Chap2 Sampling
Chap2 Sampling
Signal Sampling
and Quantization
• The process of converting these signals into digital form is called analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion.
• The reverse process of reconstructing an analog signal from its samples is known as digital-to-analog (D/A)
conversion.
8 Bit Code
Digital Processor
• The reciprocal 𝐹𝑠 is called sampling frequency (cycles per second or Hz) or sampling rate (samples per second).
Sampling rate Sampling period Example sampling period: T = 125 µs.
Sample per second (Hz) 𝐹𝑠 = 1 𝑇 (second)
sampling rate: 𝐹𝑠 =1/125µs = 8,000 samples per second (Hz).
Sampled
signal
• The signal 𝑥𝑐 [𝑡] and its spectrum 𝑋𝑐 (𝑗Ω) Inverse Fourier Transform
(1)
Normalized Frequency
𝑛 (1)(2) (Cycles/ Sample)
• Since 𝑥[𝑛] is related to 𝑥𝑐 𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡 = 𝑛𝑇 =
𝐹𝑠
Sampling Frequency (Hz)
• The desired relationship between sampled signal spectrum 𝑋𝑠 𝐹 and the continuous signal spectrum 𝑋𝑐 (𝐹)
1
• Spectrum of 𝑥[𝑛] is obtained by scaling the spectrum of 𝑥𝑐 [𝑡], putting copies of the scaled spectrum 𝑋𝑐 (𝐹),
𝑇
1
at all integer multiples of the sampling frequency 𝐹𝑠 = 𝑇 .
• The spectrum of 𝑥[𝑛] can be readily sketched if 𝑥𝑐 (𝑡)is assumed to be band-limited. 𝑋𝑐 𝐹 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐹 > 𝐹𝐻
• The sampling operation leaves the input spectrum 𝑋𝑐 (Ω) intact when Ω𝑠 > 2Ω𝐻 , therefore, it should be possible
to recover or reconstruct 𝑥𝑐 (𝑡) from the sequence 𝑥 𝑛 .
• Sampling at Ω𝑠 > 2Ω𝐻 creates a guard band which simplifies the reconstruction process in practical applications.
• If Ω𝑠 < 2Ω𝐻 , the scaled copies of 𝑋𝑐 (Ω) overlap, so that when they are added together, 𝑋𝑐 (Ω) cannot be
recovered from 𝑋(Ω) .
• This effect, in which individual terms overlap is known as aliasing distortion or simply aliasing.
• Answer: The response lies in the frequency domain, in the relation between the spectra of 𝑥𝑐 [𝑡] and 𝑥[𝑛] .
Then 𝑥𝑐 (𝑡) can be uniquely determined by its samples 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥𝑐 (𝑛𝑇), where 𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2, … if the sampling
frequency Ω𝑠 satisfies the condition:
2𝜋
𝐹𝑠 = ≥ 2 𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑇𝑠
𝐹𝑠
• Half of the sampling frequency is usually called the Nyquist frequency (Nyquist limit), or folding frequency.
2
Example: To sample a speech signal containing frequencies up to 4 kHz, the minimum sampling rate is chosen
to be at least 8 kHz, or 8,000 samples per second.
Solution:
Using Euler’s identity,
a.
Replicas, no
additional
information.
CEN352 Dr. Nassim Ammour King Saud University 14
Signal Reconstruction
(Digital-to-Analog Conversion)
• The reconstruction process (recovering the analog signal from its sampled signal) involves two steps.
𝑥𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑛 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑛𝑇𝑠 )
𝑛=−∞
• Reconstruction filter
Perfect reconstruction is not possible, even if we use ideal low pass filter.
Solution:
b.
The Shannon sampling theory condition is satisfied
Solution:
a. b.
• Quantization : The quantizer converts the continuous amplitude signal discrete amplitude
signal.
• Encoding: After quantization, each quantization level is assigned a unique binary code.
𝑥 − 𝑥𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑖 : Index corresponding to binary code 𝑖 = 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
∆
∆ ∆
𝑒𝑞 : Quantization error 𝑒𝑞 = 𝑥𝑞 − 𝑥 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ − ≤ 𝑒𝑞 ≤
2 2
• bipolar quantizer deals with analog signals ranging from a negative reference to a positive
reference.
𝜋 𝜔 𝜋 1 1
Example 1: 𝜔= → 𝑓= = 4 = → 𝑁= =8
4 2𝜋 2𝜋 8 𝑓
Period of N = 8
3𝜋 𝜔 3𝜋 8 3 1 16
𝜔= → 𝑓= = = → 𝑁 = = 3×
8 2𝜋 2𝜋 16 𝑓 3