EEIR11 – Basics of Electrical and Electronics

Engineering

Dr. Srinivasulu Jogi

Assistant Professor, Dept. of ECE
NIT Trichy

[email protected]
 Time Table
Credits: 2
Day Time

Tuesday 08:30 AM to 09:20 AM

Wednesday 09:20 AM to 10:10 AM

Thursday 10:30 AM to 11:20 AM

Friday 11:20 AM to 12:10 PM

 Course Assessment Methodology
Credits: 2
 Overview of the Course
OBJECTIVES:


This course aims to equip the students with a basic understanding of Electrical
circuits and machines for specific types of applications.


The course gives a comprehensive exposure to house wiring.


This course also equips students with an ability to understand basics of analog
and digital electronics.
 Overview of the Course
Overview of the Course
Unit 1:

DC Circuits: Current, voltage, power, Kirchhoff’s Laws - circuit elements R, L and C.

AC Circuits: Phasor diagram, impedance, real and reactive power in single phase circuits.

Unit 2:

DC & AC Machines: DC Motor, Induction motor, Synchronous motor, Synchronous generator

and Transformers- construction, principle of operation, types and applications.
 Overview of the Course
Unit 3:

House wiring & safety: Single phase and three phase system – phase, neutral and earth.
Basic house wiring - tools and components.
Different types of wiring – staircase, florescent lamp and ceiling fan.
Basic safety measures at home and industry.

Unit 4:

Analog Electronics: semiconductor devices – p-n junction diode, Zener diode, BJT.
Operational amplifier – principle of operation and applications.
Introduction to UPS.

Unit 5:

Digital Electronics: Introduction to numbers systems, basic Boolean laws, reduction of

Boolean expressions and implementation with logic gates.
 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power

An electrical system:

1)The source
2)The load
3)The transmission system
4)The control apparatus
 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power
Current flow in a circuit:

Movement of electrons cause current.


There must be a complete circuit around which the electrons may move.

There must be a driving influence to cause the continuous flow.

The driving influence is termed the electromotive force (e.m.f.).

Each time the charge passes through the source, it provides more energy for the charge to
complete another round.
 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power

Electrical Units: Quantity of electricity


The unit of electrical quantity is coulomb.

The quantity of electricity passing a point in a circuit when:

A current of 1 A is flowing in the circuit for 1 second.


A coulomb is an ampere second.
 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power

Voltage:


The “push” that causes the current to flow

Units: volt or “V”
 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power

Resistance:


Opposes current flow in a circuit.

Units: ohms Step1: Identify the resistivity , length (L), and radius (r) of
the wire.
Step 2: Calculate the cross-sectional area of the wire using the
formula for the area of a circle: A= πr2
Step 3: Calculate the resistance (R) of the wire using the
formula for resistance
 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power


The unit of electrical resistance is ohm (Ω).

The resistance between two points in a circuit is one ohm if:

There is a potential difference of 1 V between the points.

Produces a current of 1 A in the circuit.

Alternatively, a ohm is the resistance of a circuit in which a current of 1 ampere generates
heat at the rate of 1 watt.

Power: In electric circuits, power is a function of both voltage and current.


Also the energy dissipated is given by
 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power
Ohm’s Law:
Attributed to Georg Ohm.

He found that p.d. across the ends of many conductors is proportional to the current
flowing between them.

For a given temperature,

The relationship is
 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power
Ohm’s Law:

Example 1: If the resistance of an electric iron is 50 Ω and a current of 3.2 A flows through
the resistance. Find the voltage between two points.

Example 2: A potential difference across 24 Ω resistor is 12 V. What is the current through

the resistor?
 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power
Resistor coding:
Resistor rating by means of rings painted around it.
The band nearer to the end is always taken the first.
1st, 2nd and 3rd bands indicate the resistance of resistor.
 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power
Resistor coding: Exercise

A resistor is marked

1st band Brown

2nd band Black
3rd band Orange
No other band

What is its resistance and between what values does it lie?

 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power
Resistance in series and parallel

When two or more resistances are connected end to end and there is only one path for
current to flow, then this combination of resistances is known as series combination of
resistances.

When one end of all the resistances is connected to a common point and the other end
of all the resistances is connected to another common point, so that there are as many
number of paths for current flow as the resistances, then this is known as parallel
combination of resistances.

Series resistance Parallel resistance

 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power
Capacitors

Capacitor is a device which can hold a reasonable amount of charge.

Capacitance proportional to distance between plates, area of plates.
A capacitor’s ability to hold electric charge is measured in farads. Paper-insulated capacitor

A charged capacitor may be regarded as a reservoir of electricity.

If the plates have an area A and are separated by a distance d,
the electric field generated across the plates is

 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power
Capacitors
and the voltage across the capacitor plates is

The current flowing into the capacitor is the rate of change of the
charge across the capacitor plates i=dq/dt, and thus we have,


The constant of proportionality C is referred to as the capacitance

of the capacitor. It is a function of the geometric characteristics of
the capacitor - plate separation (d) and plate area (A) - and by
the permittivity (ε) of the dielectric material between the plates.
 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power
Capacitors: Capacitance
The property of a capacitor to store an electric charge when its plates are at different potentials
is referred to as its capacitance.
The unit of capacitance is termed the farad (abbreviation F).
A farad is defined as the capacitance of a capacitor between the plates of which there appears
a potential difference of 1 volt when it is charged by 1 coulomb of electricity.
It follows from the definition of the farad that

In practice, the farad is found to be inconveniently large.

The capacitance is usually expressed in microfarads (μF) or in picofarads (pF)
 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power
Capacitors: Capacitors in parallel
C1 and C2 farads, connected in parallel across a p.d. of V volts.
The charge on C1 is Q1 coulombs and that on C2 is Q2 coulombs.
Replace C1 and C2 by a single capacitor of C farads to hold total
charge of (Q1 + Q2) produced by same p.d, then

Substituting for Q1 and Q2 , we have

The resultant capacitance of capacitors in parallel is the arithmetic

sum of their respective capacitances.

Capacitors connected in parallel combine like resistors in series

 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power
Capacitors: Capacitors in series
If V1 and V2 are the corresponding p.d.s across C1 and C2 respectively

Replace C1 and C2 by a single capacitor of capacitance C such that it

would have the same charge Q with same p.d V

V = V1 + V2, substituting, we get

The reciprocal of the resultant capacitance of capacitors connected in

series is the sum of the reciprocals of their respective capacitances.
Capacitors connected in series combine like resistors in parallel
 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power
Capacitors
 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power
Inductor:
The inductor is a coil which stores energy in the magnetic field.
Consider a wire of length l forming a loop of area A as shown. A current i(t)
is flowing through the wire as indicated. This current generates a magnetic
field B which is equal to

Where µ is the magnetic permeability of the material enclosed by the wire.

The magnetic flux, Φ, through the loop of area A is

Where

 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power
Inductor:
We also known that from maxwells equations

And by taking L to be a constant we obtain the current-voltage relationship for this loop of wire
also called an inductor.

The parameter L is called the inductance of the inductor. It has the unit of Henry (H). Symbol
Inductors in parallel combine like resistors in parallel
Inductors in series combine like resistors in series


 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power
Inductor
 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power
Series and Parallel Circuits:

Series Parallel
Current

Voltage

Resistance
 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power
Kirchhoff’s laws:
In a series circuit, the sum of the voltages across each of the components is equal to the
applied voltage.
The sum of the currents in the branches of a parallel network is equal to the supply
current.
Gustav Kirchhoff, a German physicist, observed that these were particular instances of two
general conditions.
 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power
Kirchhoff’s laws:
First (current) law:

At any instant the algebraic sum of the currents at a junction in a network is zero.
Different signs are allocated to currents held to flow towards the junction and to those
away from it.
I1 = 3 A, I2 = 4 A, I4 = 2 A. Find I3.
 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power
Kirchhoff’s laws:
First (current) law:

At any instant the algebraic sum of the currents at a junction in a network is zero.
Different signs are allocated to currents held to flow towards the junction and to those
away from it.
Find the relationship among I1, I2, I4, and I5.
For junction
a:

For junction
b:
 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power
Kirchhoff’s laws:
Second (voltage) law:
The algebraic sum of all the voltages in any mesh (closed circuit) is zero.
 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power
Kirchhoff’s laws:
Second (voltage) law:
The algebraic sum of all the voltages in any mesh (closed circuit) is zero. Consider the
circuit with one loop shown below. The sum of voltages while passing through the
clockwise direction must sum to zero as shown
 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power
Kirchhoff’s laws:
Example 1: Analyze the following circuit.
 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power
Kirchhoff’s laws:
Example 1: Analyze the following circuit.
How many KCLs and KVLs we can write?
 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power
Kirchhoff’s laws:
Example 1: Analyze the following circuit.
How many KCLs and KVLs we can write?
 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power
Kirchhoff’s laws:
Example 2: Write the KVL equation for the circuits shown.

 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power
Kirchhoff’s laws:
Example 2: Write the KVL equation for the circuits shown.

 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power
Kirchhoff’s laws:
Example 3: Estimate the current i for the circuit shown.

 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power
Kirchhoff’s laws:
Example 2: Estimate the current i for the circuit shown.

 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power
Kirchhoff’s laws:
Example 4: Estimate the current i for the circuit shown.

 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power
Kirchhoff’s laws:
Example 2: Estimate the current i for the circuit shown.

 DC Circuits-Current, Voltage, Power
Kirchhoff’s laws:
Example 5: Estimate the all the currents in the circuit shown.




Example 6: Estimate the all the currents in the circuit shown.

 AC Circuits

DC circuits: A direct current (d.c) is a current which remains constant in magnitude
with respect to time.
AC circuits: An alternating current (a.c) is a current which changes periodically
with respect to time both in magnitude and direction.






 AC Circuits
Advantages
AC voltages can be efficiently stepped up/down using transformer.
AC motors are cheaper and simpler in construction than DC motors
Electrical transmission of a.c. signals at higher voltages is possible.
Whenever it is necessary a.c. supply can be easily converted to obtain d.c. supply






 AC Circuits
Generation of AC voltage
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction

Accordingly, whenever there is a relative motion between the conductor and
magnetic field in which it is kept, an EMF gets induced in the conductor.







 AC Circuits
Generation of AC voltage




According to Faradays Law, the induced EMF is



 AC Circuits
Generation of AC voltage


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 AC Circuits
Terminology
Instantaneous Value

The value of an alternating quantity at a particular instant is known as the
instantaneous value.
Amplitude

The maximum value attained by an alternating quantity during positive or negative
half cycle is called its amplitude.
Cycle

Each set of repetition of a set of positive and negative instantaneous values of
the alternating quantity is called a cycle.

 AC Circuits
Terminology
Time period (T):

The time taken by an alternating quantity to complete its one cycle is known as
its time period denoted by “T” seconds.
Frequency (f)

The number of cycles completed by an by an alternating quantity per second is
known as its frequency denoted by “f” and measured in cycles/second or hertz
(Hz). The time period and frequency are related by
Angular Frequency ( )

The frequency expressed in electrical radians per second.

 AC Circuits
Terminology
R.M.S

The effective or R.M.S value of an alternating current is given by that steady
state current (d.c.) which when flowing through a given circuit for a given time
produces the same amount of power/heat as produced by the alternating current
which when flowing through the same circuit for the same time.





 AC Circuits
Terminology
RMS value






 AC Circuits
Terminology
R.M.S

The R.M.S value of current is given by Irms=Im/sqrt(2)

The R.M.S value of voltage is given by Vrms=Vm/sqrt(2)
 Average value

The average value of an alternating quantity is defined as that value which is
obtained by averaging all the instantaneous values over a period of half cycle.



The average value of current if given by Iavg=0.637Im

The average value of voltage if given by Vavg=0.637Vm
 AC Circuits
Terminology
Average value






 AC Circuits
Terminology
Form factor

The ratio of R.M.S value to the average value Kf=Irms/Iavg=0.707Im/0.637Im

 Peak factor

The ratio of maximum value to the R.M.S value Kp=Im/Irms=Im/0.707Im



 AC Circuits
Phasor Representation
Phasor

Phasor is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction




 AC Circuits
Phasor Representation
Phasor




 AC Circuits
Phasor Representation
Purely resistive circuit


As shown in the figure
 AC Circuits
Phasor Representation
Purely resistive circuit
 AC Circuits
Phasor Representation
Purely resistive circuit

Power:


The average power consumed by purely resistive circuit is product of Vrms & Irms
 AC Circuits
Phasor Representation
Purely inductive circuit

As shown in the figure


 AC Circuits
Phasor Representation
Purely inductive circuit
 AC Circuits
Phasor Representation
Purely inductive circuit

Power:


The average power consumed by purely inductive circuit is zero.
 AC Circuits
Phasor Representation
Purely capacitive circuit

As shown in the figure

 
From above, it is clear that current leads the voltage
by 900 in a pure capacitive circuit.
 AC Circuits
Phasor Representation
Purely capacitive circuit
 AC Circuits
Phasor Representation
Purely capacitive circuit

Power:


The average power consumed by purely capacitive circuit is zero.
 AC Circuits
Terminology
Power factor

It is the cosine of the angle between voltage and current.

 Active power

It is the actual power consumed in the circuit. It is given by the product of rms
voltage and rms current and cosine angle between voltage and current
 AC Circuits
Terminology



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
 AC Circuits
Terminology



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 AC Circuits
Phasor Representation
Resistive-inductive circuit


Phasor diagram
 AC Circuits
Phasor Representation
Resistive-inductive circuit


 AC Circuits
Phasor Representation
Resistive-inductive circuit


 AC Circuits
Phasor Representation
Resistive-capacitive circuit


Phasor diagram
 AC Circuits
Phasor Representation
Resistive-capacitive circuit


 AC Circuits
Phasor Representation
Resistive-capacitive circuit


 AC Circuits
Phasor Representation
Resistive-inductive-capacitive circuit


Phasor diagram
 AC Circuits
Phasor Representation
Example: The sinusoidal voltage applied to a circuit of unknown impedance is
V=325sin(wt) and current is I=7sin(wt+63o). Calculate
(i) RMS value of voltage and current
(ii) Unknown impedance
(iii) Power factor angle
(iv) comment whether the current is lagging or leading with respect to voltage


 AC Circuits
Phasor Representation
Example: A series R-L circuit having R=20ohm and L=0.05H is connected across
100V, 50Hz supply. Calculate the circuit current and power consumed.