- CHAPTER 03

Current

R
Electricity

SI
Chapter Analysis w.r.t: Lost 3 Yeor's Boord Exoms
The analysis given here gives you an analytical picture of this chapter and will helpyou to identify
the concepts of the chapter that are to befocussed morefrom exam point of view.
Number of Questions asked in last 3 years
IT
2015 2016 2017
1----,---------- ---,-----------------+------,c----------I
Delhi All India Delhi All India Delhi All India
Very Short Answer (1 mark) 1Q 1Q I 1Q
Short Type I Answer (2 m~u~s) 1Q _ _1<l. +__ ~_g__1-~9_-+-I__
J-------
H
Short TYI:eII Answer (3 mark_sl__ ~_ _ ~9 -------r----------+---------

valu~~:~:~::;t~::~:~~larksl --------- --------- 0-- ---------t--~--~-f---~

O

• In 2015, in Delhi set, one question of 1 mark based on J- V graph, one numerical question
of 2 marks based on Kirchhoff's rule and one question of 3 marks based on Drift Velocity
and Relaxation Time were asked.'In Ail India set, one question of 1 mark based on Graph
Type question on Ohm's Law, one question of 2 marks based on Kirchhoff's Law and
Balance Condition of Wheatstone Bridge and one numerical question of 3 marks based
M

on Electric Circuit were asked.

• In 2016, only one numerical question 2 marks based on Circuit in All India set.
• In 2017, in All India set, one question of 1 mark based on Joule's Law of Heating and one
question of 5 marks based on Working of the Meter Bridge and neumerical based on it
were asked. In Delhi set, only one question of 5 marks based on Kirchhoff's Law was
asked.
On the basis of above analysis, it can be said that from exam point of view Kirchhoff's Rule, Drift
Velocity, Relaxation Time and Meter Bridge are most important concepts of the chapter.
[TOPIC 1] Electric Conduction, Ohm's Law and
Resistance
1.1Electric Current (Ii) In Case of a Solid Conductor
The directed rate of flow of electric charge In case of solid conductor (i.e. Cu, Fe, Ag, etc) atoms
are tightly bound to each other but there are large

R
through any cross-section of a conductor is
known as electric current. number of free electrons in them to conduct.
If !!Q charge flows in time !!t, then current at
(Iii) In Case of a Liquid Conductor
.
any time t IS. I = lim!!Q
- = -dQ In case of a liquid conductor like electrolytic solution,
!>J~ o!!t dt

SI
there are positive and negative charged ions which can
Also, I = '1. = ne move on applying electric field to conduct.
t t
[.: q = neJ 1.2 Ohm's Law
where, n = number of charged particles At constant temperature, the potential difference V
constitute the electric current. across the ends of a given metallic wire (conductor) in
The direction of the current is in the flow of an electric circuit is directly proportional to the current
positive charge and opposite to the direction flowing through it.
IT
of flow of negative charge. V cc I or V = IR
SI unit of current is ampere and it is where, R = resistance of conductor
represented by A .
The variation of current w.r.t. applied potential
1A = 1 cot..:.:=nb (C) = 10 s difference is shown with the help of following graph.
1 second (s)
I
H
NOTE Current is a scalar quantity.

Current Density
The current density at a point in a conductor
"'-------v
O

is the ratio of the current at that point in the

conductor to the area of cross-section of the No effect of V and I on R because as V increase, I
conductor at that point. increase but R remains the same.
If a current I is distributed uniformly over
the cross-section A of a conductor, then the
Resistance of a Conductor
It is defined as the ratio of potential difference applied
M

current densi
ensity at t h at pomt
.. IS J =-.
I across the ends of the conductor to the current flowing
A
through it.
NOTE Current density is a vector quantity.
Mathematically, R=~
I
Electric Current in Conductors SI unit is ohm (0).

(I) In Case of a Metallic Conductor Resistance can also be written as, R = p!:
A
Among the solids, all metals are good where, L = length of the conductor, A = area of
conductors of electricity. Free electrons are cross-section and p = constant. known as resistivity of
the cause of conductance of electricity in the material. It depends upon the nature of the
them. material and temperature of the conductor.
76 IZl Chopterwise CBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

Effect of Temperature on Colour Code of Carbon Resistance

Resistance The colour code of carbon resistor remains in the
form of coaxial rings.
Temperature coefficient of resistance averaged
over the temperature range tl °C to t2 °C is given by The first band represents the first significant figure,
second band represents second significant figure
R2 -RI
ex = -=----'-- and third band represents multiplier (i.e. power of

R
RI (t2 - tl)
ten). The fourth band represents tolerance.
where, RI and R2 are the resistances at tl °C and Black Brown Red Orange Yellow
t2 °C, respectively. I I I I I
B B ROY
Drift Velocity I I I I I

SI
It is defined as the average velocity with which o 2 3 4
the free electrons move towards the positive end Green Blue Violet Grey White
of a conductor under the influence of an external
electric field applied across the conductor. I I Very
I I I
of Great Britain had Good Wife
eE
Thus, vd = -'t
m I I I I I
5 6 7 8 9
where, 't = relaxation time, E = electric field,
IT
m = mass of the electron, e = electronic charge
--f) )))) (j-
The drift velocity of electron is of the order of Carbon resistor
lO-4ms-l.
Tolerance Unit

Mobility Gold 5%
H
Silver 10%
The ratio of the drift velocity of the electrons to
No colour 20%
the applied electric field is known as mobility. It
• Vd q't
IS expressed as, Jl = -
E
=-
m 1.4 Conductance and
O

Its SI unit is m2s-IV-I• Conductivity

1.3 Resistivity of Various Conductance
It is defined as the reciprocal of resistance of
Material
M

conductor.
Resistivity of various material is defined as the 1
resistance of unit cube of a material of the given G=-
R
conductor
m Its SI unit is mho (Q-I) or siemen (S). The
p = ne2't dimensional formula of conductance is
It depends upon the following factors [M-IL-2T-3 A 2].

(i) p = ..!:.., where n = number of free electron

Conductivity
n
(ii) p = ..!:.., where 't = average relaxation time of It is defined as the reciprocal of resistivity of a
't conductor. It is expressed as, o = ..!:..
free electron. p
CHAPTER 3 : Current Electricity 77

Its SI unit is mho per metre (n-l/ m ).

Parallel Combination
Relation between }, o and E In this combination, first end of all the resistors
The relation between the current flowing through are connected to one point and last end of all the
the conductor and drift velocity of electron is resistors are connected to other point.
given by J = oE Equivalent resistance can be obtained by the
It is microscopic form of Ohm's law. formula,

R
Superconductivity
The resistivity of certain metals or alloys drops to R,
zero when they are cooled below a certain

SI
temperature. This is called superconductivity. It A?---------~~--------~B
was observed by Prof. Kamerlingh in 1911.

Some Important Units

(i) Resistance - Ohm (n) Rn
(ii) Resistivity - Ohm-metre (n-m) NOTE The total resistance in parallel combination is less than
(iii) Conductance (i) - Mho or n-l or
the least resistance of the circuit.
IT
• If n identical resistors each of resistance rare
Siemen (S) connected in
(iv) Current density - A/m2 (i) series combination, Req = nr

NOTE If a conductor is stretched or compresses to n times of (ii) parallel combination, Req =~

original length, then
n
R'=n2R
H
I'=nl ~
where, R' = new resistance and R = original resistance.

PREVIOUS YEARS'
1.5 Combinations of EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
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Resistors TOPIC 1
There are two types of combinations of resistors
o 1 Mark Questions
Series Combination
M

1. J.V graph for a metallic wire at two

In this combination, different resistors are different temperatures 7;. and T2 is as
connected end to end. shown in the figure below. Which of the
Equivalent resistance can be obtained by the two temperature is lower and why?
formula, Delhi 2015

Req = RI + R2 + ... + Rn
R, R2 R3 Rn
~ .... -IWVV'-

NOTE The total resistance in the series combination is more

than the greatest resistance in the circuit.
v-
78 o Chopterwise eBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

2. Graph showing the variation of current 13. Plot a graph showing the variation of
versus voltage for a material GaAs is resistance of a conducting wire as a
shown in the figure. Identify the region function of its radius. Keeping the length
(i) of negative resistance. of the wire and its temperature as
(ii) where Ohm's law is obeyed. constant. Foreign 2013
All Indio 2015 14. Two materials Si and Cu, are cooled from
300 K to 60 K. What will be the effect on

R
1
•.... their resistivity? Foreign 2013
E
~:::J B 15. When electrons drift in a metal from
()L...-=- _ lower to higher potential, does it mean
v-
Voltage that all the free electrons of the metal are

SI
moving in the same direction? Delhi 2012
3. Plot a graph showing the variation of
resistivity of a conductor with 16. Show on a graph, the variation of
temperature. Foreign 2015 resistivity with temperature for a typical
semiconductor. Deihl 2012
4. How does the random motion of free
electrons in a conductor get affected when 17. Two wires of equal length, one of copper
a potential difference is applied across its and the other of manganin have the same
ends? Delhi 2014 resistance. Which wire is thicker?
IT
All India 2012
5. Plot a graph showing variation of current
18. Define resistivity of a conductor. Write its

0
versus voltage for the material GaAs.
Deihl 2014 SI unit. All India 2011
6. Show variation of resistivity of copper 19. A wire of resistance 8 Q is
bent in the form of a circle. A B
as a function of temperature in graph.
What is the effective
H
Deihl 2014; All Indio 2014
resistance between the
7. Define the term drift velocity of charge ends of a diameter AB? Delhi 2010
carriers in a conductor and write its
relationship with the current flowing 20. Two conducting wires X and Y of same
through it. Deihl 2014 diameter but different materials are
O

joined in series across a battery. If the

8. Define the term electrical conductivity of number density of electrons in X is twice
a metallic wire. Write its SI unit. Deihl 2014 than that in Y, then find the ratio of drift
9. Show variation of resistivity of Si with velocity of electrons in the two wires.
temperature in graph. Deihl 2014, 12 All India 2010
M

10. Define the term mobility of charge 21. Two identical slabs, of a given metal, are
carriers in a conductor. Write its SI unit. joined together, in two different ways, as
Deihl 2014 shown in figures (a) and (b).
11. How does one explain increase in
resistivity of a metal with increase of
temperature? All Indio 2014C
12. Write a relation between current and drift
~~@ (a) (b)
velocity of electrons in a conductor. Use
this relation to explain how the resistance What is the ratio of the resistances of
of a conductor changes with the rise in these two combinations? Deihl 2010C
temperature? All Indio 2013
CHAPTER 3 : Current Electricity 79

22. The three coloured bands, on a carbon density of conduction electrons to be

resistor are red, green and yellow, 9 x 1028m-3.
respectively. Write the value of its All Indio 2014
resistance. All Indio 2009C
26. Draw a plot showing the variation of
o 2 Marks Questions resistivity of a (i) conductor and
(ii) semiconductor, with the increase in
temperature. How does one explain this
23. A metal rod of square cross-sectional area

R
behaviour in terms of number density of
A having length I has current I flowing charge carriers and the relaxation time?
through it when a potential difference of Delhl2014C
V volt is applied across its ends (figure I).
27. Derive an expression for the current
Now the rod is cut parallel to its length
density of a conductor in terms of the drift
into two identical pieces and joined as

SI
speed of electrons. Foreign 2014
shown in figure II. What potential
difference must be maintained across the 28. Define mobility of a charge carrier. Write
length of 2 I so that the current in the rod the relation expressing mobility in terms
is still I? of relaxation time. Give its SI unit.
All Indio 2013C
I+-- V----+l
29. A conductor of length I is connected to a
~ I ~ ~L....--;---,--,..--r-r- DC source of potential V. If the length of
IT
the conductor is tripled by gradually
(I) (II) stretching it, keeping V constant, how will
Foreign 2016
(i) drift speed of electrons and
24. Using the concept of drift velocity of (ii) resistance of the conductor be
charge carriers in a conductor, deduce the affected? Justify your answer.
relationship between current density and HOTS: Foreign 2012
H
resistivity of the conductor. Delhl2D15C 30. (i) You are required to select a carbon
25. Estimate the average drift speed of resistor of resistance 47kn ± 10%
conduction electrons in a copper wire of from a large collection. What should
cross-sectional area 1.0 x 10-7 m 2 carrying be the sequence of colour bands used
to code it?
O

a current of 1.5 A. Assume the density of

conduction electrons to be 9 x 1028 m -3. (ii) Write the characteristics of manganin
which make it suitable for making
All Indio 2014
standard resistance. Deihl 2011: Foreign 2011
Or Estimate the average drift speed of
31. Plot a graph showing temperature
conduction electrons in a copper wire of
dependence of resistivity for a typical
M

cross-sectional area 2.5 x 10-7 m 2 carrying

semiconductor. How is this behaviour
a current of 1.8 A. Assume the density of
explained? Deihl 2011
conduction electrons to be 9 x 1028 m -3.
32. The sequence of coloured bands in two
All Indio 2014
carbon resistors ~ and R2 is
Or Estimate the average drift speed of (i) brown, green, blue and
conduction electrons in a copper wire of (ii) orange, black, green.
cross-sectional area 2.5 x 10-7 m2
Find the ratio of their resistances.
carrying a current of 2.7 A. Assume the
Delhl2010C
80 o ehapterwise eBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

33. A wire of 15 n resistance is gradually 39. (i) Deduce the relation between current
stretched to double its original length. It I flowing through a conductor and
is then cut into two equal parts. These drift velocity v d of the electrons.
parts are then connected in parallel (ii) Figure shows a plot of current I
across a 3.0 V battery. Find the current flowing through the cross-section of a
drawn from the battery. All India 2009 wire versus the time t. Use the plot to
34. Derive an expression for drift velocity of find the charge flowing in 10 sec
free electrons in a conductor in terms of through the wire.

R
J(A)
relaxation time. Deihl 2009
35. (i) Derive an expression for drift velocity 10
of free electrons.
(ii) How does drift velocity of electrons in a 5

SI
metallic conductor vary with increase
in temperature? Explain. All India 2009 O¥---~------~--~
10 t (s) All India 2015C
36. (i) Define the term of drift velocity.
(ii) On the basis of electron drift, derive 40. Define relaxation time of the free
an expression for resistivity of a electrons drifting in a conductor. How it is
conductor in terms of number density related to the drift velocity of free
of free electrons and relaxation time. electrons? Use this relation to deduce the
On what factors does resistivity of a expression for the electrical resistivity of
IT
conductor depend? the material. All India 2012
(iii) Why alloys like constantan and 41. (i) Derive the relation between current
manganin are used for making density j and potential difference V
standard resistors? Delhi 2016 across a current carrying conductor

o 3 Marks Questions of length I, area of cross-section A

and the number density n of free
H
electrons.
37. Find the relation between drift velocity
(ii) Estimate the average drift speed of
and relaxation time of charge carriers in a
conduction electrons in a copper wire
conductor. A conductor of length Lis
of cross-sectional area 1.0 x 10-7 m 2
connected to a DC source of emf E. If the carrying a current of 1.5 A. [Assume
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length of the conductor is tripled by that the number density of

stretching it, keeping E constant, explain conduction electrons is 9 x 1028 m-3].
how its drift velocity would be affected. Delhi 2012C
Delhi 2015
42. A network of resistors is connected to a
38. In the two electric circuits shown in the 16 V battery of internal resistance of 1 n
M

figure, determine the readings of ideal as shown in the figure.

ammeter (A) and the ideal voltmeter (V). 40 120
- + + -
V V

:6V---:
I I
j------
: 6V
..

I I I

16V 10

I
I
I
I
(i) Compute the equivalent resistance of
!...------..I ~------ .. the network.
(a) (b)
(ii) Obtain the voltage drops VAB and
All India 2015
VCD' Fareign 2010
CHAPTER 3 : Current Electricity 81

43. Calculate the steady current through the ~Also, we know that resistance is directly
2 n resistor in the circuit shown in the proportional to the temperature. Therefore,
T2> TJ• (112)
figure. HOTS; Foreign 2010
2. (i) DE is the region of negative resistance because
the slope of curve in this part is negative. (112)
A B (ii) Be is the region where Ohm's law is obeyed
because in this part, the current varies linearly
with the voltage. (112)
3Q

R
3. The resistivity of a metallic conductor is given by
4Q
P = Po [l +a(T -To)]
Where, Po = Resistivity at reference temperature
6V 2.8 Q To = Reference temperature

44. Three resistors Rt, ~ and ~ are a= Coefficient of resistivity

SI
From the above relation, we can say that the graph
connected in parallel, across a source of
between resistivity of a conductor with
emf E and negligible internal resistance. temperature is straight line. But, at temperatures
Obtain a formula for the equivalent much lower than 273 K ( i.e. O°C), the graph
expressions for the current through each deviates considerably from a straight line as shown
of the three resistors. All Indio 2009C in the figure.

fE'
o 5 Marks Question a
t 0.4
IT
45. (i) Derive an expression for drift velocity a.
of electrons in a conductor. Hence, .?:- 0.2
deduce Ohm's law. :~
Ci5
(ii) A wire whose cross-sectional area is
increasing linearly from its one end
& 0 50 100 150
Temperature T (K) -+
to the others, is connected across a
H
4. Conductors contain free electrons. In the absence
battery of V volts. Which of the
of any external electric field, the free electrons are
following quantities remain constant
in random motion just like the molecules of gas
in the wire? in a container and the net current through wire is
(a) Drift speed zero. If the ends of the wire are connected to a
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(b) Current density battery, an electric field (E) will setup at every
point within the wire. Due to electric effect of the
(c) Electric current
battery,the electrons will experience a force in the
(d) Electric field direction opposite to E.
Justify your answer. Deihl 2017
5. Variation of current versus voltage for the material
GaAs.
IZI Explanations
M

Negative
1. Consider the figure, Non-line i resistance
region I regionI

II
v-
I
Voltage M
Since, slope of 1> slope of 2. (1)

.. RJ < R2 (112)
82 o Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

6. Graph of resistivity of copper as a function of 11. Increasing temperature causes greater electron
temperature is given below (resistivity of metals scattering due to increased thermal vibrations of
increases with increase in temperature). atoms and hence, resistivity P (reciprocal of
E conductivity) of metals increases linearly with
C: temperature.
't~ 0.4 12. Relation between current and drift velocity of
0: electrons in a conductor is given by
.~ 0.2 I=Anevd

R
~
·w
where, I = current,
Ql
rr L-__ -+ +-__~-- __ A = area of conductor,
o 50 100 150 n = number density of electrons and
Temperature T (K) - (1) vd = drift velocity.
with the increase in temperature of a metallic

SI
7. The term drift velocity of charge carriers in a
conductor, resistance increases and hence, drift
conductor is defined as the average velocity
velocity decreases. (1)
acquired by the free electrons along the length of
a metallic conductor under a potential difference 13. Resistance of a conductor of length Iand radius r
applied across the conductor. (112) is given by
Its relationship is expressed as I
R=p-
I 1tr2
Vd=-
neA (1/2)
where, I is current flowing through the conductor,
IT
n is concentration of free electrons, e is electronic
charge and A is cross-sectional area.
8. The electrical conductivity (0) of a metallic wire is
defined as the ratio of the current density to the r-
electric field it creates. Its SI unit is mho per
metre (0-1 /m). (1) 14. In silicon, the resistivity increases with decrease
H
in temperature.
9. The resistivity of a semiconductor decreases
In copper, the resistivity decreases with decrease
exponentially with temperature.
in temperature.
The variation of resistivity with temperature for 15. No, the drift speed of electrons is superposed over
semiconductor (Si) is shown in figure below. the random velocities of the electrons. (1)
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16. Refer to Ans. 9. (1)

a.-g 17. Given that resistance of both the wires are of

l~~
·~S equal length, so
§~ RMn = Rcu

"''''
M

Ql- PMnlMn _ lcu

rro ----- -Pcu- ... (i)
AMn Acu
T-
Temperature (1)
According to the question, both the wires are of
equal length, so IMn = lcu
10. The mobility of charge carriers in a conductor is :. From Eq. (i), we get
defined as the magnitude of drift velocity (in a
PMn = PCu
current carrying conductor) per unit electric field.
AMn Acu
(1/2)
Drift velocity (vdl q't
£. = constant
Jl = =- or
Electric field (El m A

where, or is the average relaxation time and m is or Acu = Pcu or P cc A

the mass of the charged particle. AMn PMn
Its SI unit is m2/V-s or rns " N-1 C (112)
CHAPTER 3 Current Electricity 83

We know that copper is better conductor than 21. In these types of questions, first of all, identify the
manganin, therefore, copper will have less combination in which the metal slabs are
resistivity. connected and then apply the formula for
equivalent resistance accordingly.
i.e. PCu < PMn

So, AMn > Acu (.: P cc A) Let the resistance each of conductor is R.
That means wire of manganin will be thicker Case I According to Fig. (a) the resistances are
connected in series combination, so equivalent
than that of copper. (1)
resistance of slab R[ = R + R = 2R

R
18. The resistivity of the material of conductor is Case IT According to Fig. (b), the resistances are
equal to the resistance offered by the conductor connected in parallel combination, so equivalent
of same material of unit length and unit resistance
cross-sectional area. The resistivity of a material 1 1 1 1 2 R
- = - + - ~ - '" - ~ R2 = -
of the conductor does not depend on the R2 R R R2 R 2

SI
geometry of the conductor. SI unit of resistivity is Ratio of the equivalent resistance in two
ohm-metre (Q -m). (1/2 + 112 = 1) combinations is
19. The resistance of the whole wire is BQ, which is .. .&=~=4 ~ '&=4
bent in the form of a circle. We have to find the R2 (RI2) R2 (1)
effective resistance between the ends of diameter
22. According to the colour code of resistances.
AB. Diameter of the circle divides the circle into
Code for red = 2, Code for green = 5 and
two equal parts. The resistance of each such part
Code for yellow = 4
will be ~ = 4Q. :. Resistance of the wire = 25 x 104 Q ± 20% (1)
2
IT
(Resistance R cc length of wire /, if length is 23. From Ohm's law, we have V = IR
halved then resistance will also become half). ~ V=Ip i [.:
R= piJ1 ... (i)
From the figure, it is clear that both the parts are A A rn
in parallel combination. So, effective resistance When the rod is cut parallel, and rejoined by
between A and B is given by length, the length of the conductor becomes 2 [,
1 1 1 whereas the area decrease to ~. If the current
--=-+-
H
2
RAB R[ R2 remains the same, the potential changes as
1 I 1 21 [
~ --=-+- V = Ip-=4xlp- =4V [Using Eq. (i}l
RAE 4 4 AI2 A

A----c;::J-B The new potential applied across the metal rod

will be four times the original potential (V). (1)
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24. As, we know that I = neAvd

4Q
4 Also current density J is given by J=i
~ RAE =--=2Q
1+1 A (1)
(1)

20. Given that number density in X [-: vd=e;:]

M

= 2 x Number density in Y
~ nx = 2ny or, J = ~E
P
[-:p= n~~]
As current is common for the enrin- CIrcuit (1)
i.e. 1= nxAx e (vd)x 25. Given, cross-sectional area, A = 1.0 x 10-7 m2
= nyAy e (vd}Y Current, I = 1.5A
Electron density, n = 9 x 1028 m"
Also, the diameters of the wires are same
Drift velocity, Vd =?
Ax =Ay
We know that, I = neAvd (1)
(Vdlx = ny 1.5
~ ~
I
vd =- = ---=~-----;-:;;------:;-
(vd}y n, neA 9 x 10
28 x l . 6 x 10 [9 X 1.0 x 10 7

=2=~ = 1.042 x 10-3 rn/s (1)

2ny 2 (1) OR (Am. = 5xlO-4m/s) OR (Ans = 7.5XlO-4m/s)
84 o Chopterwise eSSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

26. (i) Conductor A = cross-sectional area of conductor

0.4 e = electrons charge

:. Number of free electrons present in length I of

conductor = nAl
0.
.?;- 0.2 :. Total charge contained in length I which can
's contribute in current
~
'(ii
q = (nAI)e ... (i) (112)

R
<1l
a:
The time taken by free electron to cross the
o 50 100 150 length I of conductor is
Temperature T (K) - t=~ ... (ii)
Vd (112)
(ii) Semiconductor

SI
where, vd = drift speed of electron
:. Current through the conductor
I=i
t
1= (nAI)e
t
(nAI)e
Temperature (T) (1) d
= (~) = neAv
, The relation between resistivity and relaxation
IT
. m
tune, P=-2- ne AVd
ne=: :. Current densi
ensity ()J =-I =--= nevd
In conductors, average relaxation time decreases A A
with increase in temperature, resulting in an .. J = nevd i.e. F oc Vd (1)

increase in resistivity. Thus, current density of conductor is proportional

In semiconductors, the increase in number to drift speed.
H
density (with increase in temperature) is more
28. Mobility of a charge carrier is defined as the drift
than the decrease in relaxation time, the net
velocity of the charge carrier per unit electric field.
result is therefore a decrease in resistivity. (1)
It is generally denote by 11.
27. Let potential difference V is applied across a
conductor of length I and hence, an electric field E 11 = vd
E
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produced inside the conductor,

The 51 unit of mobility is m2 V-I S-l . (1)
.. E =~ ... (i)
I Drift velocity in term of relaxation time:
I+------I--------+l -eE
Vd=--'t
~ m
-e In magnitude,
M

-e vd =-'t
eE
-e m
vd = e't
or
I Conventional Electric I E m
current current e't
11 =-
m (1)
L--------l+ 111-_----------'
29. When a wire is stretched, then there is no change
Battery in the matter of the wire hence, its volume remains
constant.
Let n = number density of free electrons
The potential V = constant, l' = 31
CHAPTER 3 Current Electricity 85

-(i) Drift speed of electrons =--

.

where, n is number of electrons, e is charge on

V

ne/p

electron, I is the length of the conductor and p is

1Df
Violet _
Yellow

-E)
_ Orange
Silver

)-
the resistivity of conductor.
1 (I)
v DC - (.: Other factors are constants)
(ii) Two properties of manganin are
I
So, when length is tripled, drift velocity gets (a) low temperature coefficient ofresistance.
one-third. (1) (b) high value of resistivity of material of

R
(ii) Resistance of the conductor is given as manganin make it suitable for making a
I standard resistor. (I)
R=p-
A
31. To plot the graph between the two quantities. first
Here, wire is stretched to triple its length, that of all identify the relation between them.
means the mass of the wire remains same in

SI
both the conditions. Since, resistivity of material of conductor (P) is
Mass before stretching = Mass after stretching
given by, p = ~
(Volume x Density) before stretching ne2t
= (Volume x Density) after stretching
where, n = number density of electrons,
(Area of cross-section x Length) before
stretching = (Area of cross-section x Length) and t = relaxation time.

after stretching With the rise of temperature of semiconductor,

(.: Density is same in both cases) number density of free electrons increases, whereas
t remains constant and hence resistivity decreases.
Alii = A2/2
IT
(I
All = A2 (31)
(": Length is tripled after stretching)
Al
A2=-
3
i.e. when length is tripled area of cross-section
is reduced to ~.
H
3
I'
Hence, R=p-
A' T-
31 Resistivity of 0 semiconductor decreoses
=Pjf ropidly with temperoture
3 32. According to colour codes, resistance of two wires
O

I are
=9p-=9R
A (1) (i) Code of brown = 1
Thus, new resistance will be 9 times of its Code of green = 5
original value. (1)
Code of blue = 6
30. (i) Given, resistance = 47 kn ± 10% RI =15x106n ± 20%
M

= 47 x 10 n 3
± 10% (ii) Code of orange = 3
:. Ist colour band should be yellow as code for Code of black = 0
it is 4. Code of green = 5
IInd colour band should be violet as code for it R2 = 30 x 105n ± 20%
is 7. . . R 15x1~
:. Ratio of resistances. -.!. = 5 = 5
IIIrd colour band should be orange as code for R2 30x10
it is 3.
RI = 5
Nth colour band should be silver because
R2
approximation is ± 10%
86 o ehapterwise eSSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

33. Let original cross-sectional area and length of

15 n resistance are A and I after stretching they
become A' and 1', respectively.
Initial resistance, R= pi. ~ 15 = pi. ...(i) The drift speed v d may be defined as
A A __V..!..I_+_V~2_+_·_··_·
+_V.!!,n
Vd -
:. In case of stretching, volume of the wire n
remains same, so _ (UI + U2+ ....+ un) + a ('ti + 't2 + ... +
Vd - ~'---"-----"-'---'-..!..---'----''-'.'tn)
AI= A'I' n
+U2+····+Un) a('ti +'t2+···+'t

R
but 1'=21 ~ A'=~ ... (ii) V d -_(\11 + ---,,-,-_~ __ n) ---,,c.:.
2 n n
:. Resistance after stretching Vd = 0 + a t ['.'Average thermal velocity
in n collisions = 0)
, I'
R = P A' = P(21)
AI2 = 4 Pi (A) Vd = - (e:) 't [from Eq. (w)

SI
R' = 4 x 15 [from Eq. (i))
This is the required expression of drift speed of
Now, resistance, R' = 60 n (1/2) free electrons.
After dividing into two parts, resistance of each 35. (i) If t be the average time between two
part = 30 n successive collision, the distance during this
., Effective resistance after connecting them into period is
parallel combination
I =~a('t)2 =~(eE) ('t)2
30 22m (ll
R<ff="2=15n
(1/2)
I 1 eE't2
IT
': Applied potential difference, V = 3V Drift velocity, vd =-=---
't 2m 't
V
., Current drawn from the battery, 1 = - eE
R vd =-'t
2m (1)
(from Ohm's law)
(ii) As the temperature of a conductor is
1=2 ~ 1=~A increased, the thermal agitation increases and
15 5 (1)
H
the collisions become more frequent. The
34. When a conductor is subjected to an electric field average time 't between the successive
E, each electron experiences a force collisions decreases and hence the drift speed
F = - e E, and free electron acquires an decreases. Thus, the conductivity decreases
acceleration and the resistivity of the conductor increases.
F eE (1)
O

a=-=-- ... (i)

m m 36. (i) Drift Velocity Refer to Ans. 7.
where, m = mass of electron, e = electronic charge The drift velocity of electron is of the order of
and E = electric field. lO-4m/s.
Free electron starts accelerating and gains velocity
(ii) Specific resistance or resistivity of the material
and collide with atoms and molecules of the
conductor. The average time difference between of a conductor is defined as the resistance of a
M

two consecutive collisions is known as relaxation unit length with unit area of cross-section of
time of electron and the material of the conductor.
t='tI+'t2+ ..·+'tn ... (ii) The unit of resistivity is ohm-metre or nom.
n (1) Since, we know that R = pi.
A
where, 'tI, 't2, ..., 'tn are the average time difference
RA
between 1st, 2nd, ... , nth collisions. ~. p=- .... (i)
I
...VI ' V2' , Vnr are velocities gained by electron in
From Ohm's law, V=IR~El=neAvdR
Ist, 2nd , nth collisions with initial thermal
El eE't
velocities uI' u2, .•• , un' respectively. ~ R=--andvd=-
neAvd m
.. VI =UI +a'ti
CHAPTER 3 : Current Electricity 87

Elxm ml 38. In first circuit,

SO,R 2
ne2 AEt ne At Reading of ideal voltmeter = 6Y
Substituting the value of R =~ in Eq. (i), Net potential difference = 9 + 6 = 15 Y
ne At Total resistance = 1+ 1=20
Current in ammeter =.!:: =~= 7.5A
We have, p = (~).~ R 2 (1)
ne At 1
In second circuit,
:.Resistivity of the material, p=+ Reading of ideal voltmeter = 6Y
ne t

R
Net potential difference = 9 - 6 =3Y (1)
From the above formula, it is clear that
resistivity of a conductor depends upon the Total resistance = 1+ 1= 20
following factors: Current in ammeter =.!:: =!=1.5A
R 2 (1)
(a) pee~, i.e. the resistivity of material is
n: 39. When an electric field is applied across a

SI
inversely proportional to the number conductor, then the charge carriers inside the
density of free electrons (number of free conductor move with an average velocity which is
electrons per unit volume). As the free independent of time. This velocity is known as
electron density depends upon the nature drift velocity (vd). (1)
of material. so resistivity of a conductor (i) Relationship between current (1) and velocity
depends on the nature of the material. (vd) I=neAvd
(b) peel I r. i.e. the resistivity of a material is where, ne = amount of charge inside the
inversely proportional to the average
conductor and A = area of cross-section of
relaxation time t of free electrons in the
conductor
IT
conductor. As the value of t depends on the
temperature as temperature increases, t Total number of free electrons in a conductor
PQ of length I, cross-sectional area A having n
decreases, hence p increases. (1)
free electrons per unit volume is
(ill) Alloys like constantan and manganin are used
for making standard resistor because the N = n x volume of conductor PQ
resistivity of these alloys here weak dependent or N = nAl
H
on the temperature. (1)

37. Refer to Ans. 36(ii). (1)

The conductor connected to DC source of emf E is

shown in the figure below:

CL._c.;,.,o_n_du_c_Io_r -1
O

liE Time I in which an electron moves from P to Q,

all N free electrons pass through cross-section
Suppose, initial length of the conductor. l; = 10. Q.
New length. l, = 310 (1)
I=~
M

we know that, Vd
Drift velocity. vd cc E 0 (electric field) where Vd is the drift velocity of electrons in the
Thus. (Vd), = (E 0), = Ell, conductor. So electric current flowing through
(vd)i (E 0) i E Ili conductor is given by
q Ne nAle
I=-=-=--~I= neAvd
=~=JL=~ I I II Vd
l, 310 3
This gives the relation between electric current
(vd) i and drift velocity. (1)
Thus, (Vd), =--
3 (ii) Area under I-I curve on r-axis is charge flowing
Thus, drift velocity decreases three times. (1) through the conductor
Q= ~ x 5x 5+ (10+ 5)x 5=87.5C
2 m
88 o ehapterwise eBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

40. Relaxation Time The average time difference 42. To calculate the equivalent resistance of complex
between two successive collisions of drifting network (network having multiple branches).
electrons inside the conductor under the calculate the equivalent resistance of smaller part of
network and finally calculate the equivalent
influence of electric field applied across the
resistance of the network.
conductor, is known as relaxation time. m
Drift speed and relaxation time (i) ':4 il and 4 il are in parallel combination.
eE't :. Equivalent resistance,
Vd =---
m (1I2l I I
RAB =- +-
where, E = electric field due to applied potential 4 4

R
difference I 2
't = relaxation time -- = - ~ RAB = 2il
RAB 4
m = mass of electron
e = electronic charge Similarly, equivalent resistance of 12 il and
6 il is
Electron current, I = - ne A vd (l/2l
I I I I 1+2
- = - + - ~- = -- ~ R = 4 il

SI
BC
[II , I = - neA ( _ e!'t) RBC 12 6 RBC 12
(l/2l
Now, the circuit can be redrawn as shown in
~..• 'II ~I \
)J II
J m
2
1= ne A't (~)
I
[-: E = T] figure below

V mI I m
~ -=--=p-=R ~p=--
I ne2A't A ne2't (1I2l

This is the required expression.

41. (i) The current in the conductor having length 4
IT
cross-sectional area A and number density n is
1= neAvd ... (i) Now, 2il, I il and 4il, I il are in series
Electric field inside the wire is given by combination.
:. Equivalent resistance of the network
E=~ ... (ii)
I R.,q = zn + Iil+ 4il+ Iil= an tn
If relaxation time is r. the drift speed (ii):. Current drawn from the battery,
H
e'tE I = ~ = 16 = 2A
vd=-
m m R 8
where, m = mass of electron This current will flow from A to Band C to D.
't = relaxation charge So, the potential difference in between AB and
e = electronic charge CD can be calculated as
O

E = electric field. Now, VAB = !RAB = 2 x 2 = 4 V (ll

Put the value of Eq. (i), we get and VCD = I RCD = 2 x 2 = 8 V rn
2
~ I=ne'tAE ... (ill)
m 43. To calculate the current through a particular
resistance, first we have to find the potential
From Eqs. (ii) and (ill), we get
difference across that resistance.
M

2
1= ne 'tAV ~ J =!.. = ne 'tV 2

ml A ml m In DC circuit, capacitor offers infinite resistance.

(ii) Given, 1= 1.5 A, n = 9 x 1028 m-3, Therefore, no current flows through capacitor and
through 4 il resistance, so resistance will produce
A = 1 .0 X 10-7 m2
no effect.
I
Vd=- :. Effective resistance between A and B
neA 2x 3
1.5 RAB = -- = 1.2 il
:. Vd = ----,;;;------",;-------;;- 2+ 3
9 X 1028 x 1.6 x 10 19 X 1.0 xlO 7
I I I RR]
~Vd = 1.04 x 10-3 rn/s
m [ .: R = RI + R2 ~ R = RI ~ ~2 rn
CHAPTER 3 Current Electricity 89

Total resistance of the circuit = 1.2 +2.8 = 4(2

Electric field produced inside the wire is,
(.: These two are in series)
E =.!:: ... (i)
Net current drawn from the cell, I
Force on an electron = - E e (1)
1= V = ~ = ~ = 1.5 A
R (total resistance) 4 2 (112) Acceleration of each electron = _ Ee
m
:. Potential difference between A and B [.: from Newton's law, a = F / m]
VAB = IRAB = 1.5 x 1.2 ~ VAB = 1.80 V (112) where, m is mass of electron.

R
Current through 2(2 resistance, Velocity created due to this acceleration = Ee t ,
m
I' = VAB = 1.8 = 0.9 A where, 't is the time span between two
2(2 2 (1) consecutive collision. This ultimately becomes
44. Let the equivalent resistance of parallel the drift velocity in steady state.

SI
Ee e V
combination of RJ, R2 and R3 is R. So vd =-'t =- 't X -.[From Eq. (i)]
m m I
1 1 1 1 We know that current in the conductor
-=-+-+ -
R RJ R2 R3 i = n e A vd (n is number of free electrons in a
conductor per unit volume)
.!. = R2R3+ RJR3 + RJR2
. e V . n e2A 't V
R RJR2R3 l=neAx-'t- ~ 1=----
m I m I
R = RJR2R3
. V .: R _ m I ]
IT
RJR2 + R~3 + R3RJ (1y.) Z=-
R [ - n e2A't
Effective current, I=~ i oc V
R
This is Ohm's law. (1)

(ii) The setup is shown in the figure. Here, electric

current remains constant throughout the
H
length of the wire. Electric field also remains
1= E(RJR2 + R2R3 + R3Rd constant which is equal to .!::.
RJR2R3 (1Y.)
I

45. (i) Let vd be the drift velocity.

O

(1)

Current density and hence, drift speed changes.

M
 [TOPIC 2] Kirchhoff's Laws, Cell and Their
Combinations
2.1 Cell where, t = internal resistance,
R = external resistance,
A device R
E = emf of cell,
which is used C 0

R
V = terminal voltage of cell
to maintain a
steady current
Also, V = E - Ir ".(ii)
in an electric
circuit is ~ and V=(R!r)R or V= (1:~) ... (iii]

SI
lealfe'd' cell or
1 l~i th3l-..Dt,' .
r
e9 l>89nY,rl,._1n;lJt5J; "~ Electrolyte
ceu, I has Cell The terminal voltage increases with the
two ~~~ctrodes increase of external resistance R,
Rositive (f) and negative (N) as shown in
fiB '2Jl~~()ve, ');1 •r· . Charging of a Cell
f n?' t' I ']:)', II '", '
During charging of the cell, V = E + Ir
Terms Related to Cell
IT
I [-~~~~
EMF of a Cell
It is' the maximum potential difference So, V< E, when current is drawn from the cell,
between two terminals of circuit, when i.e. discharging,
circuit is open. and V> E when charging of cell takes place,
H
EMF of the cell, E = W,
q
.. - I - .
2.2 Cells in Series and Parallel
Internal Resistance (r) Series Combination
Internal resistance of a cell is defined as the
O

In series combination, current is given by,

resistance offered by the electrolyte of the 1= nE
cell to the flow of current through it. It is (R+nr)
denoted by t. Its SI unit is ohm (Q),
!-E~:~~-:4-LE;----r;----1
Terminal Potential Difference (V) I .--vYVVVTTl
M

, I I

~------------..! ~------------..!
The maximum potential difference between
I
two terminals of circuit when 'the circuit is R I
closed it, is known as terminal voltage or
terminal potential difference (V) of cell,
where,
Relation between" R, E and V
Parallel Combination
r = R(~-1) '" (i)
In parallel combination,current is givenby;
1= mE
(r+mR)
CHAPTER 3 : Current Electricity 91

,-£---------:
: I 1 r1 I

: I :
~----- I

,-----------, -
- I E I
: 12 r2 I

: I
I

R
11
R I
D=O,
14=11+12+13
Junction law supports law of conservation of charge
Mixed Grouping
because this is a point in a circuit which cannot act
It consists of m-rows in parallel combination as a source or sink of charge(s).

SI
such that each row contains n-cells of each of . ).L:J

emf E and internal resistance r. then current in NOTE The current flowing towards the junction. Fief
conductors is considered as positive anq. t~!'! h-I,I{Ient
the circuit is given by
flowing away from the junction is tak n a ne~a i'jk
~ 1 9-,
1= mnE
mR+nr Kirchhoff's Second Law (~o~~ R9!~~2o~
--- n-cells --- In any closed loop of electrical circuit, the ,etilIC braic
E1r E1r E1 r Go'9 rur,
sum of emf's of cell and the product of currents and
r-j 1- - - - - --I
IT
resistance is always equal to zero i.e.
E1r E1r E1r
UV=Oor~E=~IR
r-jl-------I
~ Kirchhoff's second law supports the law of
conservation of energy, because the net change in
~ ------------------ the energy of a charge, after completing a closed
E1r E1r E1 r
1 r-jl-------I path must be zero.
H
NOTE Sign convention for Kirchhoffs second law.
R

and maximum current is drawn from the

battery, when external resistance matches with
V=-E
O

net internal resistance i.e. V= +E

nr nE mnE mE . 1 R 1 R
R=-
m
and 1
max 2(:)
=--=--=-
2nr 2r ~
V= -1R
~
V= +1R
M

An Application based on
2.3 Kirchhoff's Laws Kirchhoff's Law
Kirchhoff has given two rules based on Let us consider a circuit diagram
conservation of electric charge and of energy,
A I B
these are known as Kirchhoff's laws. 11 I E1 R1 11
R2
Kirchhoff's First Law (Junction Rule) D~~~~NV~-~
11 + 12 R3
C
The algebraic sum of electric currents at any 12
junction of electric circuit is equal to zero i.e. the f2 12
sum of current entering into a junction is equal E F
to the sum of current leaving the junction
92 o Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

10V

r'- J
Current distribution is shown in given
circuit using Kirchhoff's first law.
Now, apply loop rule for the mesh DCBAD
E] -(I] + I2)R3 -I] (R, + R2) = 0 ~~~10V
~ -IdR, + R2 + R3) + I2(-R3) + E, = 0 ... (i)
4. The emf of a cell is always greater than
Similarly, applying loop rule for the mesh its terminal voltage. Why? Give reason.
CDEFC Oelhi 2013

R
E2-I~4-(I, +I2)R3-I~5=O
5. A cell of emf E and internal resistance r
~ IdR3) + I2(R3 + R4 + R5) = E2 draws a current I. Write the relation
between terminal voltage V in terms of E,
~ I,(R3)+I2(R3+R4+R5)-E2=O ... (ii)
I and r. Delhi 2013
By Eqs. (i) and (ii), we can calculate I] and 12,

SI
6. Three cells of emf E, 2E and 5E having
internal resistances r, 2r and 3r
respectively are connected across a

PR·EVIOUS YEARS' variable resistance R as shown in the

figure. Find the expression for the
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS current. Plot a graph for variation of

C~H
current with R.
TOPIC)2 E 2E 5E
IT
o 1 Mark Questions
1. The plot of the variation of potential R
difference across a combination of three All India 2010C

identical cells in series versus current is

o 2 Marks Questions
H
shown below. What is the emf and
internal resistance of each cell?
7. A battery of emf 12 V and internal
resistance 2 n is connected to a 4 n
6V resistor as shown in the figure.
O

1
V

1-+ 1A

2. Two identical cells, each of emf E, having

M

negligible internal resistance, are '----"I>M----{ A

connected in parallel with each other 40
across an external resistance R. What is
(i) Show that a voltmeter when placed
the current through this resistance?
across the cell and across the
All India 2013 resistor, in turn, gives the same
3. A 10 V battery of negligible internal reading.
resistance is connected across a 200 V (ii) To record the voltage and the current
battery and a resistance of 38 n as shown in the circuit, why is voltmeter
in the figure. Find the value of the placed in parallel and ammeter in
series in the circuit? All India 2016
current in circuit. Deihl 2013
CHAPTER 3 : Current Electricity 93

8. Use Kirchhoffs rules to determine the 13. Distinguish between emf (e) and terminal
potential difference between the points voltage (V) of a cell having internal
A and D. When no current flows in the resistance r. Draw a plot showing the
arm BE of the electric network shown in variation of terminal voltage (V) versus the
the figure below:
current (1) drawn from the cell. Using this
30
F.-~~--~Er-------,D plot, show how does one can determine the
internal resistance of the cell? All India 2014 C
14. A battery of emf E and internal resistance

R
R r when connected across an external
resistance of 12 Q, produces a current of
0.5 A. When connected across a resistance
C
of 25 Q, it produces a current of 0.25 A.
Delhi 2015
Determine (i) the emf and (ii) the internal

SI
9. Use Kirchhoffs rules to determine the resistance of the cell. All India 2013C
value of the current IIflowing in the
circuit shown in the figure.
15. A cell of emf E and internal resistance r is
connected to two external resistap,cea
300 11 and Rz and a perfect ammeter. Tlie .current
i~ the.circuit is measured in four different'3
11 situations:
(i) Without any external resistanc 'Itt~, T
circuit
IT
.1 (ii) With resistance s; only
'I
80 V 20 0 12 Delhi 2013C (iii) With ~ and Hz in series combination
10. In the electric network shown in the (iv) With ~ and Hz in parallel combination
figure, use Kirchhoffs rules to calculate The currents measured in the four cases are
the power consumed by the resistance 0.42 A, 1.05 A, and 4.2 A, but not
H
R=4Q. necessarily in that order. Identify the
currents corresponding to the four cases
A mentioned above. Delhi 2D12

R=40
16. A battery of emf 10 V and internal
O

B~--~----~~r---~D resistance 3 Q is connected to a resistor.

If the current in the circuit is 0.5 A, find
(i) the resistance of the resistor
(ii) the terminal voltage of the battery
Delhi 2012C
11. Two cells of emfs 1.5 V and 2.0 V having
M

internal resistances 0.2 Q and 0.3 Q 17. The network PQRS, 2000
respectively are connected in parallel. shown in the circuit ~R
Calculate the emf and internal diagram, has the
resistance of the equivalent cell. Delhi 2014 batteries of 4 V and 5V mA 9' 600
5 V and negligible '1"t::>
12. A cell of emf E and internal resistance r
is connected across a variable resistor R. internal resistance. P Q

Plot a graph showing variation of A milliammeter of 20 Q 4 V

terminal voltage V of the cell versus the resistance is connected between P and R.
current 1. Using the plot, show the emf Calculate the reading in the milliammeter.
of the cell and its internal resistance All India 2012C
can be determined. All India 2014
94 IZl Chapterwise CSSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

18. Calculate the current drawn from the 23. Three cells of emf E, 2 E and 5 E having
battery in the given network. internal resistances r, 2r and 31', variable
Rs = 2Q resistance R as shown in the figure. Find
the expression for the current. Plot a graph
for variation of current with R.
r+l+ --tl t----j
E, r SE, 3r 2E, 2r
'-- ----' All India 2010C

R
+ -
4V 24. A cell of emf E and internal resistance r is
All India 2012C
connected across a variable resistor R. Plot
19. In the given circuit, assuming point A to a graph showing the variation of terminal

SI
be at zero potential, use Kirchhoffs rules potential V with resistance R. Deihl 2009
to determine the potential at point B.
2V 25. Plot a graph showing the variation of
1A 0 2,A I~ B·
terminal potential difference across a cell

RALI'I
1V
j2n
C 2A
JR' of emf E and internal resistance r with
current drawn from it. Using this graph,
how does one determine the emf of the cell?
Oelhl2009C
All India 2011
IT
20. Using Kirchhoffs rules in the given
circuit, determine
IZJ 3 Marks Questions
(i) the voltage drop across the 26. A cell of emf E and internal resistance r is
unknown resistor Rand connected across a variable load resistor R.
(ii) the current 12 in the arm EF. Draw the plots of the terminal voltage V.
H
O.SA 3V 2Q
A B versus (i) resistance Rand (ii) current 1.
It is found that when R = 4 n, the current
is 1 A and when R is increased to 9 n, the
current reduces to 0.5 A. Find the values of
O

R the emf E and internal resistance r.

All India 2011 All India 2015
21. A straight line plot showing the terminal 27. Using Kirchhoffs rules, determine the
potential difference (V)of a cell as a value of unknown resistance R in the
function of current (1) drawn from it is circuit, so that no current flows through
M

shown in the figure. Using this plot, 4 n resistance. Also, find the potential
determine difference between points A and D.
(i) the emf and 1Q
E
(ii) internal resistance of the cell. F r--.rvvW'"--.------~D
Delhi 2011C
4Q
22. Two cells of emf 2E and E and internal 1Q R
resistances 2r and r respectively, are
connected in parallel. Obtain the
expressions for the equivalent emf and A ~ C
B
the internal resistance of the 9V 3V
combination. All India 2010C Deihl 2012
CHAPTER 3 : Current Electricity 95

28. Calculate the value of the resistance R in 32. State Kirchhoffs rules. Apply these rules
the circuit shown in the figure, so that the to the loops PRSP and PRQP to write the
current in the circuit is 0.2A. What would expressions for the currents II' 12 and 13 in
be the potential difference between points given circuit. All India 2010
AandB? 2000 12
6V SO r-----~~~----~R
C 11

100f SV

R
600
1S0 SO
2V

A 0 4V
0.2A R All India 2012

SI
29. In the circuit shown, ~ = 4 n, 33. Write any two r------+~V r.----------,
factors on which
R2 = R3 = 15 n, R4 = 30 nand E = 10V. E
internal resistance
Calculate the equivalent resistance of the ~---+"-i -
of a cell depends.
circuit and the current in each resistor. The reading on a
A high resistance
voltmeter, when a R=SO K
cell is connected
across it, is 2.2 V. When the terminals of
IT
E Ra
the cell are also connected to a resistance of
5 n as shown in the circuit, the voltmeter
11 Delhi 2011
reading drops to 1.8 V. Find the internal
resistance of the cell. All India 2010
30. State Kirchhoffs rules. Use these rules to
write the expressions for the currents 34. (i) State Kirchhoffs rules.
H
11,12 and 13 in the circuit diagram shown (ii) A battery of 10 V and negligible
in figure below. internal resistance is connected
I E1 = 2V (1 = 40 across the diagonally opposite corners
1 I~--.N~~---,
I of a cubical network consisting of 12
resistors each of 1 n resistance. Use
O

12 E2 = 1 V (2 = 30 Kirchhoffs rules to determine

I
I (a) the equivalent resistance of the
network and
1a E3 ~ 4 V (3 = 20
(b) the total current in the network.
I
All India 2010
M

31. State Kirchhoffs 35. Two cells of emf E1 , E2 and internal

rules. Apply resistances r1 and r2 respectively are
Kirchhoffs rules mected in parallel as shown in the figure.
to the loops E1. (1

ACBPAand
ACBQA to write
the expressions
A-----< ?--- .•a
for the currents I I
II' 12 and 13 in c
the network.
R = 120
All India 2010
 o ehopterwise eBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

Deduce the expressions for o Explanations

(i) the equivalent emf of the 1. According to question, maximum potential of three
combination. cells (cells in series) each of emf E is given in graph
(ii) the equivalent resistance of the (Lc.6V)

combination and So, 3E = 6 V :::} E = ~ = 2V

3
(iii) the potential difference between the Internal resistance of three cells each of resistance
points A and B. Foreign 2010 r can be calculated as

R
36. Calculate the steady current through the V = 1 x 3r [all are in series]
2 n resistor in the circuit shown in the 3r = ~ = ~ :::} r = 2n
I 1 (1)
figure below.
2n 2. The cells are arranged as shown in the circuit
A B diagram given below.

SI
3n
I-I---~NV
211F 4n

R
6V z.e n As the internal resistance of cells is negligible, so
Foreign 2010 total resistance of the circuit = R
IT
37. State Kirchhoffs rules. Use Kirchhoffs So, current through the resistance, I = !
R (1)
rules to show that no current flows in the (In parallel combination, potential is same as the
given circuit. single cell)

~:8
3. Since, the positive terminal of the batteries are
connected together, so the equivalent emf of the
H
ba tteries is given by
E = 200 - 10 = 190 V.
~ Foreign 2009
Hence, the current in the circuit is given by

o 5 Marks Questions I=!=

R
190 = 5A
38 (1)
O

38. (i) State the two Kirchhoffs laws. 4. The emf of a cell is greater than its terminal voltage
Explain briefly, how these rules are because there is some potential drop across the cell
justified? due to its small internal resistance. (1)

(ii) The current is drawn from a cell of 5. When a current 1 draws from a cell of emf E and
emf E and internal resistance r internal resistance r, then the terminal voltage is
M

connected to the network of resistors V=E-~ m

each of resistance r as shown in the 6. Here E\ =E, E2=-2E and E3=5E, r\ =r, r2=2r
figure. Obtain the expression for and r3= 3r
(a) the current draws from the cell Equivalent emf of the cell is E =E\ + E 2 + E 3
and (b) the power consumed in the =E-2E+5E=4E
network. Delhi 2017 Equivalent resistance

iL
=r\ + r2+ r3+ R
=r + 2r + 3r+ R=6r+ R
A B
:. Current, I =~
6r+R
The graph for variation of
current I with resistance R is
o R(ohm)-+
E,r shown above. (1)
CHAPTER 3 : Current Electricity

7. According to question, Now, substitute the value of I from Eq. (i) to

Eq. (ii). we get
5X!..+RX!..=11
5 5
7+ 7R=11
12V,2n 5
7 R =4

R
5

'-----'VIIVWII'v--{ A
R = 20 n.
7 (1)
4n
For potential difference across A and D,
(i) Net current in the circuit = !3 = 2A along AFD
6

SI
7 7
Voltage across the battery, VA - - x 2+ 1 - 3x - = Vv
Vb =12- z x 2= 8V 5 5
Voltage across the resistance 14 21
VA - - + 1- - = VD
Vr = IR = 2 x 4 = 8 V (1) 5 5
(ii) In order to measure the device's voltage for a 14 21
~ VA - Vv = - +- - 1
voltmeter, it must be connected in parallel to 5 5
that device. This is necessary because device in (VA - VD) = 7 -1 = 6 V (1)
parallel experiences the same potential
difference. An ammeter is connected in series 9. In closed mesh ABeD
IT
with the circuit because the purpose of the Ilrl + (II + 12) R =12
ammeter is to measure the current through the 211 + 4(11 + 12) = 12
circuit. Since, the ammeter is a low impedance
211 + 411 + 4[2 = 12
device. Connecting in parallel with the circuit
would cause a short-circuit, damaging the 611 + 412 =12
ammeter of the circuit. (1) 311 + 212= 6 ... (i)
H
8. Consider the given figure, In closed mesh BDEF
(II + I2)R = 6
I an E I
(II + 12)4 = 6
F.-~~-~-----.D
211+ 212 = 3 ... (ii
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get r;' = 3A
O

1VL R
j

R
2n 10. According to question,

A-(:t"
3V I

~ ~ c
6V 4V
M

Applying Kirchhoffs second law in mesh AFEBA

21-1+31-6=0
2.0V
(Since, no current flows in the arm BE of the E r + E r.
Equivalent emf = I 2 2I
circuit)
rl + r2
51= 7
i.e. =(1.5xO.3)+ (2xO.2)
I=!..A ... (i) 0.2+ 0.3
5
0.45+ 0.4
Applying Kirchhoff's second law in mesh
0.5
AFDCA
31 + R1 - 4 - 6 + 2I -1 = 0 = 0.85 =1.7 V
0.5 (1)
51 + R1 =11 ... (ii)
98· o Chopterwise CSSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

Equivalent internal resistance Now, for the 2nd case

=~= 0.2xO.3 r=~-25; r=E-6.25 ... (ii)
rl+r2 0.2+0.3 0.25 0.25
Compare the Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
= 0.06 = ~ = 012 0
0.5 50 (1)
E-6=E-6.25
0.5 0.25
11. We know that, V = E - Ir
The plot between V and I is a straight line of 0.25E-1.5= 0.5E-1125

R
positive intercept and negative slope as shown in ~ -0.25E = -1.625
figure below. E=1.625
0.25
~ E=6.5V (1)
Putting the value of E in Eq (i), we get

SI
6.5-6 0.5
v 1 r=----=--
0.5 0.5
~ r=10 (1)

I 14. The current relating to corresponding situations

are as follows:
(I) The value of potential difference corresponding
(i) Without any external resistance
to zero current gives emf of the cell. (1) E
(ii) Maximum current is drawn when terminal II =-
R
IT
voltage is zero, so V = E - Ir In this case, effective resistance of circuit is
~ O=E-Imax, minimum so current is maximum. (112)
Hence, II =4.2A.
~ r=~ (1)
(ii) With resistance Rlonly
i.:
1,=_E_
12. Difference between emf(f) and terminal voltage (V)
- r+RI
H
S.No. Emf Terminal voltage In this case, effective resistance of circuit is
--------------------- more than situations (i) and (iv) but less than
1. It is the po ten tial It is the potential
difference between difference between So,I2=1.05A. (1/2)
two terminals of two terminals when (iii) With RIand R2in series combination
the cells when no current passes E
O

I3=-~--
current is flowing through it. r+RI +R2
r ~c;---IlT:r'7,t'f-hr-o
~Jl.". -,u.--'4r
1. I!h.it. In this case, effective resistance of circuit is
2. It is the cause. It is the effect. maximum so current is minimum.
Hence 13 =0.42A. (112)
E
(iv) 14
M

-:::. r+ RIR2
~ Q)
.-
E
OJ
ro RI + R2
~g In this case, the effective resistance is more
than (i) but less than (ii) and (iii). So, 14=1.4A.
(112)
I
Current 15. GivenE=10V, r=30,I=o.5A
Negative slope gives internal resistance. (2) Total resistance of circuit
13. RI = 120, R2=250 R+ r=~=.!.Q.= 200
1 0.5
II =0.5A, 12 =0.25A
For the 1st case (i) External resistance R=20-r=20- 3=170
E E E-6 (ii) Terminal voltage V=IR= 0.5xI7=8.5V
r=--RI =--12 ~ r=-- .. , (i)
II 0.5 0.5
CHAPTER 3 Current Electricity 992

16. The given diagram is shown below .. I = ~ = ~ = 2A or I = 2A

20011 R 2 (112)

18. By Kirchhoff's first law at D

Ioe =IA (IDC + 1= 2)
5V
6011
1A o 2A 2V
IIII B

R
1A
4V
Applying Kirchhoff's second law to the loop PRSP R 211 R,
-I3x20-I2x200+5=0
413 + 4012 =1 ... (i)
IIII

SI
For loop PRQP, (1)
A C 2A
1V (1)
-2013 - 6011 +4=0 AiongACDBA, VA + I V + 1 x 2- 2= VB
513+1511 =1 ... (ii) But VA = 0, VB = 1 + 2 - 2 = 1V
Applying Kirchhoff's first law VB =1 V (1)

13 = II + 12 ·... (iii) 19. (i) Applying Kirchhoff's second rule in the closed
From Eqs. (i) and (iii), we have, meshABFEA
VB - O.S x 2 + 3 = VA ~ VB - VA = - 2
411 + 4012 =1
V = VA - VB = + 2Y
IT
On solving, we get
Potential drop across R is 1 V as R, EF and
13 = ~A = 1l00°mA upper row are in parallel. (1)
172 172
Or
12 = 4000 mA, II = 39000 mA Potential across AB = potential across EF
215 860 (1)
3- zx 0.5 = 4- 212
17. The given circuit can be redrawn as given below 212 = 2A
H
Potential across R = potential across AB
= potential across EF
=i3-2x0.5=2Y
(ii) Applying Kirchhoff's first rule at E.
0.5+ 12 = I " . 'Hi'
O

where, I is current through R.

Now, Kirchhoff's second rule in closed mesh
AEFB, r.E + r.IR = 0 ·.orli 'J j .s
'--_"":+!:...j r=-------( }-----'
- 4+ 212- O.5x 2+ 3 = 0
4V
212-2=0 ~ I2=IA
M

Here, RI = R4 ~ ~=~ The current in arm EF = 1 A (1)

R5 R3 2 4
20. (i) The value of potential difference
Wheatstone bridge is balanced. So, there will no corresponding to zero current gives the emf of
current in the diagonal resistance R2 or it can be cell. This value is 1.4 volt. (1)
withdrawn from the circuit. The equivalent
(ii) Maximum current is drawn from the cell
resistance would be equivalent to a parallel
combination of two rows which consists of series when the terminal potential difference is zero.
combination of RI and R5 and R4 and R3, The current corresponding to zero value of
respectively. terminal potential difference is 0.28 A. This is
1 1 1 1 1 maximum value of current.
- =--+ -- =-+-
R 1+ 2 2+ 4 3 6 r=!=~il; r=5il.
I 0.28 (1)
R = 18 = 211
9 (1'12)
lPO o Chopterwise CBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

connected, then the equivalent emf is obtained by

taking the difference of emf's.
Net emf of combination = EI - 2EI + 5EI = 4EI
Net resistance of current = r + 2 r + 3r + R = 6r + R
V
1=11+12 .. Current, 1= - (from Ohm's law)
R
E1 = 2E
I=~
6r + R

R
11 11 (1)
---./ININ'- 2E1

3;~ ..
(1 = 2r

A
12 E2= E 12

SI
---./ININ'-
(1 =(

III R- (1)

I
Eeq I
A
0 II
---./ININ'- B
0
23. V=(R!r)R=l+ErIR
(112)
(eq =) with the increase of R, V increases

For cell-I E
2E - V
IT
V =VA - VB =2E - II (2r) =)11 =-- ... (ii)
2r
For cell-If, V = VA - VB = E - I2r v
E-V
=) 12=-- ... (ill)
r R- (1%)
.,' From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), substituting in Eq. (I),
H
24. Refer Ans. 24
I=2E-V+E-V
2r r
On rearranging the term, we get

v=4:-I en
O

(1)
But for equivalent of combination,
R(O)
V= Eeq - I (req) Graph between terminal
On comparing, voltage (V) and resistance R
(1%)
E = 4E r. = 2r
eq 3' eq 3 One can determine the emf of cell by finding
M

(112)
terminal potential difference when current I
NOTE Two cells of emfs E1 and E2 and internal resistances (1 becomes zero. (1/2)
and (2 connected in parallel combination, then
equivalent emf
25. Refer Ans. 25.
E - E1(2 + E2(1
eq-
(1+ (2

Equivalent resistance, (eq = ~

(1 + (2
22. In these type of questions, we have to look out
the connections of different cells, if the opposite I (A)
terminals of all the cells are connected, then they Graph between terminal
support each other, i.e. these individual emf's are voltage (V) and current (1)
added up. If the same terminals of the cells are When R = 4 n and I = 1 A .
CHAPTER 3 : Current Electricity 1

We know that, terminal voltage, V = E - Ir. 28. R1 =4n

11 A (13 + 14)
~ V = IR = 4 = E - Ir 0
~ E - r =4 ... (i) (1)

When R = 9 0 and I = 0.5A , then

E = 10V
12
0 14 13

~
V=IR=0.5x9=E-0.5r
E - O.5 r = 4.5 ...(ii) (1)
R2 =15 n
0 R3 = 15 n

R
R4 = 30n
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii). we get
r = 1 0 and E = 5V. (1) C
B
26. Applying Kirchhoff's second law in mesh AFEBA According to figure 150, 30 nand 150 are in
-lxI-lxI-6+9=0 parallel. their equivalent resistance (Reqlis

SI
-2l+3=0 _1_ = ~ + ~ + ~= 2+ 1 + 2 = 2
I=~A ... (i) Req 15 30 15 30 30
2 (1/2) 1 1
n E
1 t Req 6
Fr---~~~-r---------,D
Req=60
1
4n Now, Req = 6n and 40 are in series their
Hl equivalent resistance R~ is

n ~vn R
IT
R~ = Req + 40 = 60 + 40 = 100
1 By junction rule at node A

A'-----j~ c II = 12 + 13 + 14 ... (i) (1/2)

9V 3V W~ Applying Kirchhoff's second rule in

Applying Kirchhoff's second law in mesh AFDCA (i) In meshADB,
-lx1-1xI-IxR-3+9=0
H
-14 x 30+ 1512= 0
- 21 - IR + 6 = 0 (112)
I2=2I4~I4=I2
21 + IR = 6 ... (ii) 2 (112)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get (ii) In mesh BDC,
3014 -1513 = 0 rO
(2X~) +~ R=6
O

13 = 214 ~ 14 = 13
R=20 (1/2) 2
(ill) In mesh ABE (containing battery), .J' (1/2)
For potential difference across A and D along AFD -411 -1512 + 10= 0
3 3 411 + 1512 = 10 ... (ii)
VA - - x l - - x l = VD
2 2 (iv) In meshABCD, (112)
M

VA - VD = 3 V (1) -1512+ 1513 = 0

27. For BCD, equivalent resistance • I2 +-12
I1=1 +2
RI = 50 + 50 = 100 (112) 2
From Eq. (ii), we get
Across BA, equivalent resistance R2
1 1 1 1 4GI2)+ 1512 = 10
-=-+-+-
R2 10 30 15 I

10 2 2
3+1+2=~=~ I2=-A=-A=I3 ~I2=I3=-A
30 30 5 (112)
25 5 5
I4=I2=~A
~ R2 = 50 2 5
Potential difference, 5 5 2
11=-12 =-x-=IA
VBA = I X R2 = 0.2 x 5 (1) 2 2 5 (1)

VBA = 1 V ~ VAB = - 1 V (1)

102 IZI Chapterwise CSSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

29. Kirchhoff's first rule or junction rule The 30. For Kirchhoff's Rules, refer to Ans. 30.
algebraic sum of electric currents at any junction The given diagram E - V (w.)
of electric circuit is equal to zero i.e. the sum of 1- 6
current entering into a junction is equal to the P
sum of current leaving the junction
:::) I.l = 0
At junction 0, II + 12 = 13 + 14
A B

R
'o"
13
12 14
(1) c

SI
Kirchhoff's second rule In any closed mesh of
electrical circuit, the algebraic sum of emfs of cells R = 12n
and the product of currents and resistances is Applying Kirchhoff's second rule in loop ACBPA,
always equal to zero.
-1213 + 6 - 0.511 = 0
i.e. IE + r.IR = 0
511 + 12013 = 60 ... (i)
Kirchhoff's second law is a form of law of
conservation of energy. (1) In loop ACBQA,
For given circuit, -1213+ 10 -12 x l = 0
E1 = 2V '1 = 4 n 1213+12=10 ... (ii) (112)
IT
A .--+---i B Also Kirchhoff's junction rule,
11 11+ 12= 13 ... (iii) (112)

E2 = 1 V
0 (Here, three equations are the expressions for
12 '2 =3n 11,12 andJj)
F+----i C
On solving Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
0 11=--A
84
H
E3 = 4V '3 =2 n 37
13
E L...----if---M"N'---'D
:::) 12 = 106 A
37
At F, applying junction rule 22
:::) 13=-A
13=11+12 ... (i)
O

37 (112)
In mesh ABCFA,
31. For statement of Kirchhoff's rules, refer to
-2- 411 + 3[2+ 1= 0 Ans.30. (1)

411 - 3[2 =-1 ... (ii) Applying Kirchhoff's second rule to the loop PRSP,
I.E+ r.IR = 0
In mesh FCDEF,
-13x20-12x200+ 5=0
M

-1-312-213+4=0
41) + 4012 = 1 ... (i)
312+213=3 ... (iii) For loop PRQP,
On solving, we get II ,12 and 13. (1)
- 2013 - 6011 + 4 = 0
2
II =-A, 513+ 1511 =1 ... (ii)
13 Applying Kirchhoff's first rule at P
7
12=-A 13 = II + 12 ... (iii) (1)
13
9 From Eqs. (i) and (iii). we have
and 13 =-A 411 + 4412 = 1 ... (iv)
13
CHAPTER 3 : Current Electricity 103

From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we have Let the equivalent resistance across the
2011 + 512 =1 ... (v) combination be R.
On solving the above equations, we get
E = VA - VB = (61) R
I =.!.!..A = 11000 mA
~ 6IR = 10 (.: E = 10V) ... (i)
3 172 172
Applying Kirchhoff's second rule in loop AA'B'C'A
I =~A=400°mA - 2I x I - I x I - 2I xl + 10 = 0
2 215 215
~ 51 = 10
and I = ~A = 39000mA 1 =2A
I 860 860 (1)

R
Total current in the network = 61 = 6 x 2 = 12 A
32. The high resistance voltmeter means that no From Eq. (i),
current will flow through it hence, there is no 61 R =10 ~ 6 x2x R = 10
potential difference across it. So, the reading
shown by the high resistance voltmeter can be
R = 10 = 2n~ R = 2n
12 6 6 (1)
taken as the emf of the cell.

SI
The current through 2n resistor is 0.9 A.
The internal resistance of a cell depends on
34. Let II and 12 be the currents in two cells
(i) the concentration of electrolyte and
(ii) distance between the two electrodes. with emf's. EI and E2 and internal resistances,
(112 x 2=1) rl and r2•
The emf of cell (E) = 2.2 V E" (,
The terminal voltage across cell when 5 n
resistance (R) connected across it (V) = 1.8 V
Let internal resistance = r
IT
.: Internal resistance, A----< )----B

r=R(~-l) (1)

.. r=5(2.2_I)=5XO.4=2=1On
1.8 1.8 1.8 9
So, 1= II + 12
r= n
H
~ 10 Now, let V be the potential difference
9 ro between the points, A and B. Since, the
33. (i) Refer to Ans. 30. 1) first cell is connected between the points
(ii) Let 61 current be drawn from the cell. Since, A and B.
the paths AA', AD and AB are symmetrical.
V = potential difference across first cell
O

current through them is same.

As per Kirchhoff's junction rule, the current V = EI - II rl or II = EI - V
distribution is shown in the figure. (1) rl (1)

Now, the second cell is also connected between

21 61 the points, A and B. So,
0'
=E2-V
M

I2
21 r2
1 B' Thus, substituting for II and 12
A'
I=E -V+E2-V
I

21 rl r2
or 1=(5..+ E2)_V(..!..+..!..)
7j r2 rl r2

v=(Elli+E2rl)_I(_rlr2) ... (i)

61
r + r2
J r +
J r2
104 o Chnpterwise eBSE Solved Popers PHYSICS

If E is effective emf and r, the effective internal 36. For statement of Kirchhoff's laws Refer to
resistance of the parallel combination of the two Ans.29. (2)
cells. then
Let I current flows clockwise in the circuit.
v = E - Ir ... (ii) (1)
Applying Kirchhoff's voltage rule
Comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
- 2 - 1rl - 1r2 + 2 = 0 (112)
(i) E = El r2 + E2 r1
r1 + r2 1rl + 1r2 = 0

R
This is equivalent emf of the combination. 1(rl + r2) = 0
(ii) r=~ •• 1j + r2 *- 0 ~ I=0 (112)
r1 + r2 Thus, no current flows through the circuit.
This is equivalent resistance of the
37. (i) Refer to Answer 30. (2)
combination.

SI
(ii) The circuit diagram can be redrawn as given
(ill) the potential difference between the points A
below.
and Bis (1)
v = E - Ir
35. No current flows through 4 Q resistor as capacitor
offers infinite resistance in DC circuits. B

Also, 2Q and 3Q are in parallel combination

zx 3 6
RAB = -- = -=1.2A
2+ 3 5
IT
E,r
Applying Kirchhoff's second rule in outer loop AB (Equivalent circuit)
and cell.
Let I current flow through outer loop in clockwise r r
RAC = -; ReB = -
direction. 2 2
-1.21 - 2.81 + 6= 0 1 1 1 1 3
~ - =-+-+ -=-
4I = 6
H
RAB r r r r
1=~A RAB =!..
2 (1'12) 3
:. Potential difference across AB
Total resistance of circuit = r +!.. =~
3 3 3
VAB = 1RAB = - x 1.2 = 1.8 V
O

2
Current drawn from cell = _E_ = ~
:. 3Q and 2Q are in parallel combination. 4r/3 4r
:. Potential difference across 2Q resistor is 1.8 V. 2
:. Current I' through 2Q resistor is given by 2 3E 9E 2
Power consumed = I R = - r = --2 . r
( 4 r) 16 r
t: =.!:::= 1.8 = 0.9A
R 2 9E2
M

t: = 0.9 A (1'12) 16 r (3)

[TOPIC 3] Electrical Devices and Heating
Effects of Current
3.1 Potentiometer =Ir=(~)r
Potential drop across potentiometer wire
It is an electrical device which can Potential gradient of potentiometer R+ r wire
(i) measure the potential difference with
K = (~)!..~V = KI=(~)!..I

R
greater accuracy.
R+r L R+r L
(ii) compare the emfs of two cells. The potentiometer is a better device to measure
(ill) measure the emf of a cell. potential difference than a voltmeter as null point
(iv) be used to determine the internal method is used and hence, it can measure even the emf

SI
resistance of a primary cell. of cell but voltmeter cannot. It measures potential
difference with greater accuracy.
Working Principle
The potentiometer works on the principle
Comparing EMF of Two Cells
that potential difference across any two The emfs of two primary cells can be compared using
points of uniform current carrying . EI II
potentiometer as - = -
conductor is directly proportional to the E2 12
length between the two points i.e. V oc I where, II antll2 are the balancing lengths corresponding
IT
to cells of emf's EI and E2 respectively.
Potential Gradient
Circuit diagram
It is the potential drop per unit length of
For comparing the ernfs of two primary cells.
wire of potentiometer

f
V K Main
i.e. K = ~, where V and I are potential -1 ~ ~ f--{. circuit
H
I
difference applied by driving cell and length A J' / -J-,,-R:!..h----I B
of wire of potentiometer, respectively.

'
Application of Potentiometer
[j
E1 K1
I-----{.
O

Measurement of Potential Difference E2 K2

Using Potentiometers I-----{

+~~. To Measure Internal Resistance of a Cell

E K
M

The internal resistance can be determined using

o 100
potentiometer.
I.I.I.I,I.I.I,I.I.I.I.I.!.I.I.I.I,I.!.I.I.I.I.I.I,I.I.!,I.I.I,I.,I

B
V K
1111f--{·~
Rh Main
I--( circuit
J' J J"
E1 K1
A~---~'-'-T-----~B
If r is the resistance of potentiometer wire of
length L, then current through
. .. I E
potentiometer WIre IS =--
R+r
AS
106 o Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

If 11,12 are the balancing lengths when key KI is The Wheatstone bridge is said to be
opened and closed respectively and resistance R is sensitive, if it gives ample deflection in the
applied in Safety Resistance Box (SRB), then galvanometer even on slight change of
internal resistance of primary cell of emfs is given resistance. For sensitivity of galvanometer,
the magnitude of four resistances P, Q, R, S
by r=R(t-l) should be of same order.

The potentiometer works only when

3.3 Meter Bridge

R
(i) the terminal voltage applied by driving cell is
greater than the emf of primary cell. R s
(ii) the positive terminals of driving cell and
primary cell are connected at the zero end of
potentiometer wire.

SI
Altr---~~~~---~I
Sensitivity of a Potentiometer
-(100-1)
It refers to the capability of measuring very small E K
potential difference and exhibit change in
II f--(.)--.IWW-
balancing length even on very small change in
potential difference. It is an electrical device used to determine
The sensitivity of potentiometer can be increased the resistance and hence, specific resistance
by increasing the number of wires of of material of given wire/conductor.
IT
potentiometer and hence, decreasing the value of It is based on the principle of balanced
potential gradient. Wheatstone bridge.
For uniform wire,
3.2 Wheatstone Bridge resistance of wire oc length of conductor
It is an arrangement of four resistance connected At balanced situation of bridge,
H
to form the arms of quadrilateralABCD. A battery P R
-=-
with key and galvanometer are connected along Q S
its two diagonals respectively. R
B or --=-
100 -I S
O

~ s=COOI-I)XR
where, 1 is the balancing length.
NOTE Meter bridge is also known as slide wire bridge.
M

o 3.4 Joule's Law of Heating

E
'-------lll----{(. }-----' The amount of heat produced in a current carrying
K conductor, H is given by
where, P, Q = ratio arms, Hoc [2 Rt or H = [2 Rt
R =known resistance, V2
H = VIt or H=-t
S = unknown resistance R
The bridge is said to be balanced, when R (resistance)
-----IVV'N'-
(i) VB = VD I (current)
(ii) There is no flow of current through and t (time)
galvanometer,
CHAPTER 3 : Current Electricity 107

5. In an experiment on meter bridge, if the

Electric Power balancing length AC is X, what would be
The rate of consumption of electrical energy or its value, when the radius of the meter
production of heat energy is known as electric bridge wire AB is doubled? Justify your
power. SI unit of electric power is watt (W). answer. All India 2011C
2 6. In a meter bridge, two unknown resistances
Electric power, P = [2R = --V = VI Rand S when connected in the two gaps,
R
give a null point at 40 em from one end .
• Unit in the commercial unit of electric energy, What is the ratio of Rand S? Deihl 2010

R
1 unit = 1kWh = 3.6x 106 J
• If V, = specified voltage and W is wattage of o 2 Marks Questions
bulb or appliance, then resistance of bulb of 7. Use Kirchhoffs rules to obtain balance
_=
V2 conditions for the balance conditions in a

SI
appliance _s_
W Wheatstone bridge. All India 2015
If Va i' applied voltage, then actual power 8. (i) State the principle of working of a
consumed, v2
Pa = ----"--
=
2
V W
-1 potentiometer.
R Vs (ii) In the following potentiometer, circuit
AB is a uniform wire of length 1 m and
resistance 10 n. Calculate the potential
gradient along the wire and balance
length AO(l).
IT
PREVIOUS YEARS' I 2V 15Q

EXAMINA .ION QUESTIONS

TOPIC 3 Ar-------~------~B
o 1 Mark uuestlons
H
1.2 Q I
1. Nichrome and copper wires of same
length and same radius are connected
in series. Current I is passed through O.3Q Delhi 2015C
them. Which wire gets heated up more?
O

Justify your answer. All India 2017

9. A potentiometer wire of length 1 m has a
resistance of 10 n. Determine the emf of the
2. State the underlying principle of a primary cell which gives a balance point at
potentiometer? Delhi 2014C 40 cm. Delhi 2014
3. A heating element is marked 210 V, Or A potentiometer wire of length 1 m has a
M

630 W. What is the value of the current resistance of 5 n. It is connected to a 8 V

drawn by the element when connected battery in series with a resistance of 15 n.
to a 210 V DC source? Delhi 2013 Determine the emf of the primary cell which
4. A resistance R is connected across a cell gives a balance point at 60 cm. Delhi 2014
of emf E and internal resistance r. Now, a Or A potentiometer wire of length 1.0 m has a
potentiometer measures the potential resistance of 15 n. It is connected to a 5 V
difference between the terminals of the battery in series with a resistance of 5 n.
cells as V Write the expression for r in Determine the emf of the primary cell which
terms of E, Vand R. Delhi 2011, 2010 gives a balance point at 60 cm.
Delhi 2014; HOTS;Foreign 2012
108 o ehapterwise eBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

10. An ammeter of resistance 0.80 n can 14. For the circuit diagram of a Wheatstone
measure current up to 1.0 A. bridge shown in the figure, use Kirchhoffs
laws to obtain its balance condition.
(i) What must be the value of shunt
resistance to enable the ammeter to
measure current up to 5.0 A ?
(ii) What is the combined resistance of
the ammeter and the shunt? Delhi 2013

R
11. Describe briefly with the help of a circuit
diagram, how a potentiometer is used to
determine the internal resistance of a cell.
+ -
All India 2013

SI
Delhi 2009
12. Two students
XandY 15. Obtain the formula for the power loss (i.e.
power dissipated) in a conductor of
perform an
. A~------~r-------~B resistance R, carrying a current. Delhi 2009C
experiment on
potentiometer
separately o 3 Marks Questions
using the 16. A resistance of R
circuit given draws current
IT
below. from a Ar---~NV~----~a
, Keeping other parameters unchanged, potentiometer.
how will the position of the null point be The potentiometer R

affected, if wire AB, has a

(i) X increases the value of resistance R total resistance of Ro. A voltage V is
in the set up by keeping the key Kl supplied to the potentiometer. Derive an
H
closed and the key K z open? expression for the voltage across R, when
(ii) Y decreases the value of resistance S the sliding contact is in the middle of
in the set up, while the key Kz potentiometer wire. Delhi 2017
remains open and then Kl closed?
17. (i) The potential difference applied
Justify your answer. Delhi 2017
O

across a given resistor is altered, so

13. In the meter bridge experiment, balance that the heat produced per second
point was observed at J with AJ = l. increases by a factor of 9. By what
(i) The values of R and X were doubled factor does the applied potential
and then interchanged. What would difference change?
M

be the new position of balance point? (ii) In the figure shown, an ammeter A
(ii) If the galvanometer and battery are and a resistor of 4 n are connected to
interchanged at the balanced the terminals of the source. The emf
position, how will the balance point of the source is 12 V having an
get affected? internal resistance of 2 n. Calculate
R X the voltmeter and ammeter readings.
v
G

A <-----------''-------------Ia
'VI/IM.-----------'
R=4 n All India 2017
All India 2011
CHAPTER 3 : Current Electricity 109

18. (i) Write the principle of working of a E2 connected in the manner shown, are
metre bridge. obtained at a distance of 120 cm and
(ii) In a metre bridge, the balance point is 300 cm from the end A
found at a distance '1with resistance R Find
and S as shown in the figure. (i) Elf E2 and
R s (ii) position of null point for the cell E1.
How is the sensitivity of a potentiometer

R
G increased? Foreign 2014; Deihl 2012
22. Define the current sensitivity of a
A~------~~--------~B galvanometer. Write its SI unit.
'-------11--< }-----'
Figure shows two circuits each having a

SI
An unknown resistance X is now galvanometer and a battery of 3 V.
connected in parallel to the resistance When the galvanometer in each
S and the balance point is found at a arrangement do not show any deflection,
distance 12, Obtain a formula for X in obtain the ratio Rtf R2•
terms of 11,12and S. All Indio 2017
19. Answer the following:
(i) Why are the connections between the
IT
resistor in a meter bridge made of
thick copper strips?
(ii) Why is it generally preferred to obtain
the balance point in the middle of the
meter bridge wire? L- -< G \- .J

(iii) Which material is used for the meter

3.0V 1.20n
H
bridge wire and why? All India 2014
All India 2013
20. (i) State the underlying principle of a
potentiometer. Why is it necessary to 23. State the underlying principle of a
(a) use a long wire, potentiometer. Write two factors on
(b) have uniform area of cross-section which the sensitivity of a potentiometer
O

of the wire and depends. In the potentiometer circuit

(c) use a driving cell whose emf is shown in the figure, the balance point is
taken to be greater than the emfs of at X. State, giving reason, how the
the primary cells? balance point is shifted when
(ii) In a potentiometer experiment, if the 200n
M

area of the cross-section of the wire

increases uniformly from one end to
the other, draw a graph showing how 5V
60n
potential gradient would vary as the
length of the wire increases from one
end. All India 2014C Q
4V
21. In the figure, a long uniform potentiometer
wire AB is having a constant potential (i) resistance R is increased
gradient along its length. The null points (ii) resistance S is increased, keeping R
for the two primary cells of emfs El and E2 constant? All India 2013C
110 o Chopterwise CSSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

24. With the help of circuit diagram, explain 29. In a meter bridge, the null point is found at a
how a potentiometer can be used to distance of 11 em from A. If a resistance of X is
compare emf of two primary cells?
connected in parallel with S, then null point
Deihl 2011 occurs at a distance 12 em from A. Obtain the
25. Two heating elements of resistances ~ formula for X in terms of 11' 12 and S.
and R2 when operated at a constant X
supply of voltage V, consume powers P1

R
and P2, respectively. Deduce the R S
expressions for the power of their
combination when they are in turn,
connected in
(i) series and

SI
(ii) parallel across their same voltage A~II~ij~'Ii~'i':;;;'ii:;;;'il;;;:'i'~I'~iij~'1i~I":;;;'Ii;;;:I";'I~'1i~I":;;;il':;;;1'1;;;:'li~l'~jll:;;;lji:;;;l'
~B l~il
supply. All India 2011
26. In a meter bridge, the null point is found
at a distance of 40 em from A. If a Oeihi 2010
resistance of 12 n is connected in parallel
with S, then null point occurs at 50.0 em 30. A circuit using a potentiometer and
from A. Determine the values of Rand S. battery of negligible internal resistance is
set up as shown to develop a constant
IT
120
R potential gradient along the wire AB. Two
cells of emfs El and E2 are connected in
series as shown in combinations (1) and
(2). The balance points are obtained
respectively at 400 cm and 240 em from
the point A. Find
H
(i) E,. / E2•
HOTS;Oalhi 2010 (ii) balancing length for the cell E,. only.
III----( )----,
27. Draw the circuit diagram of a
potentiometer which can be used to A B
O

determine the internal resistance r of a

given cell of emf E. Explain briefly how I CD 'I
the internal resistance of the cell is 1 E2 ,,
,,
determined? Delhi 2010 I@,I 0'

28. In a meter bridge, the null point is found E2 E1 Delhi 2009

M

at a distance of 60 em from A. If a
31. X Y
resistance of 5 n is connected in series
with S, then null point occurs at 50.0 em
from A. Determine the values of Rand S.
R S

A B The figure shows experimental set up of a

!I'iil""""""""'I'I',""""""""""""'"j11'1'1'I'1
meter bridge. When the two unknown
resistances X and Yare inserted, the null
point D is obtained ;10 cm from the end A.
Oalhi 2010
CHAPTER 3 : Current Electricity 111

When a resistance of 10 n is connected in 34. (i) State the working principle of a

series with X, the null point shifts by potentiometer. With the help of the
10cm. circuit diagram, explain how a
Find the position of the null point when the potentiometer is used to compare the
emfs of two primary cells. Obtain the
Ion resistance is instead connected in required expression used for
series with resistance Y. Determine the
comparing the emfs.
values of the resistances X and Y. Deihl 2009
(ii) Write two possible causes for one
32. (i) State the principle of working of a sided deflection in a potentiometer

R
meter bridge. experiment. Deihl 2013
(ii) In a meter bridge balance point is
found at a distance 11 with resistances o 5 Marks Questions
Rand S as shown in the figure.
When an unknown resistance X is 35. (i) State Kirchhoffs rules for an electric

SI
connected in parallel with the network. Using Kirchhoffs rules,
resistance S, the balance point shifts obtain the balance condition in terms
to a distance 12, Find expression for X of the resistances of four arms of
in terms of 11, 12 ,and S. All Indio 2009 Wheatstone bridge.
X
(ii) In the meter bridge experimental set
R ,"""I/IN\ up, shown in the figure, the null point
, \
D is obtained at a distance of 40 em
from end A of the meter bridge wire.
IT
If a resistance of IOn is connected in
series with~, null point is obtained at
A~------~--------------~B AD = 60 em. Calculate the values of

l...-_--j 1f-----1 }----------'

~ and s;
+ -
H
33. (i) In the circuit diagram given below AB
is a uniform wire of resistance
15 n and length 1 m is connected to a A B
cell E1 of emf 2V and negligible 1I1111,IIII,IIII,IIII,IIIIIIIIII"II,lllIllllljllIl,111I111111I

internal resistance and a resistance R.

O

E
The balance point with another cell '-------0.1- ----{ }-----' Delhi 2013
E2 of emf 75 mV is found at 30 em
from end A. Calculate the value of R. 36. (i) Use Kirchhoffs B
rules to obtain
E1 R
the balance
M

condition in a A c
Wheatstone
A~----rX~------~B bridge.
(ii) Calculate the o
G value of R in the
balance l...-----~Vf------...J
(ii) Why is potentiometer preferred over
a voltmeter for comparison of emf of condition of the
Wheatstone bridge, if the carbon
cells?
resistor connected across the arm CD
(iii) Draw a circuit diagram to determine
has the colour sequence red, red and
internal resistance of a cell in the
orange, as shown in the figure.
laboratory. Foreign 2016
112 o Chopterwise CBSE Solved Popers PHYSICS

(iii) If now the resistance of the arms BC 5. The balancing length continue to be X even on
and CD are interchanged, to obtain doubling the radius of meter bridge wire as it
the balance condition, another carbon does not affect the ratio of length of two parts of
resistor is connected in place or R. meter bridge wire. (1)

What would now be sequence of

colour bands of the carbon resistor?
NOTE Resistance of wire =(%}
37.
Delhi 2012

(i) State the working principle of a

For uniform wire, (%) is constant even on doubling the
potentiometer. Draw a circuit diagram radius of meter bridge wire.

R
to compare emf of two primary cells. :. Resistance of wire oc l.
Derive the formula used. 6.. : Null point is obtained at 40 cm from one end
(ii) Which material is used for / = 40cm,
potentiometer wire and why? 100 -/ = 60crn.

SI
(iii) How can the sensitivity of a For meter bridge ratio of unknown resistances

38.
potentiometer be increased? Delhi 2011
(i) State with the help of a circuit
R
-=---=-=-
/
S (l00 - /) 60
40 2
3
diagram, the working principle of a => R :S =2 : 3 (1)
meter bridge. Obtain the expression 7. Applying Kirchhoff's loop law to close loop ABDA,
used for determining the unknown we get II R - IsG - 12 P = 0 ... (i)
resistance. Consider the diagram
(ii) What happens if the galvanometer 8
IT
and cell are interchanged at the I2-Ig
balance point of the bridge? 19 Q

(iii) Why is it considered important to

obtain the balance point near the
mid-point of the wire? Delhi 2011e

o Explanations
H
I I
o
1. For same length and same radius, resistance of
wire
Rocp (p: resistivity) Here, G is the resistance of the galvanometer.
O

As A,lChrome > P copper Applying Kirchhoff's loop law in the closed loop
Hence, resistance of nichrome section is more. BDCB, we get
In series, same current flows through both sections IsG + (II + Is)S - (12 - Is) Q = 0 ...(ii)
and heat produced = [2Rt. So, more heat is
When the Wheatstone bridge is balanced, no
produced in nichrome section of wire. (1)
current flows through the galvanometer,
M

2. The potentiometer works on the principle that i.e. Is = 0 (1)

potential difference across any two points of uniform :. From Eq. (i), we get
current carrying conductor is directly proportional to I IR- I 2P=0=> I IR= I 2P => II =!:.. ... (iii)
the length between those two points. (1) 12 R
Similarly, from Eq. (ii), we get
3. Given that P = 630 W and V = 210 V.
liS - 12 Q= 0
In DC source P = VI.
II S = 12 Q => II = g ...(iv)
I
Therefore, I = -P = -630 = 3 A. From Eqs. (ill) and (iv). we g~t
S
V 210 (1)
!:..=g => !:..=!!.
4. Internal resistance, r = R( % - 1) R S Q S
This is the required balance condition in a
where, signs are as usual. (1) Wheatstone bridge arrangement. (1)
CHAPTER 3 : Current Electricity 113

8. (i) Refer to Ans. 2. (1) 11. Measurement of internal resistance of a cell using
(ii) Here AB=lm,R AB =10n, potentiometer.
Potential gradient, k =?,AO=I=?
Current passing through AB,
1= __ 2_ = _2_ = 2A
15+RAB 15+10 25
2 4
VAB = IxRAB = -xl0 =- V
25 5

R
k= VAB =~vm-I
AB 5
Current in the external circuit,
(1)
I' = ~ = 1.5 = 1A
1.2+ 0.3 1.5 The cell of emf, E (internal resistance r) is connected

SI
across a resistance box (R) through key K 2'
For no deflection in galvanometer,
E = <jl4 ... (i)
Potential difference across AO=1.5-1.2I'
When K2 is open balance length is obtained at
~ k(1)=1.5-1.2xI'
length ANI = ~
~ ~l = 0.3 .. V=<I>l.J
5 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1=0.3x5 =0.375m
or
4
!i=i
V l.J
... (ill)
1=37.5cm (1)
IT
E = l(r + R) ~ V = IR
9. Given, length of wire, I = 1 m = 100 cm E r+ R
---- ... (iv)
Resistance, R = 10 n V R
From Eqs. (ill) and (iv), we get
Emf of a battery, EI = 6 V,
RI = 5n and
R+ r =i
R l.J

x=40cm
!i=i
H
E 6 6
:. Current, I = __ I -=--=- A V l.J
R+RI 10+515 (112)
6 60 r=R(%-l)
VAB =IR=-x 10=-=4V
15 15 (112)

R(i -1)
O

:.Emf of the primary cell = VAB X x r =

I
We known ~,l.J and E, so we can calculate r. (1)
=~X40=1.6V
100 (1) 12. When KI is closed and K2 is open, then only the
Or (Ans. l.2V). (2) cell connected in upper part branch will work.
Or (Ans. 2.25 V). (2)
When K2 is closed and KI is open, then only the
M

cell connected in lower branch will work.

10. (i) To measure current up to 5A, the shunt S (i) KI ~ closed, K2 ~ open
should have a value, such that for 5A input
current through system, 4A should pass E K,
through shunt S and 1 A should pass through +~.
given ammeter.
1xRA =4S
1 x 0.8 = 4S ~ S = 0.2 n
Thus, the shunt resistance is 0.2 n. (1)
(ii) Combined resistance of the ammeter and the
shunt,
R = 0.8S = 0.8 x 0.2 = 016 = 016n.
0.5+ S 0.8 + 0.2 1 (1)
114 o ehopterwise eBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

Suppose null point occurs at J. 14. In balanced Wheatstone bridge if current flow
Apply KVL in smaller loop, through galvanometer, that means while applying
E-IR=O ... (i) Kirchhoff's law, we can neglect this path.

where, R = resistance
No current flows through the galvanometer G
E=IR=>I=!!.. when circuit is balanced.
R B
[, I,
As, X increases the value of resistance R. So,
current in the circuit (wire) decreases. Hence, R

R
will be increased. Then I will decrease.
We can say, as X increases the value of R null
point decrease. (1)

(ii) K2 ~ open, K) ~ closed.

Then the circuit will be same as shown earlier. I
We see that resistance S is not involved in the o

SI
circuit because K 2 is open. '- .L'-I, _

E (1)

On distributing currents as per Kirchhoff's first

rule.
J Applying Kirchhoff's second rule
A.---------~.-----------~B
(i) In mesh ABDA,
.. -I) R) + (I - Id R4 = 0
=> I) R) = (I - Id R4 ... (i)
IT
+ (ii) In mesh BeDB,
-I) R2+ (I - Id R3 = 0
=> I)R2=(I-IJ)R3 ... (ii)

K2 On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii). we get

So, from Eq. (i). we get I) RJ _ (I - I)) R4.
I) R2 - (I - I)) R3'
H
E =RI
I .s. !i = R4
R R2 R3
Here, R does not depend on the value of
This is necessary and required balanced condition
resistance S.
of balanced Wheatstone bridge. (1)
O

So, R null point is not affected by decreasing the

value of resistance S. (1)
15. Consider a conductor MN having resistance R.
M R N
~
13. (i) The balancing condition states that
R / The potentials of the two terminals are suppose VM
- - ------
X (l00 - /) and VN•
M

X 100-/ Such that, VM - VN = V (As, VM > VN)

- ------
R / At any time interval fll, current through the
When both X and R are doubled, then conductor will be
2X X 100-/ 1= &j
------ fll (1)
2R R /
Balancing length would be at (l00 - /) ern. where, Sq = charge drifted through the conductor.
(1) The electrical potential energies of the charge
(ii) On changing the position of galvanometer and &j at M and N are flU M = &jV M and flU N = &jVN,
battery, the meter bridge continue to be respectively.
balanced and hence no change occur in the :. Change in potential energy
balance point. (1) flU = tlUN - flU M
CHAPTER 3 : Current Electricity 115

As, loss of potential energy = gain in kinetic energy In case of a metre bridge, resistance R and 5 are
~ ilK = - flU = [Vflt (1) taken in form of a wire. (1)

:. Energy dissipated per unit time (called power

loss) is
p = IVflt = VI = I2R (.: V = IR)
M
16. Total resistance of the circuit = Ro + Req
2

R
1 1 2 Ro+2R RRo
- =- +- = --- ~ Req=---
Req R Ro RRo Ro + 2R (1)
+ -
Total resistance
In balance condition, ~ = __ 5_
= Ro +~= ~ + 2RRo + 2RRo = ~ + 4RRo 11 100 - 11

SI
2 Ro + 2R ~Ro + 2R) ~Ro + 2R) (ii) In given metre bridge, initially
Current in the circuit = V = 2V (Ro + 2R) R S
". (i)
~ + 4RRo ~ + 4RRo II 100 -II
~Ro + 2R) (1) When a resistance X is placed in parallel with
. . 5X
Current in R 2V(Ro + 2R) x Ro /2 5r t h en net resistance m gap = --
(~ + 4RRo) (R + Ro /2) 5+ X
= V(Ro + 2R) x 2Ro 2VRo So, in balance (with 5 and X are in parallel), (1)

(~ + 4RRo) (2R + Ro) (~ + 4RRo)

(S¥X)
IT
R
Potential difference across
". (ii)
R = 2V RoR 2VR 12 100 - 12
(~ + 4RRo) (Ro + 4R) (1) Substitute the value of R from Eq. (i) to
2 V2 Eq. (ii).
17. (i) Heat produced per second = 1 R =-
R we get
H
So, when voltage is made three times, heat II X
produced increase nine times for same R. (1%)
12(100 - II) (S + X)(100 - 12)
(ii) Current in the circuit is I = ~ =~ = 2A
R+r 4+2 ~ 5 + X= x{/2(100 -/d}
11(100 - /2)
Also, terminal voltage across the cell,
~ !... + 1 = /2(100 - 11)
O

V = E - Ir = 12 - 2 x 2= 8 V
So, ammeter reading = 2A X 11(100 - 12)

and voltmeter reading = 8 V (1'12)

!... = /2(100 - /1) - /1 (100 - /2)
X 11(100 - 12)
18. (i) A metre bridge is based upon principle of
Wheatstone's bridge. ~ X= 5/1(100- /2) n
100 (12 - /d
M

(1)

19. (i) The connections between the resistors in a

meter bridge are made of thick copper strips
because of their negligible resistance. (1)
(ii) It is generally preferred to obtain the balance
point in the middle of the meter bridge wire
because meter bridge is most sensitive when
all four resistances are of same order. (1)
(iii) Alloy, manganin or constantan are used for
making meter bridge wire due to low
Under balance (I9 = 0) condition, ~ = ~ temperature coefficient of resistance and high
Q 5 resistivity. (1J
116 IZI Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

20. (i) Principle of Potentiometer The sensitivity of potentiometer be increased by

Refer to Ans. 2. increasing the length of wire. (112)
(a) We use a long wire to have a lower value 22. Current sensitivity of a galvanometer is defined as
of potential gradient (i.e a lower "least the deflection produed in galvanometer per unit
count" or greater sensitivity of the current flowing through it. Its SI unit is
potentiometer. radian/ampere.
(b) The area of cross-section has to be
uniform to get a 'uniform wire' as per the
principle of the potentiometer.

R
(c) The emf of the driving cell has to be
greater than the emf of the primary cells
as otherwise, no balance point would be
obtained. (2)

(il) P otenti ial gra dilent, K = -V = -IR = -IP

SI
L L A
:. The required graph is as shown below 3.0V (1)
For balanced Wheatstone bridge, there will be no
deflection in the galvanometer.
4 6 4x 9
-=-=>RI =--=60
RI 9 6
12Q
AreaA _ (1)
IT
21. (i) Let potential gradient be K.
E1-E2=Kx120 ... (i)
(cells are connected in opposite order)
EI + E2 = K x 300 ... (ii)
(cells are connected in supporting order) 3.0V (1)
H
(1)
EI + E2 = K x 300 = ~ For the equivalent circuit, when the Wheatstone
EI -E2 K x120 2 bridge is balanced, there will be no deflection in the
galvanometer.
Now, apply componendo and dividendo
12 6
(EI + E2) + (EI - E2) = 5 + 2
O

(EI +E2)-(E1 -E2) 5-2

8 R2

5.=2 R2 = 6 x 8 = 4 0
E2 3 12
(112)
EI _ 7 3E RI =~=~
(il) .. ---
E
2=- 1
R2 4 2
. E2 3' 7 (1)
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From Eq. (i), we get 23. For principle, Refer to Ans. 2. (1)

3 4 The two factors on which the sensitivity of a

EI--EI =Kx120, -EI =Kx120
7 7 potentiometer depends are
7 (a) the value of potential gradient (K). (1/2)
EI =K x 120 x- (b) by increasing the length of potentiometer wire.
4
From the circuit diagram,
=> EI = K x 210
Null point for EI is obtained at 210 cm. (1)
(i) if R is increased, the current through the
potentiometer wire will decrease.
CHAPTER 3 : Current Electricity 117

Due to it, the potential gradient of 25. To deduce the expression for the power of the
potentiometer wire will also decrease. Thus, combination, first find the equivalent resistance of
the position of J will shift towards B. (1) the combination in the given conditions.
(ii) if S is increased, keeping R constant, the
position of J will shift towards A. (112) V2
~=- =} RI =-
v2
24. The required circuit diagram is shown in the RI ~
figure below.
P2=-
v2 =}R2=-
v2
R2 P2 (1/2x2=1)

R
(i) In series combination,
V2 V2
Rs = RI + R2 = -+ -
400 ~ P2

R. = RI + R2 = V2(~+ ~)= V2(~ + P2)

J 300 ~ P2 ~P2

SI
Now, let the power of heating element in series
combination be Ps'
V2 2
.. P = = V = ~ P2
70 80 90 s RI+R2 V2(~+P2) ~+P2
PI P2
p = ~ P2
s ~ + P2 (1)
IT
(ii) In parallel combination,
The main circuit comprises of battery of emf E,
key (K) and rheostat (Rh ). The auxiliary circuit ~ =~ + ~ = _1_ + _1_ =!L+ P2
2 2 2 2
comprises of two primary cells of emfs EI and E2, R" RI R2 V V V V
galvanometer, jockey and resistance box (RB) to ~ P2
prevent large current flowing through the 1 1
-=-(~+P2)
galvanometer. Rp V
2
H
When key KI is closed and K2 kept open, the cell, Now, power consumption in parallel
EI comes into action. The jockey J is moved on combination
the wire AB till null point is obtained in
galvanometer. Let null point is obtained at length 2
Pp = ~ = V ( ~)
II' then emf of first cell is given by

:2(~
O

EI = kl, ... (i) (1)

2
where, k is the potential gradient along the wire AB Pp = V [ + P2)]
due to battery E.
Pp=~+P2 (1)
Now, key K2 is closed and KI kept open and null (1)
point is obtained at length 12, then
E2= kl2 ... (ii) (1) 26. In case of meter bridge at null point condition, the
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bridge is balanced, i.e. we can apply the condition

Therefore, ~= kll =i of balanced Wheatstone bridge.
E2 kl2 12
Applying the condition of balanced Wheatstone
EI =i bridge,
E2 12 (1) R I 40402
---- ----
NOTE The null point is obtained only when S 100 - I 100 - 40 60 3
(i) emf of battery E must be greater than emfs of two R 2
... (i)
primary cells E1 and E2 each. S 3 (1)
The equivalent resistance of 12 nand S n in
(ii) all the positive terminals of cells and battery must be
connected at the same point. par all eI·IS--12S ••.
r.
12+ S (112)
118 o ehapterwise eSSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

Again, applying the condition

S + X = (!1.)(~)
R _ 50_ X II 100-/2
1
( 12S ) - 50 - ~+ I = 12(100 -It!
12+ S (112) X II (l00-/2)

=> R=.~ ... (ii) ~ = !1.(100 - II )-1

12+ S
X II 100- 12
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
~ = 100(12 -II) => X = II (100 - 12) S
~S=~ X II (100 - 12) 100 (/2 - II)

R
(1)
3 12+ S
30. (i) In combination 1, net emf of combination is
12 + S = 18 => S = 6il EI + E2, whereas for combination 2 net emf is
R = ~S = ~X6 = 4il E2 -E/.
3 3 EI + E2 = KII .,,(i)

SI
R=4il ( 1/2 x 2 = 1)
where, K = potential gradient
27. Refer to Ans. 10. (3) II = 400 em
28. The condition of balanced meter bridge For combination 2,
E2-EI=KI2 ". (ii)
~ = 60 = 60 = ~
S 100 - 60 40 2 where, 12= 240 em (1/2)

EI + E2 = KII = 400 = ~
R 3 ... (i) E2- EI KI2 240 3
S 2 (1)
EI + E2 = ~
IT
Again, applying the condition.when Sand 5il are
E2- E/ 3
connected in series
.s.: 50 =>~=l .,,(ii)
Applying componendo and dividendo
we get
theorem,

S+ 5 50 S+ 5 (1) (EI + E2) + (E2 - EI) = 5+ 3

From Eqs. (i) and (Ii). we get (EI + E2) - (E2 - EI ) 5- 3
H
~S = S + 5 =>~S- S = 5 E2=~ => ~=~
2 2 EI 2 E2 4 (1)

S=IOil => R=~S=~XIO=15il (ii) .: ~= ~ => E2= 4EI (say)

2 2 E2 4
R = 15 il, S = 10 il (1)
=> EI+E2=Kx400 => 5E=Kx400
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29. Initially, for balanced Wheatstone bridge,

K=~=~
~ = __ /1_ =>R= __ /I_S .,,(i) 400 80 (1/2)
S I00 - II 100 - II (1) Now, let balancing length for EI is II
E
When X is connected in parallel with S, then :. EI =K/I => E= - X II => II = 80 em
80 (1)
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31. Applying the condition of balanced Wheatstone

S~ ]- (l0:~ 12) bridge!.. = _1_, where I is the balancing
[ Y 100- I
S+ X (1)
length from end A.
=> .e:
S+
= (100 -/2)R
X 12
Initially, I = 40 ern
X 40402
=> ----
=(100-/2) X (_/I_)S [from Eq. (i)l Y 100 - 40 60 3
12 100- II
X=~Y " .(i)

S:X -CJ(~~~=::) 3 (1/2)

CHAPTER 3 : Current Electricity 119

When 10 0 resistance connected in series with X, 33. As per the figure, total current through the wire
null points shift to 40 + 10 = SOern. AB is given by 1=~=_2_
oo X+10=SO=1 R+r R+1S
Y SO The potential gradient of the wire is given by
=> X+10=Y=> Y-X=10 ... (il)
K =lx22.=_2_ X22.
(112)
100 R+1S 100
From Eqs. (i) and (Ii), we get
As, the balance point with cell E2 of emf 7S mV is
!. = 10 0
=> Y = 300
found at 30 em from end A

R
3
X= 200 (1) _2_xO.lSX 30=7Sx10-)
Now, 100 resistance connected in series with Y R+1S
and let null point is obtained at length / em.
2 )XO.lSX30)-lS=R => R=10S0
~=_I- ( 7SxlO- (1'1a)
Y+ 10 100-/

SI
(ii) Potentiometer is preferred over a voltmeter for
~ = _._1- (.,'X = 200, Y = 300) comparison of emf of cells because at null point,
30+10100-1 it does not draw any current from the cell and
1 / thus there is no potential drop due to the
---- internal resistance of the cell. It measures the
2 100-1
potential difference in an open circuit which is
100-/=21 equal to the actual emf of the cell. (1'Ia)
31= 100
34. (i) Working principle of potentiometer
1 = 100 cm = 33.33 ern Refer Ans. 24
IT
3 (1)
For derivation, Refer to Ans. 31. (1)
So, null point is obtained at length 33.33 cm. (ii) (a) The emf of the cell connected in main
32. (i) Meter bridge works on the principle of circuit may not be more than the emf of
balanced Wheatstone bridge. the primary cells whose emfs are to be
In balanced Wheatstone bridge, compared. (1)

(a) no current flow through the (b) The positive ends of all cells are not
H
galvanometer. connected to the same end of the wire. (1)
(b) VB = Vo 35. (i) Refer to Ans. 34 of Topic 2.
(c) !:..=.!i Wheatstone Bridge (1)
Q s (1Va) The Wheatstone bridge is an arrangement of
where, P,Qare ratio arms, four resistances as shown in the following
O

R = known resistance and figure.

S = unknown resistance. B
M

I
E
o Rj, R2, R) and R4 are the four resistances.
(1)

Galvanometer (G) has a current 19 flowing

through it at balanced condition,
E
19 = 0
(ii) Refer to Ans. 34. (1Va)
Applying junction rule at B,
oo 12 = 14
120 o ehapterwise eBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

Applying junction rule at D, 36. (i) The balance condition is

.. II =13 !:..=~~ !:..=g
Applying loop rule to closed loop ADBA. Q S R S (1)
- II RI + 0 + 12R2 = 0 (ii) Let a carbon resistor S is given to the bridge
!.L = R2 ... (i) ~ ~=1
12 RI S
~ R = S = 22 X 103 0 (1)
Applying loop rule to closed loop CBDC,
(ill) After interchanging the resistances the

R
12R4 + 0-IIR3 = 0
balanced bridge would be
13=11 ~ 14=12 2R 2 x 103 1
!.L = R4 ... (ii) X = 2 x 22 X 103 = "2
12 R3
~ X = 4R = 4 x 22 X 103 = 88 kO (1)

SI
'I From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
Thus, equivalent resistances of Wheatstone
R2 = R4
bridge
RI R3
1 1 1 3
This is the required balanced condition of -=-+-=- ~ Req=2R
Req 3R 6R 6R (1)
Wheatstone bridge.
(ii) Considering both the situations and writing
:. Current through it I = !. x ~ = ~ A
them in the form of equations. 3 2R 6R (1)
Let R' be the resistance per unit length of the
37. (i) For working principle of potentiometer
potential meter wire
Refer to Ans. 24. (1'/.)
3
IT
RI = R' x 40 _ 40 _ For circuit diagram to compare emf of
R2 R' (100- 40) 60 3 two cells Refer to Ans. 31. (1'/.)
RI + 10 = R' x 60 = 60 = ~ (ii) Constantan or manganin (alloy) as they
R2 R' (100- 60) 40 2 have low temperature coefficient of
resistance. (1)
RI =3 ... (i) (ill) The sensitivity of potentiometer can be
R2 3
H
increased by increasing the number of wires
RI + 10 = ~ ... (ii) of potentiometer and hence, decreasing the
R2 2 value of potential gradient. (1)
Putting the value of RI from Eq. (i) and 38. (i) Refer to Ans. 33. (3)
substituting in Eq. (ii}, we get (ii) Refer to Ans. 13 (ii). (1)
2103
O

- + - = - ~ R2 = 12 0 (ill) It is because of the fact that meter bridge is

3 R2 2 most sensitive when null point occur near
Recalling Eq. (i) again, the mid-point of wire and all the four
resistances are of same order. (1)
RI =3 ~ RI = 80
12 3 (3)
M

Value Based Questions (From Complete Chapter)

o 4 Marks Questions to do something for her. She referred to
Physics books and learnt that the series
1. Ramaniamma was a childless widow. She ran combination for the household connection
her life only by the pension for the Sr. citizens should be the reason. She called an
from the Government. When she switches on electrician and had the circuit changed to
one bulb in her house, all the other appliances parallel combination. The problem was
get switched off. She could not even spend for solved and Ramaniamma was happy. She
an electrician. Sujatha living nearby decided
 CHAPTER 3 : Current Electricity 121

thanked Sujatha for her help to solve the Let m cells be connected wrongly by Sanjeev in
problem. series of total n cells, then he got the current
1.4 A in the external load of resistance
Read the above passage and answer the R(= IOn). Therefore,
following questions.
I = 1.4 = (n - 2m) E (20 - 2m) x 2
(i) What are the values possessed by (R+nr) IO+20xO.5
Sujatha?
(ii) Why for household a parallel On solving, we get m = 3. It means three cells
are connected wrongly by Sanjeev.

R
[1%]
combination used? Give two
(iii) Shikhaj has proper knowledge and careful
advantages.
handling of the apparatus. That is why, he got
Ans. (i) Care for elderly people, empathy, willingness the required results from his setup. Sanjeev's
to gain knowledge. [1%]
knowledge is incomplete and his handling is
(ii) A parallel circuit can run several devices using
careless. That is why he could not get the

SI
the full voltage. [1]
required results. Hence, to get proper results,
The two advantages are as follows: one has to be extra careful and should plug all
(a) If one apppliance fails, then other are loopholes. [1%]
running normally.
(b) If one of the device shorts, the other 3. Vishwajeet purchased cells for his
devices will receive no voltage preventing transistor. He felt that cells are not
overload damage. [1%] working properly. He wanted to check
2. It is desired to supply a current of 2 A their emf. So, he took the cells to the
through a resistance of 10 Q. As many as physics lab and with the help of
IT
20 cells are provided, each of emf 2 V and potentiometer found their emf. To his
internal resistance 0.5 Q. Two friends surprise, emf was less than the value
Shikhaj and Sanjeev try their hand on the claimed by the manufacturer. He lodged
problem. Shikhaj succeeds but Sanjeev the complaint with consumer forum and
fails. received the deserving response:
Read the above passage and answer the Read the above passage and answer the
H
following questions. following questions:
(i) Justify the set up of Shikhaj? (i) What values are displayed by
(ii) What might have gone wrong with Vishwajeet?
Sanjeev, when he gets 1.4 A current (ii) Why do you think Vishwajeet used
O

in the external load? potentiometer instead of voltmeter to

(iii) What are the basic values shown by find out emf of the cell? For more
Shikhaj and Sanjeev in their work? precise measurement, the potential
Ans. (i) Here, n=20, E=2V .,=0.5 n, R=10 n gradient of the potentiometer should
If all the 20 cells are correctly connected in be high or low?
series to the external load of resistance R. then Ans. (i) Values displayed by Vishwajeet are as follow;
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current in load is (a) general awareness

(b) presence of mind
I=~
R+ nr (c) use of scientific knowledge [2)
(ii) Potentiometer is based on null point method.
20x2 = 2A
10+ 20x 0.5 Voltmeter draws current at the time of
measurement of potential difference across the
It means Shikhaj's set up is correct. [1] cell. So, it dees not give the correct value of emf.
(ii) If one cell is wrongly connected in series For more precise measurement, it should be
arrangement of cells, it then reduces the total low. [2]
emf of the set up by an amount equals to two
times the emf of each cell.