Chapter 1 - The Internet and World

Wide Web
1. The Internet
1.1 History and Evolution
⚫ INTERNET– an interconnected network of networks that
link computer to computer using protocol.
⚫ It was called ARPANET in 1969 as a research network by
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the US
Defence Department.
⚫ ARPANET development resulted from a collaboration
among universities, industry, and government.
1. The Internet
⚫ World Wide Web (WWW) started in 1989 at the European
Particle Physics Laboratory (CERN) by Tim Berners-Lee.
⚫ It is a network of computers that serve web pages that
distributed hypermedia information system on the Internet.
⚫ Information can be organize, link, and access via
client-server protocol.
2. The World Wide Web
2.1 Web Standard
⚫ World Wide Web(WWW) is a part of the Internet
that consists of Internet connected computers called
Web Servers that store electronic documents called
Web Pages.
⚫ Web Page is a specially formatted document that can
contain images, text, interactive elements, and
hyperlinks, which links to other pages.
⚫ Web Site is a group of related Web Pages.
⚫ A web site’s primary page known as Home Page,
typically introduces the web site and provide
information about the site’s purpose and content.
2. The World Wide Web – Cont.
⚫ A hyperlink, or simply known as link, is a word,
phrase or image that connects web pages.

⚫ Exploring the Web by jumping from one Web page to

another is sometimes called browsing or surfing the
web.
3.Ways to Access the Internet and the
web
⚫ In the past, the most common way to access the
Internet was using a dial-up telephone line. Today,
faster access methods, including digital dedicated
lines, cable broadband, and wireless transmissions.
⚫ The speed at which data travel from one device to
another is called the transfer rate, which is expressed
as bits per second (bps) – that is, the number of bits
the line can transmit in one second.
3.Ways to Access the Internet and the
web – Cont.
3.1 Fixed and Mobile Wireless Access
⚫ Fixed wireless is Internet connectivity service that
uses satellite technology.
3.Ways to Access the Internet and the
web – Cont.
⚫ Mobile wireless is Internet connectivity service that
uses radio signals or wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi).
⚫ Wi-Fi provides wireless connectivity to devices within
a certain range.
3.Ways to Access the Internet and the
web – Cont.
⚫ 3G and 4G are wireless internet technology. The ‘G’
stand for generation.
⚫ 3G device must support speech and data services,
while 4G systems will support gaming and stream
multimedia.
3.Ways to Access the Internet and the
web – Cont.
3.Ways to Access the Internet and the
web – Cont.
3.2 Internet Service Providers
⚫ Internet Services Providers (ISP) is a business that
has a permanent Internet connection and provides
temporary Internet connections to individuals and
companies using one or more access method: dial-up,
high-speed dial-up, broadband, or wireless
3.Ways to Access the Internet and the
web – Cont.
3.3 Web Browsers
⚫ To view Web pages, you need a Web Browser.
⚫ Web Browser is a software program that requests,
downloads, and displays Web pages stored on Web
Server.
3.Ways to Access the Internet and the
web – Cont.
⚫ You can access a Web page by entering its unique
address, called the Uniform Resource Locator
(URL), in a browser’s address bar.
⚫ URL consist of a domain name and top-level domain
designation.
⚫ Many URLs also included, folder and files names are
separated by forward slash characters following the
top-level domain designation.
3.Ways to Access the Internet and the
web – Cont.
⚫ A URL identifies a computer on the Internet

protocol domain name folder

http://www.ipoh.com/news
3.Ways to Access the Internet and the
web – Cont.
⚫ An IP address is the numeric address for computer
connected to the Internet.
⚫ Every device in a computer network has an IP address.
⚫ A domain name is the text version of a computer’s
numeric IP address.
3.Ways to Access the Internet and the
web – Cont.
⚫ Different between IP Address and Domain Names

IP ADDRESS DOMAIN NAMES

• An identifier for a computer • A name that identifies one
or device on a TCP/IP or more IP addresses. For
network. Networks route example, the domain name
messages based on the IP notifycorp.com represents
address of the destination. several IP addresses.
The format of an IP address Domain names are used in
is four numbers separated URLs to identify particular
by periods. Each number Web pages.
can be zero to 255. • For example, in the URL
• For example, 1.140.10.230 http://www.notifycorp.com/
could be an IP address. index.htm, the domain
name is notifycorp.com.
4. Types of Web Sites – Cont.
⚫ Top-level domain (TLD)
⚫ A top-level domain (TLD) designation indicates the
type of organization or general domain.
Top-Level Domain Domain Type
.biz Business
.com Commercial, personal
.edu Education
.gov Government
.mil Military
.net Network providers
.org Non-commercial community
4. Types of Web Sites – Cont.
⚫ Some countries have their own TLDs.

.my Malaysia
.sg Singapore
.jp Japan
.us United State
.de German
.fr France
.au Australia
4. Types of Web Sites – Cont.
⚫ In URL, the domain name and top-level domain
designation are preceded by a protocol.
⚫ For Web pages, that protocol is the Hypertext
Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which is the
communications standard for transmitting Web pages
over the Internet.
⚫ Most Web browsers will insert the HTTP protocol
automatically as the requested Web page is
downloaded into the browser.
3.Ways to Access the Internet and the
web – Cont.
3.4 Alternative Web Page Viewing Devices
⚫ In the past, the most common way to view Web pages is
using desktop or laptop.
⚫ Today, you also can view Web pages using handheld
computer.
⚫ Handheld computers are wireless, portable computer
designed to fit in a user’s hand.
⚫ A personal digital assistant (PDA) is a type of handheld
computer used to manage personal information and access
the Internet. Today, most PDAs are Smartphone's.
⚫ Smartphone is a mobile phone that offers other features,
such as a camera, calendar, and Internet access for e-mail,
music downloads and access to Web pages in addition to
cellular voice telephone service.
3.Ways to Access the Internet and the
web – Cont.
4. Types of Web Sites
⚫ Web can be categorizes as personal, organizational and
commercial.
⚫ A Web site’s type differs from a Web site’s purpose.
4. Types of Web Sites – Cont.
4.1 Personal Web Sites
⚫ Individual create their own personal Web sites for a
range of communication purpose.
⚫ You might use personal Web site to promote your
employment credentials, share news and photos with
friends and family, or share a common interest or
hobby with fellow enthusiasts.
4. Types of Web Sites – Cont.
4. Types of Web Sites – Cont.
4. Types of Web Sites – Cont.
4. Types of Web Sites – Cont.
4.2 Organizational Web Sites
⚫ An organizational Web site is one that owned by any
type of group, association, or organization, whether it
is professional or amateur group.
⚫ For example, if you belong to the Advertisement
Photographers Association of North Malaysia, you
might volunteer to create and organizational Web site
to promote member accomplishments or to encourage
support and participation.
4. Types of Web Sites – Cont.
4. Types of Web Sites – Cont.
4. Types of Web Sites – Cont.
4.3 Commercial Web Sites
⚫ The goal of many commercial websites is to promote
and sell products or services of a business, from the
smallest home-based business to the largest
international enterprise.
⚫ The design and content of a large enterprise’s Web site
might be much more sophisticated and complex than
that of a small business's Web site.
4. Types of Web Sites – Cont.
⚫ Sample of large enterprise Web site
4. Types of Web Sites – Cont.
⚫ Sample of small business Web site
5. Other Internet Services
5.1 E-mail
⚫ Short for electronic mail.
⚫ E-mail is a message that may contain text, images, files
or other attachments sent through a network to a
specified individual or group of individuals.
⚫ The first e-mail was sent by Ray Tomlinson in 1971.
5. Other Internet Services
5.2 Mailing List
⚫ A mailing list is a collection of names and addresses
used by an individual or an organization to send
material to multiple recipients.
⚫ An electronic mailing list might have several hundred
'other' people receiving the same piece of e-mail you
do, there could be thousands of other people.
⚫ In a real sense a mailing list takes one e-mail message
that is sent to it and does a mass-mailing to everyone
that has 'subscribed' to the list. To remove your name,
you unsubscribe from the mailing list.
5. Other Internet Services
5.3 Instant Messaging
⚫ Instant messaging(IM) is a type of communications
service that enables you to create a kind of private chat
room with another individual in order to communicate
in real time over the Internet.
⚫ It notifies you when one or more people online and
then allows you to exchange messages of files.
⚫ Example: Yahoo Messenger, IRC or MSN instant
messenger.
5. Other Internet Services
5.4 Chat Rooms
⚫ A designated area or forum on the World Wide
Web that allows users to communicate with each other
through instant messaging.
⚫ Text is instantly displayed in the chat rooms
conversation log after a user hits enter or send.
⚫ Other users included in the chat session are able to see
what another user types.
5. Other Internet Services
5.5 VoIP
⚫ VoIP stands for Voice over Internet Protocol.
⚫ Sometimes it's referred to as Voice over
Networks(VoN) or Voice over Broadband(VoB) and
sometimes Internet Telephony.
⚫ VoIP allows you to make free, or very low cost,
telephone calls over the Internet.
⚫ You can call any telephone in the world and any
telephone can call you - regardless of what equipment
or network the person you are calling uses.
5. Other Internet Services
5.6 Newsgroup
⚫ Newsgroups are Internet discussion forums where groups
of users with common interests gather to talk about
everything from software to comic books to politics.
⚫ Unlike e‑mail messages, which are visible only to the
sender and specified recipients, newsgroup messages can
be read by anyone who views the group that they're posted
in.
⚫ Newsgroups are international in scope, with participants
from all corners of the Internet.
⚫ Before you can view messages in a newsgroup, you'll need
a newsreader program, such as Windows Mail.
⚫ You'll use the newsreader to download messages from a
news server.
5. Other Internet Services
5.7 FTP
⚫ Short for File Transfer Protocol, the protocol for
exchanging files over the Internet.
⚫ FTP works in the same way as HTTP for transferring
Web pages from a server to a user's browser and
SMTP for transferring electronic mail across the
Internet in that, like these technologies, FTP uses the
Internet's TCP/IP protocols to enable data transfer.
⚫ FTP is most commonly used to download a file from a
server using the Internet or to upload a file to a server
(e.g., uploading a Web page file to a server).
 A Brief Introduction to the Internet
What the Internet Is
⚫ A world-wide network of computer networks.
⚫ At the lowest level, since 1982, all connections use TCP/IP.
⚫ TCP/IP hides the differences among devices connected to
the Internet.
⚫ Internet is actually a network of networks rather than a
network of computers.
 A Brief Introduction to the Internet
IP Address
⚫ Every node has a unique numeric address.
⚫ Form: 32-bit binary number.
⚫ Usually written as four 8-bit numbers, separated by periods.
⚫ Example: 191.57.126.0

8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits

 A Brief Introduction to the Internet
⚫ New standard, IPv6, has 128 bits (1998)
⚫ Organizations are assigned groups of IPs for their
computers.
⚫ Example: A small organization may be assigned 256 IP
addresses, such as 191.57.126.0 to 191.57.126.255.
The World Wide Web
Origins
⚫ Tim Berners-Lee at CERN proposed the Web in 1989.
⚫ Purpose: to allow scientists to have access to many
databases of scientific work through their own
computers.
The World Wide Web
⚫ Hypertext- text with embedded links to text in other
documents to allow non-sequential browsing of textual
material.
⚫ Hypermedia – more than just text – images, sound, etc.
 Web Server
⚫ Provide responses to browser requests, either existing
documents or dynamically built documents.
⚫ Example of web server: Apache, Microsoft Internet
Information Server.
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
The Structure of URLs
⚫ Taking http://www.mydomain.net/~rdralph/rdralph/ as an
example.

HOW WHERE WHO/WHAT

Protocol Host Domain Name Directory Path
http:// www.mydomain.net ~rdralph/rdralph/
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
Common Internet Protocols
⚫ There are several protocols used commonly on the Internet
to get to a variety of sites which support them.
⚫ The protocol which supports the World Wide Web - just
one component of the Internet - is http - hypertext transfer
protocol.
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
Common Internet Protocols
Protocol Type Example Description/Function
file:/// Local file:///c|/netscape/bookmark.htm •Loads a local file from PC or from a network.
File
ftp:// File ftp://oak.oakland.edu/SimTel/ •Opens a file transfer session that allows user to
Transfer download and upload (if allowed) between local
Protocol PC and the remote computer.
•Anonymous access may be permitted.
•Some FTP sites will require valid accounts.

http:// Hyper http://www.uncg.edu/~bucknall/tim/ •The protocol for transfer of hypertext documents

Text written in HTML and JAVA.
Transfer • The primary protocol for the WWW.
Protocol
mailto: Email mailto:[email protected] •This protocol calls up the browser's email screen
and posts the completed message to the email
address provided.
•The browser needs to be set up properly to
identify the email server and the identity of the
sender.
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
Common Internet Protocols
Protocol Type Example Description/Function
news: Newsgroups news:comp.infosystems •Provides access to Bitnet, Usenet and other
newsgroup systems.
•User need to know the name of the newsgroup
that they want to access.
•Internet service provider has to allow access.
•Some newsgroups are not for everyone.

telnet:// Telnet telnet://steffi.uncg.edu/ •Telnet provides a link to a remote computer.

• In many cases an account to login is needed.
•In others, user may be allowed to login as a
guest or with a special visitor's ID.
•User needs to know login procedures.
•User also needs to have a telnet application set
up for their browser.
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
Host Domain Names
⚫ Form of host domain names:

Service/Machine Location Domain

www uncg edu
Example: www.uncg.edu

⚫ The Location name is almost always mnemonic - an

abbreviation of the location name or an acronym for
it.
⚫ A lot of the time the location name is not abbreviated
at all.
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
⚫ The domain can tell us what type of site we can
expect to be visiting.

Common Domain Acronyms

Domain Description
.com Commercial or corporate sites.
.edu Educational institutions.
.gov Government sites.
.mil Military sites.
.org Sites of associations, organizations, etc.
.net Network sites.
.fm Frequency Modulation
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
⚫ Some sites use a geographical approach in their domains.
⚫ The last two positions in the domain of a WWW site
outside the US often represents the country.
⚫ Universal two-letter country codes are used. For example:
my= Malaysia, sa = Saudi Arabia, uk = The United
Kingdom, sg = Singapore
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
Paths in URLs
⚫ The tilde (~) generally precedes the name of a directory
assigned to a person.
⚫ In the URL http://metalab.uniten.edu.my/~mia, for
example, the mia part indicates an account name
associated with the author mia.
 Internet Protocols
⚫ Communication protocol: how computers talk
⚫ Cf. telephone “protocol”: how you answer and end call,
what language you speak, etc.
⚫ Internet protocols developed as part of ARPANET
research
⚫ ARPANET began using TCP/IP in 1982
⚫ Designed for use both within local area networks
(LAN’s) and between networks

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 Internet Protocol (IP)
⚫ IP is the fundamental protocol defining the Internet (as
the name implies!)
⚫ IP address:
⚫ 32-bit number (in IPv4)
⚫ Associated with at most one device at a time (although
device may have more than one)
⚫ Written as four dot-separated bytes, e.g. 192.0.34.166

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 IP
⚫ IP function: transfer data from source device to
destination device
⚫ IP source software creates a packet representing
the data
⚫ Header: source and destination IP addresses, length of
data, etc.
⚫ Data itself
⚫ If destination is on another LAN, packet is sent to
a gateway that connects to more than one network

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 IP

Source

Network 1

Gateway Destinatio
n

Gateway

Network 2 Network 3

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 Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP)
⚫ Limitations of IP:
⚫ No guarantee of packet delivery (packets can be dropped)
⚫ Communication is one-way (source to destination)
⚫ TCP adds concept of a connection on top of IP
⚫ Provides guarantee that packets delivered
⚫ Provide two-way (full duplex) communication

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 TCP

Establish
connection. { Can I talk to you?

OK. Can I talk to you?

OK.
Here’s a packet.
Send packet
with
acknowledgment. { Source
Got it.
Destination

Here’s a packet.

{
Resend packet if
no (or delayed) Here’s a resent packet.
acknowledgment.
Got it.
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 TCP
⚫ TCP also adds concept of a port
⚫ TCP header contains port number representing an
application program on the destination computer
⚫ Some port numbers have standard meanings
⚫ Example: port 25 is normally used for email transmitted using the
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
⚫ Other port numbers are available first-come-first served
to any application

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 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
⚫ Like TCP in that:
⚫ Builds on IP
⚫ Provides port concept
⚫ Unlike TCP in that:
⚫ No connection concept
⚫ No transmission guarantee
⚫ Advantage of UDP vs. TCP:
⚫ Lightweight, so faster for one-time messages

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 Domain Name Service (DNS)

⚫ DNS is the “phone book” for the Internet

⚫ Map between host names and IP addresses
⚫ DNS often uses UDP for communication
⚫ Host names
⚫ Labels separated by dots, e.g., www.example.org
⚫ Final label is top-level domain
⚫ Generic: .com, .org, etc.
⚫ Country-code: .us, .il, etc.

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 DNS

⚫ Domains are divided into second-level domains, which

can be further divided into subdomains, etc.
⚫ E.g., in www.example.com, example is a second-level
domain
⚫ A host name plus domain name information is called the
fully qualified domain name of the computer
⚫ Above, www is the host name, www.example.com is the
FQDN

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 DNS
⚫ nslookup program provides command-line access to
DNS (on most systems)
⚫ looking up a host name given an IP address is known
as a reverse lookup
⚫ Recall that single host may have multiple IP addresses.
⚫ Address returned is the canonical IP address specified in
the DNS system.

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 DNS
⚫ ipconfig (on windows) can be used to find the IP
address (addresses) of your machine
⚫ ipconfig /displaydns displays the contents of the DNS
Resolver Cache (ipconfig /flushdns to flush it)

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 Higher-level Protocols

⚫ Many protocols build on TCP

⚫ Telephone analogy: TCP specifies how we initiate and
terminate the phone call, but some other protocol specifies
how we carry on the actual conversation
⚫ Some examples:
⚫ SMTP (email) (25)
⚫ FTP (file transfer) (21)
⚫ HTTP (transfer of Web documents) (80)

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 World Wide Web
⚫ Originally, one of several systems for organizing
Internet-based information
⚫ Competitors: WAIS, Gopher, ARCHIE
⚫ Distinctive feature of Web: support for hypertext (text
containing links)
⚫ Communication via Hypertext Transport Protocol
(HTTP)
⚫ Document representation using Hypertext Markup
Language (HTML)

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 World Wide Web
⚫ The Web is the collection of machines (Web servers)
on the Internet that provide information, particularly
HTML documents, via HTTP.
⚫ Machines that access information on the Web are
known as Web clients. A Web browser is software
used by an end user to access the Web.

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 Hypertext Transport Protocol
(HTTP)
⚫ HTTP is based on the request-response communication
model:
⚫ Client sends a request
⚫ Server sends a response
⚫ HTTP is a stateless protocol:
⚫ The protocol does not require the server to remember
anything about the client between requests.

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 HTTP
⚫ Normally implemented over a TCP connection (80
is standard port number for HTTP)
⚫ Typical browser-server interaction:
⚫ User enters Web address in browser
⚫ Browser uses DNS to locate IP address
⚫ Browser opens TCP connection to server
⚫ Browser sends HTTP request over connection
⚫ Server sends HTTP response to browser over connection
⚫ Browser displays body of response in the client area of
the browser window

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 HTTP
⚫ The information transmitted using HTTP is often
entirely text
⚫ Can use the Internet’s Telnet protocol to simulate
browser request and view server response

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 HTTP

Connect { $ telnet www.example.org 80

Trying 192.0.34.166...
Connected to www.example.com (192.0.34.166).
Escape character is ’^]’.
GET / HTTP/1.1
Send Host: www.example.org
Request
{ HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Thu, 09 Oct 2003 20:30:49 GMT
Receive
Response { …

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 HTTP Request
⚫ Structure of the request:
⚫ start line
⚫ header field(s)
⚫ blank line
⚫ optional body

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 HTTP Request
⚫ Structure of the request:
⚫ start line
⚫ header field(s)
⚫ blank line
⚫ optional body

74
 HTTP Request
⚫ Start line
⚫ Example: GET / HTTP/1.1
⚫ Three space-separated parts:
⚫ HTTP request method
⚫ Request-URI (Uniform Resource Identifier)
⚫ HTTP version

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 HTTP Request
⚫ Start line
⚫ Example: GET / HTTP/1.1
⚫ Three space-separated parts:
⚫ HTTP request method
⚫ Request-URI
⚫ HTTP version
⚫ We will cover 1.1, in which version part of start line must be
exactly as shown

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 HTTP Request
⚫ Start line
⚫ Example: GET / HTTP/1.1
⚫ Three space-separated parts:
⚫ HTTP request method
⚫ Request-URI
⚫ HTTP version

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 HTTP Request
⚫ Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
⚫ Syntax: scheme : scheme-depend-part
⚫ Ex: In http://www.example.com/
the scheme is http
⚫ Request-URI is the portion of the requested URI that
follows the host name (which is supplied by the required
Host header field)
⚫ Ex: / is Request-URI portion of http://www.example.com/

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 URI
⚫ URI’s are of two types:
⚫ Uniform Resource Name (URN)
⚫ Can be used to identify resources with unique names, such as
books (which have unique ISBN’s)
⚫ Scheme is urn
⚫ Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
⚫ Specifies location at which a resource can be found
⚫ In addition to http, some other URL schemes are https, ftp, mailto,
and file

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 HTTP Request
⚫ Start line
⚫ Example: GET / HTTP/1.1
⚫ Three space-separated parts:
⚫ HTTP request method
⚫ Request-URI
⚫ HTTP version

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 Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
(MIME)
⚫ Convention for specifying content type of a message
⚫ In HTTP, typically used to specify content type of the
body of the response
⚫ MIME content type syntax:
⚫ top-level type / subtype
⚫ Examples: text/html, image/jpeg

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 Web Servers
⚫ Basic functionality:
⚫ Receive HTTP request via TCP
⚫ Map Host header to specific virtual host (one of many
host names sharing an IP address)
⚫ Map Request-URI to specific resource associated with
the virtual host
⚫ File: Return file in HTTP response
⚫ Program: Run program and return output in HTTP response
⚫ Map type of resource to appropriate MIME type and use
to set Content-Type header in HTTP response
⚫ Log information about the request and response

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 Web Servers
⚫ httpd: UIUC, primary Web server c. 1995
⚫ Apache: “A patchy” version of httpd, now the most
popular server (esp. on Linux platforms)
⚫ IIS: Microsoft Internet Information Server
⚫ Tomcat:
⚫ Java-based
⚫ Provides container (Catalina) for running Java servlets
(HTML-generating programs) as back-end to Apache or
IIS
⚫ Can run stand-alone using Coyote HTTP front-end

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 Web Servers
⚫ Some Coyote communication parameters:
⚫ Allowed/blocked IP addresses
⚫ Max. simultaneous active TCP connections
⚫ Max. queued TCP connection requests
⚫ “Keep-alive” time for inactive TCP connections
⚫ Modify parameters to tune server performance

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 Web Servers
⚫ Some Catalina container parameters:
⚫ Virtual host names and associated ports
⚫ Logging preferences
⚫ Mapping from Request-URI’s to server resources
⚫ Password protection of resources
⚫ Use of server-side caching

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 Tomcat Web Server
⚫ HTML-based server administration
⚫ Browse to
http://localhost:8080
and click on Server Administration link
⚫ localhost is a special host name that means “this
machine”

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 Tomcat Web Server

87
 Tomcat Web Server

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 Tomcat Web Server

89
 Tomcat Web Server
⚫ Some Connector fields:
⚫ Port Number: port “owned” by this connector
⚫ Max Threads: max connections processed simultaneously
⚫ Connection Timeout: keep-alive time

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 Tomcat Web Server

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Tools and Web Programming Languages
HTML
⚫ To describe the general form and layout of documents.
⚫ An HTML document is a mix of content and controls.
⚫ Controls are tags and their attributes.
Tools and Web Programming Languages
⚫ Tags often delimit content and specify
something about how the content should be arranged in
the document.
⚫ Attributes provide additional information about the
content of a tag.
 Tools and Web Programming Languages
XML
⚫ A meta-markup language.
⚫ Used to create a new markup language for a particular
purpose or area.
⚫ Because the tags are designed for a specific area, they can
be meaningful.
⚫ No presentation details.
⚫ A simple and universal way of representing data of any
textual kind.
 Tools and Web Programming Languages
JavaScript
⚫ A client-side HTML-embedded scripting language.
⚫ Only related to Java through syntax.
⚫ Dynamically typed and not object-oriented.
⚫ Provides a way to access elements of HTML documents
and dynamically change them.
 Tools and Web Programming Languages
Java
⚫ General purpose object-oriented programming language.
⚫ Based on C++, but simpler and safer.
⚫ Focus is on applets and servlets.
 Tools and Web Programming Languages
⚫ Perl is highly platform independent, and has been ported to
all common platforms.
⚫ Perl is not just for CGI.
 Tools and Web Programming Languages
PHP
⚫ A server-side scripting language.
⚫ An alternative to CGI.
⚫ Similar to JavaScript.
⚫ Great for form processing and database access through the
Web.
 Tools and Web Programming Languages
Tools for Creating Web Page
⚫ Adobe Dreamweaver (Latest version CS5)
⚫ Microsoft Front Page
⚫ Adobe PageMill