ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:

IT IS A TECHNICAL DRAWING IN WHICH DIFFERENT VIEWS OF AN OBJECT

ARE PROJECTED ON DIFFERENT REFERENCE PLANES
OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESPECTIVE REFERENCE PLANE
Different Reference planes are
Horizontal Plane (HP),
Vertical Frontal Plane ( VP )
Side Or Profile Plane ( PP)
And
Different Views are Front View (FV), Top View (TV) and Side View (SV)
FV is a view projected on VP.
TV is a view projected on HP.
SV is a view projected on PP.
IMPORTANT TERMS OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:
1 Planes.
2 Pattern of planes & Pattern of views
3 Methods of drawing Orthographic Projections
 PLANES
1
PRINCIPAL PLANES
HP AND VP

AUXILIARY PLANES

Auxiliary Vertical Plane Auxiliary Inclined Plane Profile Plane

(A.V.P.) (A.I.P.) ( P.P.)


A.V.P.
 to Hp &  to Vp


 PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS (First Angle Method)
2
THIS IS A PICTORIAL SET-UP OF ALL THREE PLANES.
ARROW DIRECTION IS A NORMAL WAY OF OBSERVING THE OBJECT.
BUT IN THIS DIRECTION ONLY VP AND A VIEW ON IT (FV) CAN BE SEEN.
THE OTHER PLANES AND VIEWS ON THOSE CAN NOT BE SEEN.

PROCEDURE TO SOLVE ABOVE PROBLEM:-

TO MAKE THOSE PLANES ALSO VISIBLE FROM THE ARROW DIRECTION,
A) HP IS ROTATED 900 DOWNWARD
B) PP, 900 IN RIGHT SIDE DIRECTION.
THIS WAY BOTH PLANES ARE BROUGHT IN THE SAME PLANE CONTAINING VP.

Click to view Animation On clicking the button if a warning comes please click YES to continue, this program is
safe for your pc.

VP PP
Y
FV LSV

X Y
X TV

HP

ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS

HP IS ROTATED DOWNWARD 900 PP IS ROTATED IN RIGHT SIDE 900 OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
AND AND DRAWN IN
BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP. BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP. FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS
 3 Methods of Drawing Orthographic Projections

First Angle Projections Method Third Angle Projections Method

Here views are drawn Here views are drawn
by placing object by placing object
in 1st Quadrant in 3rd Quadrant.
( Fv above X-y, Tv below X-y ) SYMBOLIC ( Tv above X-y, Fv below X-y )
PRESENTATION
OF BOTH METHODS
WITH AN OBJECT
STANDING ON HP ( GROUND) TV
FV ON IT’S BASE.
X Y NOTE:- X Y
HP term is used in1st Angle method
& FV
TV
For the same
G L
Ground term is used
in 3rd Angle method of projections
 FIRST ANGLE
FOR T.V.
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT
MEANS
ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP.

OBJECT IS INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & PLANE.

VP PP

FV LSV

X Y
TV

HP

ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
IN
FIRST ANGLE METHOD
OF PROJECTIONS
 THIRD ANGLE FOR T.V.
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT
( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. )

PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT

AND INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & OBJECT.

TV
X Y
LSV FV

ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
OF
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS
 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
{ MACHINE ELEMENTS }
OBJECT IS OBSERVED IN THREE DIRECTIONS.
THE DIRECTIONS SHOULD BE NORMAL
TO THE RESPECTIVE PLANES.
AND NOW PROJECT THREE DIFFERENT VIEWS ON THOSE PLANES.
THESE VEWS ARE FRONT VIEW , TOP VIEW AND SIDE VIEW.

FRONT VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON VERTICAL PLANE ( VP )

TOP VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON HORIZONTAL PLANE ( HP )
SIDE VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON PROFILE PLANE ( PP )

FIRST STUDY THE CONCEPT OF 1ST AND 3RD ANGLE

PROJECTION METHODS

AND THEN STUDY NEXT 26 ILLUSTRATED CASES CAREFULLY.

TRY TO RECOGNIZE SURFACES
PERPENDICULAR TO THE ARROW DIRECTIONS
 FIRST ANGLE
FOR T.V.
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT
MEANS
ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP.

OBJECT IS INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & PLANE.

VP PP

FV LSV

X Y
TV

HP

ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
IN
FIRST ANGLE METHOD
OF PROJECTIONS
 FOR T.V.
THIRD ANGLE
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT
( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. )

PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT

AND INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & OBJECT.

TV
X Y
LSV FV

ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
OF
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS
 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
OF POINTS, LINES, PLANES, AND SOLIDS.

TO DRAW PROJECTIONS OF ANY OBJECT,

ONE MUST HAVE FOLLOWING INFORMATION
A) OBJECT
{ WITH IT’S DESCRIPTION, WELL DEFINED.}
B) OBSERVER
{ ALWAYS OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESP. REF.PLANE}.
C) LOCATION OF OBJECT,
{ MEANS IT’S POSITION WITH REFFERENCE TO H.P. & V.P.}

TERMS ‘ABOVE’ & ‘BELOW’ WITH RESPECTIVE TO H.P.

AND TERMS ‘INFRONT’ & ‘BEHIND’ WITH RESPECTIVE TO V.P
FORM 4 QUADRANTS.
OBJECTS CAN BE PLACED IN ANY ONE OF THESE 4 QUADRANTS.

IT IS INTERESTING TO LEARN THE EFFECT ON THE POSITIONS OF VIEWS ( FV, TV )

OF THE OBJECT WITH RESP. TO X-Y LINE, WHEN PLACED IN DIFFERENT QUADRANTS.

STUDY ILLUSTRATIONS GIVEN ON HEXT PAGES AND NOTE THE RESULTS.TO MAKE IT EASY
HERE A POINT A IS TAKEN AS AN OBJECT. BECAUSE IT’S ALL VIEWS ARE JUST POINTS.
 NOTATIONS

FOLLOWING NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED WHILE NAMEING

DIFFERENT VIEWS IN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS.

OBJECT POINT A LINE AB

IT’S TOP VIEW a ab

IT’S FRONT VIEW a’ a’ b’

IT’S SIDE VIEW a” a” b”

SAME SYSTEM OF NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED

INCASE NUMBERS, LIKE 1, 2, 3 – ARE USED.
 VP
2nd Quad. 1ST Quad.

Y
Observer

X Y HP
X

3rd Quad. 4th Quad.

THIS QUADRANT PATTERN,

IF OBSERVED ALONG X-Y LINE ( IN RED ARROW DIRECTION)
WILL EXACTLY APPEAR AS SHOWN ON RIGHT SIDE AND HENCE,
IT IS FURTHER USED TO UNDERSTAND ILLUSTRATION PROPERLLY.
 Point A is POINT A IN VP POINT A IN
Placed In ND
2 QUADRANT 1ST QUADRANT
VP a’
different A A
quadrants a’
and it’s Fv & Tv a
are brought in
same plane for HP OBSERVER

Observer to see
clearly. HP OBSERVER
Fv is visible as
it is a view on
VP. But as Tv is a
is a view on Hp,
it is rotated
downward 900,
In clockwise
direction.The
In front part of a
Hp comes below
xy line and the
part behind Vp HP
comes above. HP OBSERVER
OBSERVER

Observe and
note the a
process. a’
A a’
POINT A IN A POINT A IN
3RD QUADRANT VP 4TH QUADRANT
VP
 PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN FIRST QUADRANT.
POINT A ABOVE HP POINT A ABOVE HP POINT A IN HP
& INFRONT OF VP & IN VP & INFRONT OF VP
For Tv
For Tv

PICTORIAL PICTORIAL For Tv

PRESENTATION A PRESENTATION
a’ a’
A Y
Y
Y a’
a
a
X a X X A

ORTHOGRAPHIC PRESENTATIONS
OF ALL ABOVE CASES.

Fv above xy, Fv above xy, Fv on xy,

Tv below xy. Tv on xy. Tv below xy.
VP VP VP

a’ a’

X Y X Y X
a’ Y
a

a a

HP HP HP
 PROJECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES.
INFORMATION REGARDING A LINE means
IT’S LENGTH,
POSITION OF IT’S ENDS WITH HP & VP
IT’S INCLINATIONS WITH HP & VP WILL BE GIVEN.
AIM:- TO DRAW IT’S PROJECTIONS - MEANS FV & TV.

SIMPLE CASES OF THE LINE

1. A VERTICAL LINE ( LINE PERPENDICULAR TO HP & // TO VP)

2. LINE PARALLEL TO BOTH HP & VP.

3. LINE INCLINED TO HP & PARALLEL TO VP.

4. LINE INCLINED TO VP & PARALLEL TO HP.

5. LINE INCLINED TO BOTH HP & VP.

STUDY ILLUSTRATIONS GIVEN ON NEXT PAGE

SHOWING CLEARLY THE NATURE OF FV & TV
OF LINES LISTED ABOVE AND NOTE RESULTS.
 For Tv Orthographic Pattern
(Pictorial Presentation) V.P.
a’
Note: a’
Fv is a vertical line
A Showing True Length Fv
1.
FV &
Tv is a point. b’
A Line b’
perpendicular Y
X Y
to Hp B

& TV a b
Tv a b
// to Vp X

H.P.
Orthographic Pattern
(Pictorial Presentation) For Tv Note: V.P.
Fv & Tv both are
2. // to xy a’ Fv b’
b’ &
A Line B both show T. L.
// to Hp a’
& A Y X Y
// to Vp
b a b
Tv
X
a
H.P.
 Fv inclined to xy V.P.
Tv parallel to xy. b’
3. b’

A Line inclined to Hp B
a’ 
and  Y
parallel to Vp a’ X Y

(Pictorial presentation) A b
a
T.V. b
X
a
H.P.
Orthographic Projections

Tv inclined to xy V.P.
4. Fv parallel to xy.
a’ Fv b’
A Line inclined to Vp b’

and a’
parallel to Hp A
Ø
B X Y
(Pictorial presentation) a Ø

Ø Tv
a b
b
H.P.
 For Tv
For Tv
5. A Line inclined to both
Hp and Vp b’
b’
(Pictorial presentation)
B
B

 Y
Y
On removal of object a’
a’ i.e. Line AB
Fv as a image on Vp.
A
A Tv as a image on Hp,

 X
X a T.V. b
a T.V. b
V.P.
b’
FV
a’ 

X Y
Orthographic Projections Note These Facts:-
Fv is seen on Vp clearly. Both Fv & Tv are inclined to xy.
To see Tv clearly, HP is a  (No view is parallel to xy)
rotated 900 downwards, Both Fv & Tv are reduced lengths.
Hence it comes below xy. TV (No view shows True Length)

H.P. b
 Orthographic Projections Note the procedure Note the procedure
Means Fv & Tv of Line AB When Fv & Tv known, When True Length is known,
are shown below, How to find True Length. How to locate Fv & Tv.
(Views are rotated to determine (Component a-1 of TL is drawn
with their apparent Inclinations
True Length & it’s inclinations which is further rotated
&
with Hp & Vp). to determine Fv)
V.P. V.P. V.P.
b’ b’ b 1’ b’ b1’

FV FV
TL 
a’  a’  a’  1’

X Y X Y X Y

1
a  b2 a
a  TV
Ø


TV TV

H.P. b H.P. b H.P. b b1

Here TV (ab) is not // to XY line In this sketch, TV is rotated Here a -1 is component

Hence it’s corresponding FV and made // to XY line. of TL ab1 gives length of Fv.
a’ b’ is not showing Hence it’s corresponding Hence it is brought Up to
True Length & FV a’ b1’ Is showing Locus of a’ and further rotated
True Length to get point b’. a’ b’ will be Fv.
True Inclination with Hp.
& Similarly drawing component
True Inclination with Hp. of other TL(a’ b1‘) Tv can be drawn.
The most important diagram showing graphical relations 1) True Length ( TL) – a’ b1’ & a b
among all important parameters of this topic. 2) Angle of TL with Hp -  Important
TEN parameters
Study and memorize it as a CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 3) Angle of TL with Vp – Ø to be remembered
And use in solving various problems.
4) Angle of FV with xy –  with Notations

V.P. 5) Angle of TV with xy –  used here onward

Distance between
End Projectors. 6) LTV (length of FV) – Component (a-1)
b’ b1’
7) LFV (length of TV) – Component (a’-1’)
8) Position of A- Distances of a & a’ from xy
9) Position of B- Distances of b & b’ from xy
 10) Distance between End Projectors
 1’
a’
LTV
NOTE this
X Y &  Construct with a’
a LFV 1 Ø&  Construct with a
Ø
b’ & b1’ on same locus.

b & b1 on same locus.

Also Remember
b b1
H.P. True Length is never rotated. It’s horizontal component
is drawn & it is further rotated to locate view.

Views are always rotated, made horizontal & further

extended to locate TL,  & Ø
 GROUP (A)
GENERAL CASES OF THE LINE INCLINED TO BOTH HP & VP
PROBLEM 1) ( based on 10 parameters).
Line AB is 75 mm long and it is 300 &
400 Inclined to Hp & Vp respectively.
End A is 12mm above Hp and 10 mm b’ b’1
in front of Vp.
Draw projections. Line is in 1st quadrant.
FV
SOLUTION STEPS: TL
1) Draw xy line and one projector.
2) Locate a’ 12mm above xy line
& a 10mm below xy line. 
3) Take 300 angle from a’ & 400 from
a and mark TL I.e. 75mm on both
a’
lines. Name those points b1’ and b1 X Y
respectively.
4) Join both points with a’ and a resp. a LFV
5) Draw horizontal lines (Locus) from Ø 1
both points.
6) Draw horizontal component of TL
a b1 from point b1 and name it 1.
( the length a-1 gives length of Fv
as we have seen already.) TV TL
7) Extend it up to locus of a’ and
rotating a’ as center locate b’ as
shown. Join a’ b’ as Fv.
8) From b’ drop a projector down
ward & get point b. Join a & b
b b1
I.e. Tv.
PROBLEM 2:
Line AB 75mm long makes 450 inclination with Vp while it’s Fv makes 550.
End A is 10 mm above Hp and 15 mm in front of Vp.If line is in 1st quadrant
draw it’s projections and find it’s inclination with Hp.
b’ b’1 LOCUS OF b1’
Solution Steps:-
1.Draw x-y line.
2.Draw one projector for a’ & a
3.Locate a’ 10mm above x-y &
Tv a 15 mm below xy.
4.Draw a line 450 inclined to xy 550
from point a and cut TL 75 mm
on it and name that point b1
Draw locus from point b1
a’
5.Take 550 angle from a’ for Fv
above xy line. X y
6.Draw a vertical line from b1
up to locus of a and name it 1.
It is horizontal component of a LFV
TL & is LFV.
1
7.Continue it to locus of a’ and
rotate upward up to the line
of Fv and name it b’.This a’ b’
line is Fv.
8. Drop a projector from b’ on
locus from point b1 and
name intersecting point b.
Line a b is Tv of line AB.
9.Draw locus from b’ and from
a’ with TL distance cut point b1‘
10.Join a’ b1’ as TL and measure
it’s angle at a’. LOCUS OF b
It will be true angle of line with HP. b b1
 PROBLEM 3:
Fv of line AB is 500 inclined to xy and measures 55
mm long while it’s Tv is 600 inclined to xy line. If
end A is 10 mm above Hp and 15 mm in front of
Vp, draw it’s projections,find TL, inclinations of line
with Hp & Vp. b’ b’1

SOLUTION STEPS:
1.Draw xy line and one projector.
2.Locate a’ 10 mm above xy and
a 15 mm below xy line.
3.Draw locus from these points. 500
4.Draw Fv 500 to xy from a’ and 
mark b’ Cutting 55mm on it. a’
X
5.Similarly draw Tv 600 to xy
from a & drawing projector from b’
y
Locate point b and join a b.
6.Then rotating views as shown, a

locate True Lengths ab1 & a’b1’ 600
and their angles with Hp and Vp.

b1
b
 GROUP (B)
PROBLEMS INVOLVING TRACES OF THE LINE.

TRACES OF THE LINE:-

THESE ARE THE POINTS OF INTERSECTIONS OF A LINE ( OR IT’S EXTENSION )

WITH RESPECTIVE REFFERENCE PLANES.

A LINE ITSELF OR IT’S EXTENSION, WHERE EVER TOUCHES H.P.,

THAT POINT IS CALLED TRACE OF THE LINE ON H.P.( IT IS CALLED H.T.)

SIMILARLY, A LINE ITSELF OR IT’S EXTENSION, WHERE EVER TOUCHES V.P.,

THAT POINT IS CALLED TRACE OF THE LINE ON V.P.( IT IS CALLED V.T.)

V.T.:- It is a point on Vp.

Hence it is called Fv of a point in Vp.
Hence it’s Tv comes on XY line.( Here onward named as v )
H.T.:- It is a point on Hp.
Hence it is called Tv of a point in Hp.
Hence it’s Fv comes on XY line.( Here onward named as ’h’ )
 b’

STEPS TO LOCATE HT.

(WHEN PROJECTIONS ARE GIVEN.)
1. Begin with FV. Extend FV up to XY line. a’
2. Name this point h’ v h’
( as it is a Fv of a point in Hp) x y
3. Draw one projector from h’.
4. Now extend Tv to meet this projector. VT’ HT
This point is HT a

STEPS TO LOCATE VT.

Observe & note :-
(WHEN PROJECTIONS ARE GIVEN.) 1. Points h’ & v always on x-y line. b

1. Begin with TV. Extend TV up to XY line. 2. VT’ & v always on one projector.
2. Name this point v
3. HT & h’ always on one projector.
( as it is a Tv of a point in Vp)
3. Draw one projector from v. 4. FV - h’- VT’ always co-linear.
4. Now extend Fv to meet this projector.
This point is VT 5. TV - v - HT always co-linear.

These points are used to

solve next three problems.
PROBLEM 6 :- Fv of line AB makes 450 angle with XY line and measures 60 mm.
Line’s Tv makes 300 with XY line. End A is 15 mm above Hp and it’s VT is 10 mm
below Hp. Draw projections of line AB,determine inclinations with Hp & Vp and locate HT, VT.

b’ b’1

a’ 
450

SOLUTION STEPS:- 15
Draw xy line, one projector and x v h’
y
locate fv a’ 15 mm above xy. 10 300
Take 45 angle from a’ and
0

marking 60 mm on it locate point b’. VT’

Draw locus of VT, 10 mm below xy
a 
& extending Fv to this locus locate VT.
as fv-h’-vt’ lie on one st.line.
Draw projector from vt, locate v on xy.
From v take 300 angle downward as
Tv and it’s inclination can begin with v.
b b1
Draw projector from b’ and locate b I.e.Tv point.
Now rotating views as usual TL and
it’s inclinations can be found.
Name extension of Fv, touching xy as h’
and below it, on extension of Tv, locate HT.
PROBLEM 7 :
One end of line AB is 10mm above Hp and other end is 100 mm in-front of Vp.
It’s Fv is 450 inclined to xy while it’s HT & VT are 45mm and 30 mm below xy respectively.
Draw projections and find TL with it’s inclinations with Hp & VP.
b’ b’ 1 LOCUS OF b’ & b’1

a’ 450

10 v h’
X Y
30
45
VT’ HT
SOLUTION STEPS:-
Draw xy line, one projector and
locate a’ 10 mm above xy. 100
Draw locus 100 mm below xy for points b & b1
Draw loci for VT and HT, 30 mm & 45 mm
a 
below xy respectively.
Take 450 angle from a’ and extend that line backward
to locate h’ and VT, & Locate v on xy above VT.
Locate HT below h’ as shown.
Then join v – HT – and extend to get top view end b.
Draw projector upward and locate b’ Make a b & a’b’ dark. b b1 LOCUS OF b & b1
Now as usual rotating views find TL and it’s inclinations.