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(IMPORTANT FORMULAE)

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கனிஇருப்பக் காய்கவர்ந் தற்று

victory
M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed.
PG ASST (PHYSICS)

யாதும் ஊரே யாவரும் ரகளிர் தீதும் நன்றும் பிறர் தே வாோ

 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES - FORMULAE

1. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES : The instantaneous magnitude of electric and

magnetic vectors in EM-wave are related as
𝑬𝒚 𝟏
= =𝒄
𝑩𝒛 √𝝁𝒐 𝜺𝒐
(𝒐𝒓) 𝑬𝒚 = 𝑩𝒛 𝒄
3. ENERGY DENSITY OF EM – WAVE :
The average electric energy density is,
𝟏 𝟏
James clark Maxwell proposed the theory of 𝒖𝑬 = 𝜺𝒐 𝑬𝟐 = 𝜺𝒐 𝑬𝟐𝒎
𝟐 𝟒
EM waves in 1885 The average magnetic energy density is,
According to Maxwell, if a changing magnetic 𝟏 𝑩𝟐 𝟏 𝑩𝟐𝒎
field can produce an electric field, then change 𝒖𝑩 = =
𝟐 𝝁𝒐 𝟒 𝝁𝒐
in electric field must produce a magnetic field. By substituting 𝐵 = 𝐸/𝑐 and 𝑐 2 = 1/𝜇𝑜 𝜀𝑜 we
This linked electric and magnetic have Total average energy density of
disturbances propagated in the form of EM – wave is
waves called EM waves which travels with
𝑩𝟐
velocity of light in free space. 𝒖 = 𝒖𝑬 + 𝒖𝑩 = 𝜺𝒐 𝑬𝟐 =
𝝁𝒐
Maxwell’s theoritical predictions was
𝟏 𝟏 𝑩𝟐𝒎
experimentally confirmed by Heinrich Rudulf (𝑜𝑟) 〈𝒖〉 = 〈𝒖𝑬 〉 + 〈𝒖𝑩 〉 = 𝜺𝒐 𝑬𝟐𝒎 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝝁𝒐
Hertz in 1888
4. POYNTING VECTOR :
Equation of plane EM – waves
When an electromagnetic wave advances, the
The equation of time varying electric field
electromagnetic energy flows in the direction
⃗⃗⃗𝑬 = 𝑬𝒚 𝒋̂ = 𝑬𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒌𝒙 − 𝝎𝒕)̂𝒋
of ⃗⃗⃗𝐸 × ⃗⃗⃗𝐵
𝒙 𝒕
⃗⃗⃗𝑬 = 𝑬𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 [𝟐𝝅 ( − )] ̂𝒋 The quantity of energy flowing per unit area
𝝀 𝑻
per second in an EM-wave is called Poynting
The equation of time varying magnetic field
⃗⃗⃗𝑩 = 𝑩𝒛 𝒌 ̂ = 𝑩𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒌𝒙 − 𝝎𝒕) ̂𝒌 vector (⃗⃗𝑆) and it is given by
𝒙 𝒕 𝟏
⃗⃗⃗𝑩 = 𝑩𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 [𝟐𝝅 ( − )] ̂𝒌 ⃗⃗⃗𝑺 = (⃗⃗⃗𝑬 × ⃗⃗⃗𝑩) = 𝒄𝟐 𝜺𝒐 (⃗⃗⃗𝑬 × ⃗⃗⃗𝑩)
𝝀 𝑻 𝝁𝒐
Their corresponding differential equations are 5. MOMENTUM EXERTED BY EM-WAVE :
𝝏𝟐 𝑬 𝒚 𝝏𝟐 𝑬 𝒚 If U is the total energy transported to a surface
= 𝝁 𝜺
𝒐 𝒐 during time ‘t’, then momentum delivered to
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒕𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝑩𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝑩𝒛 the surface,
= 𝝁 𝜺
𝒐 𝒐 𝑼
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒕𝟐 𝒑=
2. VELOCITY OF EM-WAVES : 𝒄
Velocity of EM-waves in free space is, 6. RADIATION PRESSURE :
𝟏 The pressure exerted by the electromagnetic
𝒄= = 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎/𝒔 wave is called radiation pressure and it is
√𝝁𝒐 𝜺𝒐
given by,
Velocity of EM-waves in a medium of refractive
⃗⃗⃗𝑺
index ‘n’ is 𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 =
𝒄 𝟏 𝒄
𝒗= = 7. INTENSITY OF RADIATION :
𝒏 √𝝁 𝜺
It is the amount of energy passing through unit
From this, the refractiv index of the medium is
area in unit time.
𝒄 √𝝁 𝜺
𝒏= = = √ 𝝁𝒓 𝜺𝒓 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦/𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝒗 √𝝁𝒐 𝜺𝒐 𝐼= =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝟐
𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝑬𝟐𝒎
𝑰= 〈𝒖〉 𝒄 = 𝒄 𝜺𝒐 𝑬 = 𝒄 𝜺𝒐 𝑬𝒎 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝒄 𝝁𝒐
victory R SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed 1
 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES - FORMULAE

8. HERTZ EXPERIMENT : 10. MAXWELL’S CORRECTION :

Ampere’s circuital law state that,
∮ ⃗⃗⃗𝑩. ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝒍 = 𝝁𝒐 𝑰𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒅
According to Maxwell,
∮ ⃗⃗⃗𝐵 . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇𝑜 (𝑖𝐶 + 𝑖𝐷 )

EM- wave are emitted from accelerated 𝒅𝚽𝑬

∮ ⃗⃗⃗𝑩. ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝒍 = 𝝁𝒐 𝒊𝑪 + 𝝁𝒐 𝜺𝒐
charges. Hertz used oscillatory circuit to 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝚽𝑬
produce EM-waves. Here, 𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒘𝒆𝒍𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 = 𝝁𝒐 𝜺𝒐 𝒅𝒕
The frequency of oscillation is given by, 11. MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS :
𝟏 1) Gauss law in electrostatics
𝒇=
𝟐 𝝅 √𝑳 𝑪 Integeral form,
Hertz produced EM - waves of frequency 𝒒
∮ ⃗⃗⃗𝑬. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑨 =
𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝑯𝒛 (i.e.) wavelength 6 m 𝜺𝒐
9. DISPLACEMENT CURRENT : Differential form,
𝝆
𝛁 . ⃗⃗⃗𝑬 =
𝜺𝒐
2) Gauss law in magnetostatics
Integeral form,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝟎
∮ ⃗⃗⃗𝑩. 𝒅𝑨
Differential form,
The current through the conducting wire due 𝛁 . ⃗⃗⃗𝑩 = 𝟎
to flow of electrons is called conducting 3) Faraday law of electromagnetic
current. induction
But the current which come into play where Integral form,
the electric field and hence electric flux is 𝒅𝚽𝑬
∮ ⃗⃗⃗𝑬. ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝒍 = −
changing with time is called displacement 𝒅𝒕
current. Differential form
Electric field in between the plates, ⃗⃗
𝝏𝑩
𝜎 𝑞 𝛁 × ⃗⃗⃗𝑬 = −
𝝏𝒕
𝐸= =
𝜀𝑜 𝜀𝑜 𝐴 4) Ampere – Maxwell law :
𝑑𝐸 1 𝑑𝑞 1 Integral form,
= = 𝑖
𝑑𝑡 𝜀𝑜 𝐴 𝑑𝑡 𝜀𝑜 𝐴 𝐷 𝒅𝚽𝑬
∮ ⃗⃗⃗𝑩. ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝒍 = 𝝁𝒐 𝒊𝑪 + 𝝁𝒐 𝜺𝒐
Hence the displacement current is, 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑬 𝒅𝚽𝑬 Differential form,
𝒊𝑫 = 𝜺𝒐 𝑨 = 𝜺𝒐
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 ⃗
𝒅𝑬
Properties : 𝛁 × ⃗⃗⃗𝑩 = 𝝁𝒐 𝑱𝑪 + 𝝁𝒐 𝜺𝒐
𝒅𝒕
1) It is called current because it produces Note :
magnetic field. By Gauss – divergence theorem,
2) Magnitude of displace current density is
equal to rate of change of electric ∬ ⃗⃗⃗∅. 𝑑𝑆
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ∭(∇ . ⃗⃗⃗∅) 𝑑𝑉
𝑆 𝑉
displacement
𝒊𝑫 𝒅𝑬 𝒅𝑫 By Kelvin – Stoke’s theorem,
𝑱𝑫 = = 𝜺𝒐 =
𝑨 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 ∫ ⃗⃗⃗∅. 𝑑𝑙
⃗⃗⃗ = ∬(∇ × ⃗⃗⃗∅) . 𝑑𝑆
⃗⃗⃗⃗
3) Displace current is negligible in a good
𝑙 𝑆
conductor

victory R SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed 2

 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES - FORMULAE

Note : 14. PROPERTIES OF THE ATMOSPHERE :

Maxwell’s equations indicates that the electric
and magnetic phenomena are asymmetric
which is due to the non existance of magnetic
mono poles.
12. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM :
1) Gamma rays :
Wavelength : 6 × 10−13 𝑚 − 1 × 10−10 𝑚
Frequency : 5 × 1022 𝐻𝑧 − 3 × 1019 𝐻𝑧
2) X – rays :
Wavelength : 1 × 10−10 𝑚 − 3 × 10−8 𝑚
Frequency : 3 × 1019 𝐻𝑧 − 1 × 1016 𝐻𝑧
3) UV – rays :
Wavelength : 3 × 10−8 𝑚 − 4 × 10−7 𝑚 15. GREEN HOUSE EFFECT :
Frequency : 1 × 1016 𝐻𝑧 − 8 × 1014 𝐻𝑧
4) Visible light :
Wavelength : 4 × 10−7 𝑚 − 8 × 10−7 𝑚
Frequency : 8 × 1014 𝐻𝑧 − 4 × 1014 𝐻𝑧
5) IR – red rays :
Wavelength : 8 × 10−7 𝑚 − 3 × 10−5 𝑚
Frequency : 4 × 1014 𝐻𝑧 − 1 × 1013 𝐻𝑧
6) Heat Radiations :
Wavelength : 1 × 10−5 𝑚 − 1 × 10−1 𝑚
Frequency : 3 × 1013 𝐻𝑧 − 3 × 109 𝐻𝑧
7) Microwaves : 16. PROPAGATION OF RADIO WAVES :
Wavelength : 1 × 10−3 𝑚 − 3 × 10−1 𝑚 For communication purpose, both micro
Frequency : 3 × 1011 𝐻𝑧 − 1 × 109 𝐻𝑧 waves and Radio waves are used.
8) Ultra High Frequency (UHF) : The reflecting property of inosphere is used
Wavelength : 1 × 10−1 𝑚 − 1 𝑚 in radio communication.
Frequency : 3 × 109 𝐻𝑧 − 3 × 108 𝐻𝑧
9) Very High Frequency (VHF) :
Wavelength : 1 𝑚 − 10 𝑚
Frequency : 3 × 108 𝐻𝑧 − 3 × 107 𝐻𝑧
10)Radio Frequency (RF) :
Wavelength : 10 𝑚 − 1 × 104 𝑚
Frequency : 3 × 107 𝐻𝑧 − 3 × 104 𝐻𝑧
11)Power Frequency (PF) :
Wavelength : 5 × 106 𝑚 − 6 × 106 𝑚
Frequency : 60 𝐻𝑧 − 50 𝐻𝑧
13. Visible spectrum :
1) Violet : 4 × 10−7 𝑚 − 4.25 × 10−7 𝑚
2) Indigo : 4.25 × 10−7 𝑚 − 4.50 × 10−7 𝑚
3) Blue : 4.5 × 10−7 𝑚 − 5 × 10−7 𝑚 The maximum distance (d) upto which the
4) Green : 5 × 10−7 𝑚 − 5.7 × 10−7 𝑚 broadcast can be received is
5) Yellow : 5.7 × 10−7 𝑚 − 5.9 × 10−7 𝑚 𝒅 = √𝟐 𝑹 𝒉
6) Orange : 5.9 × 10−7 𝑚 − 6.2 × 10−7 𝑚 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑹 → 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ
7) Red : 6.2 × 10−7 𝑚 − 7.5 × 10−7 𝑚 𝒉 → ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎
victory R SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed 3