Reading Practice 2

READING PRACTICE 2
Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution
Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution is known as one of the most important and
controversial scientific theories ever published. Darwin was an English scientist in the
19th century best known for his book “On the Origin of Species.” In his book, Darwin
postulated different species shared characteristics of common ancestors, that they
branched off from common ancestors as they evolved, and that new traits and
characteristics were a result of natural selection. The theory is based on the
assumptions that life developed from non-life and progressed and evolved in an
indirect manner. Therefore, the Theory of Evolution, while controversial, has shaped and
influenced the modern scientific world's thinking on the development of life itself. Darwin
was born February 12, 1809 in England. Although initially entering into medicine, Darwin
chose to pursue his interest in natural science and embarked on a five-year journey
aboard the H.M.S. Beagle, a British sloop belonging to the Royal Navy. Because of his
experience aboard the Beagle, he laid the foundation for his Theory of Evolution while
also establishing himself within the scientific community. Specifically, Darwin's keen
observation of the fossils and wildlife he saw during his time on the Beagle served as the
basis for the cornerstone of his theory: natural selection.
Natural selection contributes to the basis of Darwin's Theory of Evolution. One of

the core tenets of Darwin's theory is that more offspring are always produced for a species
than can possibly survive. Yet, no two offspring are perfectly alike. As a result, through
random mutation and genetic drift, over time offspring develop new traits and
characteristics. Over time beneficial traits and characteristics that promote survival will be
kept in the gene pool while those that harm survival will be selected against. Therefore,
this natural selection ensures that a species gradually improves itself over an extended
duration of time. On the other hand, as a species continues to 'improve' itself, it branches
out to create entirely new species that are no longer capable of reproducing together.
Through natural selection, organisms could branch off of each other and evolve to
the point where they no longer belong to the same species. Consequently, simple
organisms evolve into more complex and different organisms as species break away from
one another. Natural selection parallels selective breeding employed by humans on
domesticated animals for centuries. Namely, horse breeders will ensure that horses with
particular characteristics, such as speed and endurance, are allowed to produce offspring
while horses that do not share those above-average traits will not. Therefore, over several
generations, the new offspring will already be pre-disposed towards being excellent
racing horses.
Darwin's theory is that 'selective breeding' occurs in nature as 'natural selection' is

the engine behind evolution. Thus, the theory provides an excellent basis for
understanding how organisms change over time. Nevertheless, it is just a theory and
elusively difficult to prove. One of the major holes in Darwin's theory revolves around
“irreducibly complex systems.” An irreducibly complex system is known as a system
where many different parts must all operate together. As a result, in the absence of one,
the system as a whole collapse. Consequently, as modern technology improves, science
can identify these “irreducibly complex systems” even at microscopic levels. These
complex systems, if so inter-reliant, would be resistant to Darwin's supposition of how
evolution occurs. As Darwin himself admitted, “To suppose that the eye with all its
inimitable contrivance for adjusting the focus for different distances, for admitting different
amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have
been formed by natural selection, seems, I free confess, absurd in the highest degree".
In conclusion, “On the Origin of Species” is known as one of the most

consequential books ever published. Darwin's Theory of Evolution remains, to this day,
a lightning rod for controversy. The theory can be observed repeatedly, but never proven,
and there are a plethora of instances that cast doubt on the processes of natural selection
and evolution. Darwin's conclusions were a result of keen observation and training as a
naturalist. Despite the controversy that swirls around his theory, Darwin remains one of
the most influential scientists and naturalists ever born due to his Theory of Evolution.

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READING PRACTICE 2

Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution

Natural selection contributes to the basis of Darwin's Theory of Evolution. One of

Darwin's theory is that 'selective breeding' occurs in nature as 'natural selection' is

In conclusion, “On the Origin of Species” is known as one of the most

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