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Chapter 1

The document traces the development of graphic communication from prehistoric cave paintings through modern photography. It discusses early forms of visual communication including pictographs, hieroglyphics, and alphabets. Key developments discussed include the invention of papermaking in China, the printing press in 15th century Europe, and the introduction of photography in the 19th century which changed communication. The emergence of digital technology further accelerated these changes.

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22 views6 pages

Chapter 1

The document traces the development of graphic communication from prehistoric cave paintings through modern photography. It discusses early forms of visual communication including pictographs, hieroglyphics, and alphabets. Key developments discussed include the invention of papermaking in China, the printing press in 15th century Europe, and the introduction of photography in the 19th century which changed communication. The emergence of digital technology further accelerated these changes.

Uploaded by

sarahsyafiqah99
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 1

1.1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF GRAPHIC COMMUNICATION

 Study of communication technology begins more than 35,000


years ago (Paleolithic Period). Paleolithic art made a crude
drawing and painting on clay until approximately 10,000 B.C.

 Cave painting at Altamira, Spain – Focus on animals of the


period and also hand imprints.

 Painting made by mixing natural colorants such as manganese,


charcoal, blood, fat and natural juices and fluids.

 Use stick or brush to make painting. Cave painting also known


as pictographs, mean “writing with pictures” because too many
pictures to represent ideas or long messages.

 Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) – started rock painting.


Continued through Neolithic (New Stone Age), Bronze Age and
Iron Age.

 Discovered most in Europe, Saharam and Libyan in Africa.

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1.2 Hieroglyphic
 Mean pictures and symbols that represent ideas, objects and
symbols in a formalized writing system.

 Come from Greek words hieroglyphic grammata mean ‘sacred


carved letters’ – religious and nature.

 Rosetta Stone show the Egyptian hieroglyphic that contain


decree issued in 196 B.C. written in 3 languages:- Greek,
Egyptian hieroglyphic and Demotic. Permanent display in the
British Museum in London.

 Hieroglyphic texts are composed of ideograms – sign or


drawing represents some object or concepts that are derived
from the graphic.

qrwjwȝpdrȝ.t, "Cleopatra."

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1.3 The Alphabet
 Began to appear in Egypt around 3,000 B.C. The system
developed by Phoenicians. They write on papyrus.

 Fourth century B.C. Greek adopted and modified the


Phoenicians alphabetic system and added vowels to the
alphabet. Greek write from left to right but Phoenicians wrote
from right to left. The Greek also changed the names of some
letters.

 The Roman later took the Greek alphabet and adapted it to


their own language – unchanged and that is what we use
today.

1.4 The Development of Papermaking


 Began during 14 and 15 centuries A.D. The process of making
paper is credited to Chinese court officer name Tsai Lun about
105 A.D.

 16 century paper mills were established throughout Europe. Use


manual process. Very limited amount.

 The mechanized process for making paper was developed in


1798 by a Frenchman, Nicolas Robert.

 Fourdrinier Brothers built the first commercially successful


papermaking machine in 1804 in England – more efficient.

1.5 The Printed Word


 Wooden blocks. Wooden blocks used for printing must be
carefully handcrafted and each block represented only a
single book page and use heavy pressure.

 Hand scribed manuscript – expensive because scribes not


many and demanded high wages.

 15 century Europe used moveable type and mechanized


printing. Introduced by Johann Gutenberg, a German
goldsmith.

 Introduced the process of replica – casting individual pieces of


type. Each letter of alphabet is carved in relief form a master
letter punch. (Punch letter into a brass mold).

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 Also developed a printing ink because it different from ink for
wood blocks.

 The Guttenberg Bible (also known as the 42 lines bible) was


published around 1455. More than 1300 pages printed two
pages at a time by hand. He died in 1468.

 Venetian, Aldus Manutius, a printer who pioneered the


production of inexpensive books was published the first
generation pocket book.

 Nicholas Jensen (1470) – introduced basic form of Roman


typeface.

 French printer, Claude Garamond was the first person to elevate


type design and type casting. Garamond design and
produced typefaces.

 William Caxton – published first book printed in English language


in Belgium. Back to London, he published the first dated book
printed in England in 1477.

 17-18 century, English printer still imported type from Netherland


because there were no type foundries in England.

 William Caslon (engraver) set up the first type foundry in


London. Printed a type specimen sheet in 1734 that include
typeface design.

 John Baskerville (type designer and printer) contributed rich-


toned printing inks and glossy-surfaced paper.

 Printed bible in 1763 was one of the finest examples of 18


century printing.

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1.6 The Emergence of Photography
 Kodak Camera was introduced in 1888 – it changed the way in
people communicate.

 Photography played a key role in communication technology


as an art form and as a foundation process use in all of the
major printing and graphic reproduction process.

 The first commercial camera was developed by a Frenchman –


Louis Daguerre.

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 The original Kodak camera came with a 100 exposure roll film.
After taking pictures, the camera was sent back to the factory
to reload with a new roll.

 1947, the single-step Polaroid was introduced by Polaroid


Corporation pioneered by Edwin land. A color version of the
camera became commercially available in 1963.

 American inventor, Chester Carlson was developed the


foundations of electrostatic printing, later known as xerography.

 Manganese - a brittle grayish-white metallic chemical element


found in pyrolusite and rhodonite and used in strengthening
steel and alloys

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