SECTION 6: LONG ANSWERTYPE QUESTIONS (UNSOLVED)

1.-Local Area Network (LAN) is -used when two or more computers- or-peripheral devices -are
connected within a small area, like a room, office building, or a campus. The maximum range of
LAN can be 10 Kilometers. The number of computers in a LAN varies from 2 to 1000.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is much larger than a LAN setup and is spread across a city. I
The most common example ofa MAN type network in our daily life is Cable Television Network. |
The main purpose of a MAN is also to share hardware and software resources. The maximum
range of MAN can be 50 Km.
Wide Area Network comes into the picture when we have two or more computers located at
faraway places, linked by communication facilities, like telecommunication or satelite signals.
The most common example of a WAN network in our daily life is the Internet. It requires a
public telecommunication media to transfer data.
2 There are four basic types of computer networks:
a) tAN-Local Area Network is used when two or more-computers or peripheral
devices are connected within asmaltarea, tike aroom, office-buitding, or a campus.
b) MAN-Metropolitan Area Network ismuch larger than a LAN setup and is spread
across a city.
c) WAN - Metropolitan Area Network is much larger than a LAN setup and is spread
across a city.
a) PAN-This type of computer network is mainly created-for-an individua person. It
consists of a desktop/laptop computer, a mobile phone, and/or a hand held
computing device, such as a PDA or a Smartphone.
3. Modems are of twotypes:Internal modem and External modem. Internal modem comes as a
separate part that is inställed on the PCI(Peripheral ComponentInterconnect) slots available on
| the motherboard, and external modem is connected externally to a computer. |

|4. Computer network brings more efficiency, economy, and effectiveness in an organization. The
key advantages of networking are:
. Hardware Sharing: In a network, we can share almost every peripheral device, such as
printer, scannier, modem, CD writer, ett., among several computers. All these devices
are attached to a remote server, which is shared among multiple computers. This
reduces the cost of hardware.
b. Software Sharing:Every applicatíon software can be installed on the main server rather
than installing it on every computer individually. Computers in a ntwork can use the
required software from the server. This technique saves cost as well as time.
Efficiency of Hardware and Software Resources: In a network, modifications in software
or hardware are done at asingle point. Since the resources are installed at asingle t
-point, all modifications are done at that point rather than in individual computers.
d. Reduces Redundancy: Since people use the same data in a common workplace, they can
share it over anetwork by saving and storing it centrally. This also reduces the
redundancy of the same data.
5. The Internet is a worldwide network of computer networks. It is a global system that can be +
used for sharing information, providing worldwide services and communication. The main five
uses of the internet are:
 a. -Electronic Mail (email) --Email is used forsharing information, data files, Photos, Videos,
Businesscommunications, andany other files instantaneously
with others.
b. FTPFile Transfer-FP isthe file transfer protocol that enables data exchange over
internet Fmedia inasecureway.
c. Search- Engines -GoOgle, Yahoo, and MSN are the renowned search engines,in use
today. These engines locatethe information-one
seeks acrossthe internet.
d. E-commerce-The Internet enables the selling of goods and services in online mode.
There are many e-commerce platform vendors like Amazon, Flipkart, etc. who aggregate
several products/services available in the market and sell them through their portal to
customers.
eOnline education -The Internet offers a wealth ofeducational materialon any subject
with structured navigation and search facilities. One can seek any reading material and
the internet will get it from any part of the world. People need not have to go to
libraries to go through books. Those who cannot attend physical (face to face) class can
take an online course where they get connected to the teacher, in the other part of the
world.
6.-Ethernet cable resembles a phone cable but is larger than the phone cable andhas eight wires. +
The advantage of these cables is that they have less power consumption but the drawback with
these cables is that the computer requires an Ethernet adapter card on the motherboard to
connect the Ethernet cable. These cables also have their limitations, both in the distance that
they can stretch and their durability. Whereas, A Fibre optic cable consists of a central glass core
containing a bundle of glass threads, surrounded by several layers of protective materials. The
glass threads are capable of transmitting data converted into light signals at extremely high
speed. A Fibre optic cable is highly resistant to signal interference and provides better data
transmission by providing high bandwidth. However, it is fragile and the maintenance cost is
high.
7.-Aserver is a powerful computer with high speed and great processing capability. There can be
multiple servers in acomputer network. Servers can link other computers or electronic devices
together to provide important services to both private and public users. Whereas, a client is a
computer system which uses a network to access a remote service from the server. t can access
all the applications or information from the main server. A client is also known as a node.
8.The advantages-of infrared wireless technology are:
Tt is much faster ar'd reliablethan its counterparts. The devices used for the implmentation of
Infrared wireless technology are cheaper. They consume much less power and are much more
compact. It covers a much "wider range" of area seamlessly.
The disadvantages of infrared wireless technology are:
The devices have to be in stable position during the transmission and this technology can
Currently only be used for"short distance communications.
9. Wi-Fi stands for Wireless Fidelity. It creates a Wireless Local Area Network that uses radio waves
to send the information. Asecure, reliable, and fast wireless connection is established between
the electronic devices and the Internet by using this technology. The devices require a wireless
adapter connected to them to capture the Wi-Fi signals.
Wi-Fi offers the following advantages:
 Wi-Fi has replaced the wired medium completely and can be used to connect to the lnternet
anywhere, atany time.
Tt is relatively inexpensive and canalso be accessedat places where cables cannot be
installed.
One can connect multiple devices through Wi-Fi.
However, there are some lmitations too.
P t has high power consumption.
otis slower thanthe wiredmedium.
Thetransmission breaks orSlows down when there is noise interference.
| 10, Data is/are:.
Facts andstatisticS used for reference or analysis.
Numbers, characters,symbols, images, etc., which can be processed by a computer.
Arepresentationof information.
Interpreted by a human or a machine, to derive its meaning.
For example, Marks such as 67, 88, 90, and 77 are considered as data.

Information is:
Knowledge derived from study, experience (by the senses), or instructions.
Communication of intelligence.
The interpretation of facts, cóncèpts,etc., in some context that is exchangeable amongst
+-people.
The meañingful output, which we get after processing the data.
For example, if we relate the marks with a boy whose name is Rohit, a student of class IX, who
has scored 67 in English, 88 in Math, 90 in Physics, and 77 in Chemistry, then it becomes
information.
11. Acomputer network is a group of computers and peripheral devices, connected through a data
communication system. Acomputer network facilitates the sharing of hardware and software
resources among different users working on different computers. These shared resources can be
data files, any application software or hardware devices like printers, modems, etc.
12. Cloud is something that is present at a remote location. Cloud is defined as a set of hardware,
networks, storage, interfaces, and services, combined together to deliver different aspects of
computing as a service over a network or the Internet. There are four different types of cloud
based on their ownership, size, and access. These are: Public cloud, Private cloud, Hybrid cloud,
and Community cloud.
13. Long distance communication medium are:
a. Satellite - Satellite plays a significant role in modern day communication. It creates a
communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different
locations on the Earth. Communication Satellites use different signals like microwave,
digital, and analog signals.
b. WiMax -WiMax stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access. It is a
telecommunication protocol that provides fixed and obile internet services. WiMax
requires a tower called WiMax Base Station, which is connected to the lnternet using a
standard wired high-speed connection.
 lc. Microwave-Microwave is a wireless.co mmunication technology that Uses high
L
frquency beams of radio waves to providehigh speed signaltraismission that c£n send
and receive voice, video, and data information.
d. Radio waveis awireless transmission medium that distributes radio signals through the
air. Radio Waves are widely used as signals on radio communication.
14. Advantages of cloud.computing are:
6 Cost savings-WNith cloud computing based on pay-per-use model, buainesses or consumers
can significantly lower the company's IT expenses and requirements. It also provides access
to numerous storage failities and applications, which in turn save the consumer from
spendinga lot of money on the server, setup, and installation.cost.
Reliability -Cloud computing is much more reliable, when it comes to data management,
backup, and recovery from failures. It Provides you with redundant it resources, automatic
data backup, as wellas quick failover mechanism.
Unlimitedfree storage =Cloud provides unlimited free andsecurestorage space to storeI
tlarge amounts of information. Users can alsochoose amongst the publicG, private,or hybrid
Lcloud, dependingon their security needs.
Accessibility =Cloud allowseasy access to cloud-basedsevices and applications through T
internet-enabled devices skch as desktops, Laptops, tablets, or möbile phones.
L Disadvantages of cloud computing are:
Techrnicalissues - Cloud may provide accessibilítyto services and applications anytime and
from anywhere, but there are times when this System encounters serious technical
problems, which may lead to the entire business.processes being temporarilysuspended.
| Security - Althoughcloud service providersímplement thebest security standards and
encryption methods, but storing the Company's sensitive data and important files on third
partycloud providers, always opens up security risks.
Vendor lock-in Although cloud service providers assure that the-cloud will be flex+bleto1
use and integrate but switching from one cloud Service to another is not so simple.Tt may
lead to portability and support issues. It is the same as switching from one mobile service
+provider to another or like switching from android to iOS in mobile phones.
Limited control-Sincethe cloud infrastructure is entirelyowned, managed and monitored
by the service provider, the consumer has very Little control over the applications, data, and
services.