Electrical and Computer Engineering

Computer Design Lab – ENCS4110

LCD

Alphanumeric LCD display

This component is specifically manufactured to be used with microcontrollers, which means that it
cannot be activated by standard IC circuits. It is used for displaying different messages on a miniature
liquid crystal display.

The model described here is for its low price and great capabilities most frequently used in practice
(LM016L LCD). It is based on the HD44780 microcontroller (Hitachi) and can display messages in
two lines with 16 characters each.

It displays all the letters of alphabet, Greek letters, punctuation marks, mathematical symbols etc. In
addition, it is possible to display symbols made up by the user. Other useful features include automatic
message shift (left and right), cursor appearance, LED backlight etc.

Function Description:
 Registers
The HD44780U has two 8-bit registers, an instruction register (IR) and a data register (DR). The
IR stores instruction codes, such as display clear and cursor shift, and address information for
display data RAM (DDRAM) and character generator RAM (CGRAM).
The IR can only be written from the MPU. The DR temporarily stores data to be written into
DDRAM or CGRAM and temporarily stores data to be read from DDRAM or CGRAM.
Data written into the DR from the MPU is automatically written into DDRAM or CGRAM by
an internal operation. The DR is also used for data storage when reading data from DDRAM or
CGRAM. When address information is written into the IR, data is read and then stored into the
DR from DDRAM or CGRAM by an internal operation.
 Memory
In 16×2 LCD controller HD44780, there are three memory are available to store characters,
numbers and special symbols. Which are DDRAM (data display RAM) which stores ASCII
codes, CGROM (character generating ROM) which is responsible for stored standard character
pattern, and CGRAM (character generating RAM) which holds custom character pattern space
total 8 in 2×16 module.

 Display Data RAM (DDRAM)

Display data RAM (DDRAM) stores display data represented in 8-bit character codes. Its
extended capacity is 80×8 bits, or 80 characters. The area in display data RAM (DDRAM) that
is not used for display can be used as general data RAM.

 Character Generator ROM (CGROM)

The character generator ROM that is responsible for stored standard character pattern generates
5×8 dot or 5×10 dot character patterns from 8-bit character codes. It can generate 208 5×8 dot
character patterns and 32 5×10 dot character patterns.

 Character Generator RAM (CGRAM)

The character generating RAM which holds custom character pattern has only 8 memory
location available to store user defined characters with address 0x00 - 0x07 , which is shown
in the figure 3.1.
 Figure 3.1: Character codes

LCD Display
Along one side of a small printed board there are pins used for connecting to the
microcontroller. There are in total of 14 pins marked with numbers (16 if the backlight is built
in). Their function is described in the table below:
LCD Screen Modes
D0-D7 is the data bus and is used to pass commands and characters to the LCD. Data can be
transferred to and from the display either as a single 8-bit byte or two 4-bit nibbles.

In the second case only the upper four data lines (D4-D7) are used. This 4-bit mode is beneficial when
using a microcontroller with few input/output pins available.

Displaying Standard Character on LCD

Out of these three memory locations, DDRAM and CGROM are used to generate regular standard
characters (ASCII characters). By using these three memory locations, a user can generate different
character fonts and symbols on LCD display. A character font describes the shape and style of the
character. Each shape of a character is designed by taking the number of pixels in mind. For example,
in 16x2 LCD there are 16 segments available per single line. Each segment contains pixels in 5x7 or
5x10 matrix forms.
For example, in 16×2 LCD there are 16 segments available per single line. Each segment contains
pixels in 5×8 or 5×10 matrix forms.

For example, a character in both uppercase ‘A’ and lowercase ‘a’ is designed by energizing corresponding pixels as
shown below.

All these eight hexadecimal codes (referred as character pattern) of each character are stored in
character generator ROM (CGROM) area.
The Display Data RAM (DDRAM) stores the ASCII code of a character which is sent by the
microcontroller. Now the LCD controller (HD44780) maps the corresponding ASCII
Code in DDRAM with CGROM address to bring the hexadecimal codes (character pattern) of that
particular character. By using those hexadecimal codes the 5x7 matrix segment will light according to
that character pattern to display corresponding character on it as shown in figure 3.2.
Displaying Custom Characters on LCD display
To create custom characters on LCD, the display controller (HD44780) make use of CGRAM area to
store hexadecimal codes (character pattern) which are designed by user. In addition to CGRAM area,
DDRAM area is also used to store the CGRAM address of a particular character, which is sent by
microcontroller in hexadecimal format.

Lab Work
Lab Work 1
You are going to use these keywords when you search for parts in Proteus:


Write and simulate a program that displays your name on an LCD

Keil: (Lab work 1)

#include <lpc213x.h>
#define RS 0x00020000 /* RS - P1.17 */
#define RW 0X00040000 /* R/W - P1.18 */
#define EN 0X00080000 /* E - P1.19 */
#define CLR 0X00FE0000
#define FIRST_ROW 0x80
#define SECOND_ROW 0xC0
#define LCD_CLEAR 0x01

void Delay(unsigned int times)

{
int i, j;
for (j = 0; j < times; j++)
for (i = 0; i < 300; i++)
;
}

void LCD_Command(char command)

{
int Temp;
IO1CLR = CLR;
IO1SET = EN;
IO1CLR = RS;
IO1CLR = RW;
Temp = (command & 0xF0) << 16;
IO1SET = IO1SET | Temp;
Delay(2);
IO1CLR = EN;
}
void LCD_Command1(char command1)
{
int Temp;
IO1CLR = CLR; /* Clearing the port pins */
IO1SET = EN; /* Enable pin high */
IO1CLR = RS; /* RS=0 for command register */
IO1CLR = RW; /* R/W=0 for write */
/* Taking the first nibble of command */
Temp = (command1 & 0xF0) << 16;
IO1SET = IO1SET | Temp; /* Writing it to data line */
Delay(2);
IO1CLR = EN; /* Enable pin low to give H-L pulse */

/* same as above for the second nibble */

IO1CLR = CLR;
IO1SET = EN;
IO1CLR = RS;
IO1CLR = RW;
Temp = (command1 & 0x0F) << 20;
IO1SET = IO1SET | Temp;
Delay(2);
IO1CLR = EN;
}

void LCD_Data(char data)

{
int Temp;
IO1CLR = CLR; /* Clearing the port pins */
IO1SET = EN; /* Enable pin high */
IO1SET = RS; /* RS=1 for data register */
IO1CLR = RW; /* R/W=0 for write */
Temp = (data & 0xF0) << 16; /* Taking the first nibble of command */
IO1SET = IO1SET | Temp; /* Writing it to data line */
Delay(2);
IO1CLR = EN; /* Enable pin low to give H-L pulse */

IO1CLR = CLR; /* Clearing the port pins */

IO1SET = EN; /* Enable pin high */
IO1SET = RS; /* RS=1 for data register */
IO1CLR = RW; /* R/W=0 for write */
Temp = (data & 0x0F) << 20; /* Taking the second nibble of command */
IO1SET = IO1SET | Temp; /* Writing it to data line */
Delay(2);
IO1CLR = EN; /* Enable pin low to give H-L pulse */
}

void LCD_String(unsigned char *dat)

{
/* Check for termination character */
while (*dat != '\0')
{
/* Display the character on LCD */
LCD_Data(*dat);
/* Increment the pointer */
dat++;
}
}
void LCD_Init(void)
{
Delay(15);
LCD_Command(0x30);
Delay(10);
LCD_Command(0x30);
Delay(5);
LCD_Command(0x30);
LCD_Command(0x20);
LCD_Command1(0x28);
LCD_Command1(0x01); /* Clear display */
LCD_Command1(0x06); /* Auto increment */
LCD_Command1(0x0C); /* Cursor off */
}

int main()
{
unsigned char name[] = "ENCS4110";
IO1DIR = 0x00FE0000; /* LCD pins set as o/p????????? */
LCD_Init(); /* Initialise LCD */
while(1) {
LCD_Command1(FIRST_ROW);
LCD_String(name);
Delay(50);
LCD_Command1(SECOND_ROW);
LCD_String("Lab");
Delay(50);

//LCD_Command1(LCD_CLEAR); /* Clear screen */

//Delay(80);
}

}
Proteus: (lab work 1)

U1
62 19
XTAL1 P0.0/TxD0/PWM1
61 21
XTAL2 P0.1/RxD0/PWM3/EINT0
22
P0.2/SCL0/CAP0.0
3 26
RTXC1 P0.3/SDA0/MAT0..0/EINT1
5 27
RTXC2 P0.4/SCK0/CAP0.1/AD0.6
29
P0.5/MISO0/MAT0.1/AD0.7
57 30
RST P0.6/MOSI0/CAP0.2/AD1.0
31
P0.7/SSEL0/PWM2/EINT2
33
P0.8/TxD1/PWM4/AD1.1
34
P0.9/RxD1/PWM6/EINT3
35
P0.10/RTS1/CAP1.0/AD1.2
37
P0.11/CTS1/CAP1.1/SCL1
38
P0.12/DSR1/MAT1.0/AD1.3
39
P0.13/DTR1/MAT1.1/AD1.4
41
P0.14/DCD1/EINT1/SDA1
45
P0.15/RI1/EINT2/AD1.5
46 LCD1
P0.16/EINT0/MAT0.2/CAP0.2 LM016L
47
P0.17/CAP1.2/SCK1/MAT1.2 +5.0v
53
P0.18/CAP1.3/MISO1/MAT1.3
54
P0.19/MAT1.2/MOSI1/CAP1.2 RV1
55
P0.20/MAT1.3/SSEL1/EINT3 +5.0v
1
P0.21/PWM5/AD1.6/CAP1.3
2
P0.22/AD1.7/CAP0.0/MAT0.0
58
P0.23

VDD
VSS

VEE
9

RW
RS

D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
P0.25/AD0.4/AOUT

E
10
P0.26/AD0.5
11 1k
+3.3v P0.27/AD0.0/CAP0.1/MAT0.1

1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
13
P0.28/AD0.1/CAP0.2/MAT0.2
14
P0.29/AD0.2/CAP0.3/MAT0.3
15
P0.30/AD0.3/EINT3/CAP0.0
17
P0.31
16
P1.16/TRACEPKT0
12
+3.3v P1.17/TRACEPKT1
49 8
VBAT P1.18/TRACEPKT2
4
P1.19/TRACEPKT3
63 48
VREF P1.20/TRACESYNC
7 44
V3A P1.21/PIPESTAT0
51 40
V3 P1.22/PIPESTAT1
43 36
V3 P1.23/PIPESTAT2
23 32
V3 P1.24/TRACECLK
28
P1.25/EXTIN0
59 24
VSSA P1.26/RTCK
50 64
VSS P1.27/TDO
42 60
VSS P1.28/TDI
25 56
VSS P1.29/TCK
18 52
VSS P1.30/TMS
6 20
VSS P1.31/TRST
LPC2138

Lab Work 2
You are going to use these keywords when you search for parts in Proteus:


Write a program that displays your name on LCD with movement. Your program should allow the
user to control the direction of the movement (shift left, right, clear or move to the second row) using
push buttons.
Keil: (lab work 2)
// Do not forget to copy the other LCD functions from the lab work 1 above.

#include <lpc213x.h>
#define RS 0x00020000 /* RS - P1.17 */
#define RW 0X00040000 /* R/W - P1.18 */
#define EN 0X00080000 /* E - P1.19 */
#define CLR 0X00FE0000
#define FIRST_ROW 0x80
#define SECOND_ROW 0xC0
#define LCD_CLEAR 0x01

void LCD_set_cursor_pos(int row, int col)

{
unsigned char cp;
if (row == 0)
cp = FIRST_ROW;
else
cp = SECOND_ROW;
cp |= col;
LCD_Command1(cp);
}

int main()
{
unsigned char name[] = "ENCS4110";
int col = 0, row = 0;
IO1DIR = 0x00FE0000; /* LCD pins set as output P1.16 ..P1.19 */
IO0DIR &= (0xFFFFFFF0); //Push button keys as inputs P0.0 ..P0.3
LCD_Init(); /* Initialise LCD */

while(1) {

if (!(IO0PIN & (1 << 0))) // if Left key is pressed

{
col--;
if (col < 0)
col = 15;
LCD_Command1(LCD_CLEAR);
LCD_set_cursor_pos(row, col);
LCD_String(name);
Delay(100);
}

if (!(IO0PIN & (1 << 1))) // Right key

{ //right
col++;
col %= 16;
LCD_Command1(LCD_CLEAR);
LCD_set_cursor_pos(row, col);
LCD_String(name);
Delay(100);
}

if (!(IO0PIN & (1 << 2))) //jump key

{ //jump
row = (row == 0 ? 1 : 0);
LCD_Command1(LCD_CLEAR);
 LCD_set_cursor_pos(row, col);
LCD_String(name);
Delay(300);
}

if (!(IO0PIN & (1 << 3))) // Reset key

{ //reset
LCD_Command1(LCD_CLEAR);
row = col = 0;
LCD_set_cursor_pos(row, col);
LCD_String(name);
Delay(300);
}
}

Proteus: (Lab work 2)

+3.3v

R2 R4 R3
R1 10k 10k 10k
10k

U1 Left
62 19
XTAL1 P0.0/TxD0/PWM1
61 21
XTAL2 P0.1/RxD0/PWM3/EINT0
22
P0.2/SCL0/CAP0.0
3 26 Right
RTXC1 P0.3/SDA0/MAT0..0/EINT1
5 27
RTXC2 P0.4/SCK0/CAP0.1/AD0.6
29
P0.5/MISO0/MAT0.1/AD0.7
57 30
RST P0.6/MOSI0/CAP0.2/AD1.0
31 Jump
P0.7/SSEL0/PWM2/EINT2
33
P0.8/TxD1/PWM4/AD1.1
34
P0.9/RxD1/PWM6/EINT3
35 Reset
P0.10/RTS1/CAP1.0/AD1.2
37
P0.11/CTS1/CAP1.1/SCL1
38
P0.12/DSR1/MAT1.0/AD1.3
39
P0.13/DTR1/MAT1.1/AD1.4
41
P0.14/DCD1/EINT1/SDA1
45
P0.15/RI1/EINT2/AD1.5
46 LCD1
P0.16/EINT0/MAT0.2/CAP0.2 LM016L
47
P0.17/CAP1.2/SCK1/MAT1.2 +5.0v
53
P0.18/CAP1.3/MISO1/MAT1.3
54
P0.19/MAT1.2/MOSI1/CAP1.2 RV1
55
P0.20/MAT1.3/SSEL1/EINT3 +5.0v
1
P0.21/PWM5/AD1.6/CAP1.3
2
P0.22/AD1.7/CAP0.0/MAT0.0
58
P0.23
VDD
VSS

VEE

9
RW
RS

D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
P0.25/AD0.4/AOUT
E

10
P0.26/AD0.5
11 1k
+3.3v P0.27/AD0.0/CAP0.1/MAT0.1
1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
13
P0.28/AD0.1/CAP0.2/MAT0.2
14
P0.29/AD0.2/CAP0.3/MAT0.3
15
P0.30/AD0.3/EINT3/CAP0.0
17
P0.31
16
P1.16/TRACEPKT0
12
+3.3v P1.17/TRACEPKT1
49 8
VBAT P1.18/TRACEPKT2
4
P1.19/TRACEPKT3
63 48
VREF P1.20/TRACESYNC
7 44
V3A P1.21/PIPESTAT0
51 40
V3 P1.22/PIPESTAT1
43 36
V3 P1.23/PIPESTAT2
23 32
V3 P1.24/TRACECLK
28
P1.25/EXTIN0
59 24
VSSA P1.26/RTCK
50 64
VSS P1.27/TDO
42 60
VSS P1.28/TDI
25 56
VSS P1.29/TCK
18 52
VSS P1.30/TMS
6 20
VSS P1.31/TRST
LPC2138
Lab work 3

Write a program that displays "Hello" at the 1st raw and “World” on the 2nd raw on the
LCD. ( The upper word should be firstly appears from the left of the LCD then it is
shifted continually to the other side. The lower word must have the opposite movement at
the time .All that happen after a button press from the user )