wdt=- ZC SEE Engineering Physics ADDITIONAL SOLVED PROBLEMS | [ 1. Calculate the number of photons emitted by a 100 watts sodium vapoy, lamp. [Give 4 = 5893 A]. 6.625 x 107 x 3x 10° 5803 x 10° cs Energy (E) = = 3.3726 x 10°” Joules. Power Energy ~. Number of photons emitted = 100 /S 726 x 10° ' joules 2.965 x 10” per second .. Number of photons emitted = 2.965 x 107 2. A beam of X-rays are scattered by free electrons. At 45° from the beam direction, the scattered X-rays have a wavelength of 0.022 A. What is the wavelength of the incident beam? Solution Formula: Compton shift AX=2!—2= an (cos 8) ; Here 4 — Incident Wavelength 2 Scattered wavelength 1 cos Nog = £08 0)el yA photon of energy 1.02 MeV is scattered through 90° by a free electron. Calculate the energy of photon and electron, after scattering. Formula: We know Compton shift Ak= aco) me + Change in frequency of the scattered photon <. Change in energy of the scattered photon (or) (or) (or) (or) = 0.022 x 10" vo ___ 6.625 10 9.11 10x 3x 108 (1 = cos 45°) 20.022 x 10° "= 7,0999 x 10° 8 n= 0.0149 A The wavelength of t 6.625 x10 -— 6.825 x10 _ = cos 90°) 9.1L X10 O° x3xl sh= 2428 x 107 m Av = 1.2356 x 10° Hertz AE=hAV ME = 6.625 x 107 X 1.2356 10° A E=8.18585 x 107" Joules 3.19585 x10""' oy apa B1885x 16x10” AE=511615.60V as os eeOrar=ZeE Solution This change in energy is transferred a 5 the K.E of the recoil electron, © Energy of the recoil electron = 0.5116 MeV Energy of incident photon .. Energy of the scattered photon = _ Energy of recoil electron =1.02-0.5116 = 0.5084 MeV [= Energy of the scattered photon =0.5084 MeV 4. X-rays of wavelength 0.124 A are scattered by a carbon block. Find the wavelength of scattered X-rays for a scattering angle of 180°. h Formula: Compton shift Ak = - A= ea 6) 1+“ cos 6) ime 34 =0.124x 107 19 8625210 —__ cos 180°) 9.11% 10 x3 x 10" = 0.124 x 10°" +.0,04848 x 107° = 0.17254 +. Wavelength of scattered X-rays \/= 0.1725 A 5. Caleulate the de-Broglie wavelength of an electron accelerated to a potential of 2 KV. Solution we Ae As Formula: de-Broglie wavelength 1 v2 eV 6.625 x 107 # V2x9.11 x10 x 16x10 x2 x10 0.2744 A +. The de-Broglie wavelength 1? =0.2744 AQuantum Physics 5 475 6. Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength corresponding to the Toot mean square velocity of hydrogen molecules at 27°C. Solution Fe la: de-Broglie wavelength A= ‘ormula: de-Broglie wavelengt Bink, Mass of hydrogen = mass of proton = 1.678 x 1072” kg Boltzmann constant Ky = 1.38 x 10723 Temperature (7) =300K ae 6.625 x 10" 3 1.678 x 10"? x 1.38 10 300 AE 1A4S1A +. de-Broglie wavelength (2) = 1.451 A 7. Calculate the energy in eV of an electron wave of wavelength 3x 10°? m. Formula: Energy E (6.625 x 10° 4)? asCololwmi. 2 a 2x9.11 x10 "x 3x 1072)? 2.6765 x 10” * Joules 2.6765 x 1074 16x 10°" (or) E=1.6728eV SS of the electron ‘E’ = 1.6728 eV __wa-Z2c ~~ Engineering Physics ~ ” of an electron equals the Compyy, ity of light in vacuum glie wavelength 8 Show that the ey ic 0.7071 times the veloc wavelength, if vee Formula: We know de Broglie wavelengt my tk m= | A= 2 | my -(3] Vins 0) 2 e Here v=0.7071 ¢ aye 0.7071)" imp (0.10710) foe h Ae ; ‘Mp (0.7071) ¢ V1-(0.7071)" 6.625 x 107 *# ve 9.11 x 1073! x 0.7071 x 3 x 108 x VO. . 4=4848x107 metre ~() We know Compton wavelength Mee = (1 cos 6) to We know for maximum shift @= 180°; cos 180°=- 1. af a= UCD (or) Aa, =a | ah = 2X 6.625 x10 9.11 x 1073" 3 x 108 [2 ai, =4.848% 10"? m | 2) Eee s S88 10m) Therefore from equation (1) and (2) we can write A=AA. (Thus the de-Broglie wavelength is equal to the Compton wavelength. EEE wavelength is equal to the Compt Se sf[482 wa-Ze¢ AD! ONAL PART QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 1. What is meant by energy spectrum of a black body? What do yoy infer from it? : The distribution of energy for various wavelength at various temperatures g known as energy spectrum of a black body. Inference: ()) The energy distribution will not be uniform for any particular temperature. (ii) When temperature increases, the wavelength decreases, (ii) The total energy emitted at any particular temperature can be foung with the help of the area traced by the curve. 2. Define Stefen-Boltzmann’s law. Itis defined as “The radiant energy (E) of the body is directly proportional to the fourth power of the temperature (7) of the body” (ie) Eo T4 (or) E=oT*. where 6 — Stefan constant. 3. Arrive at Wien’s Displacement law from Planck’s law. We know Planck’s law is , = Sthe 1 aro [eb KaT a] oa For shorter wavelengths e"*&sT AKT ___ 8nhe 03 (eeu (or) Ex= Brthe 5 eo MAK (on) 2) where C,=8nh cand G=K 0D Thus equation (2) represents Wien’s displacement law.Quantum Physics 4.83 We know Planck’s law is 8ahe I a oe as [ (KT | 4. Arrive at Rayleigh-Jeans law from Planck's law. | For longer wavelengths —,& Thus Rayleigh-Jeans law was arrived. 5. What is meant by photon? Give any two properties. Definition: Photons are discrete energy values in the form of small quantas of definite frequency (or) wavelength. Properties: 1. They does not have any charge and they will not ionise. 2. The energy and momentum of the photon is given by E=hvandp=me. where v > frequency m— mass of photon c > velocity of photon h— Planck’sConstant 6. Explain the variation of Compton shift with respect to the scattering angle. . The compton shift in wavelength increases with the increase in scattering angle. as shown below. h We know compton shift Ak =>, (1 = c9s 8) Case (i) When 6=0; Ak=0? 7. What are the properties of matter waves? (i) Matter waves are not electromagnetic waves. w kind of waves in which due are produced to the motion of the (ii) Matter waves are ne' . charged particles, electromagnetic waves jength. (iii) Lighter particles will have high wavel I have high wavelength. (iv) Particles moving with less velocity wi (v) The velocity of matter wave is greater than the velocity of light. 8. What to you understand by the term wave function. Wave function (wy) is a variable quantity that is associated with a moving particle at any position (x,y,z) and at any time ‘f’. It relates the probability of finding the particle at that point and at that time. Since w is a complex quantity, it has no meaning and hence the probability function lyi? = y" y is found, which is real and positive and has physical meaning, which is a measurable quantity too. 9. Write down the schroedinger wave equation and give any two applications of it. There are two types of schroedinger wave equations, viz. (i) Schroedinger time dependent wave equation, given by Ey=Hy where E- Total energy of the particle A Hamiltonian operator > wave function (ii) Schroedinger time independent wave equation, given by 2m _ Vyt z [E-v] y=0 [3-dimensional] where £— Total energy of the particle V ~ Potential energy of the particle m — mass of the particleQuantum Physics ~~ % 485 ——_——— ft Planck? H 55 (h— Planck's constant Applications i It is used to find the electrons in the metal 2 Wis used to find the energy levels of an electron in an infinite deep potential well. 10. Write down the one dimensional schroedinger time f independent equation and write the same for a free particle, The one dimensional (along x axis) schroedinger time independent equation is given by 2, we [E-Viy=0 For a free particle, the potential energy is schroedinger equation becomes zero ie., V=0, Therefore the ey 2m +—2Ey=0 ae 11. Define normalisation process and write down the normalised wave function for an electron in a one dimensional potential well of length ‘a’ metres. Normalisation is the process by which the probability of finding a particle inside any potential well can be done. For a one dimensional potential well of length ‘a’ metre the normalised wave function is given by 12, Define Eigen value and Eigen function. Eigen value is defined as energy of the particle and is denoted by the letter (E,) Eigen function is defined as the wave function of the particle and is denoted by the letter (y,). | mwate Zo Cae 13. Define magnifying power. The magnifying power (M) of the angle subtended by the final image (B) at the ¢ the object (q) at the eye kept at the near point. Angle subtended by the final image at eye (ie) M= a * ‘Angle subtented by the object at eye kept at the near point a microscope is defined as the ratio between ye to the angle subtended by (or) M= 8 a 14, Define resolving power of microscope. It is the ability of an optical instrument to form a distinct and separable images of the two point objects which are close to each other. If ‘d’ is the least distance between two closer point objects, then _2NA The resolving power = Where 2, is the wavelength of the light through vacuum. and NA is the Numerical aperture of the objective of the microscope, 15. Mention the applications of electron microscope. @__Ithas a very wide area of applications in the field of biology, metallurgy, physics, chemistry, medicine and engineering, (ii) It is used to determine the complicated structures of crystals. Gii) It is used in the study of celluloids, (iv) It is used to study the structure of micro organisms such as virus, bacteria etc, 16. List out the advantages and disadvantages of SEM, Advantages (i) It can be used to examine specimens of large thickness. Gi) It has large depth of focus, (ii) It can be used to get a three dimensional image of the object. (iv) Since the image can be directly viewed in the screen, structural details can be resolved in a precise manner. (v)_ The magnification may be upto 3,00,000 times greater than that of the size of the object.