest atoms. Then he arranged
them into seven groups, like this:
Column
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
H Li Be B C N O
F Na Mg Al Si P S
Cl K Ca Cr Ti Mn Fe
(a) In which two columns of Newland’s periodic table do all the elements have similar properties?
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(b) The modern periodic table is arranged in a different order to Newland’s table.
(ii) Argon has a higher relative atomic mass than potassium. Explain why.
(iii) Describe the changes in the number of electrons in the atoms of elements in the period which begins with
potassium and ends with krypton.
118. The electronic structures of five elements, V, W, X, Y and Z are shown below.
(a) (i) Write the letters of the two elements which belong to the same group in the Periodic Table
119. (a) Arsenic has two isotopes, As-75 and As-77. Explain the difference between these isotopes in
terms of subatomic particles.
(b) The relative of abundance of As-75 is 88.3%. Calculate the relative atomic mass of arsenic.
Summary problem
120. Over time, scientists have changed their ideas about the periodic table due to experimental
evidence. Describe the alpha particle experiment.
121. If the plum pudding model of the atom were true, what would the outcome of the alpha particle
experiment have been?
122. How did the alpha particle prove that there must be a nucleus?
123. How did Bohr add to the nuclear model of the atom?
124. What did Chadwick discover?
125. Explain how Chadwick’s discovery allowed scientists to explain the existence of isotopes
126. There are two isotopes of Bromine: Br-79 and Br-81. Making full reference to the number of
subatomic particles in each isotope, describe the differences between them.
127. A sample of bromine is found to be 35% Br-79 and 65% Br-81. Calculate the relative atomic mass of
this sample.
128. H2O is a molecular substance. Explain what a molecule is.
129. Describe the structure of a molecular substance.
130. Both H2O and O2 are molecular substances. Describe their similarities and their differences.
131. Sodium chloride is a giant substance. Describe the structure of sodium chloride.
132. Describe the similarities and differences between sodium chloride and H 2O.
133. In a reaction between fluorine gas and solid iron, the mass of the solid iron appears to increase.
Explain why this occurs.
134. Balance the equation:
Fe + F2 FeF3
135. Explain why Mendeleev swapped the positions of certain elements around in his periodic table.
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