MA1024 | Methods of Mathematics

Tutorial 03 - Answers
Numerical Methods

1. Find a root of 𝑥 5 − 𝑥 + 1 = 0 in the interval [−2, −1] using the Bisection Method. Acceptable error:
0.001

Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 − 𝑥 + 1, 𝑎 = −2, 𝑏 = −1

a b x f(x) f(a) f(b) Rel. error

-2 -1 -1.5 -5.09375 -29 1

-1.5 -1 -1.25 -0.80176 -5.09375 1 0.2

-1.25 -1 -1.125 0.32297 -0.80176 1 0.111111

-1.25 -1.125 -1.1875 -0.17389 -0.80176 0.32297 0.052632

-1.1875 -1.125 -1.15625 0.08963 -0.17389 0.32297 0.027027

-1.1875 -1.15625 -1.171875 -0.03820 -0.17389 0.08963 0.013333

-1.171875 -1.15625 -1.1640625 0.02668 -0.03820 0.08963 0.006711

-1.171875 -1.1640625 -1.16796875 -0.00551 -0.03820 0.02668 0.003344

-1.16796875 -1.1640625 -1.166015625 0.01065 -0.00551 0.02668 0.001675

-1.16796875 -1.166015625 -1.166992188 0.00258 -0.00551 0.01065 0.000837

Root of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 − 𝑥 + 1 : -1.167

2. Population of an ant kingdom in millions varies according to the following function. Time is given in
months.
𝑓(𝑡) = 1.4𝑒 0.5𝑡 − 2𝑡
a. Find an interval that contains a root when 𝑓(𝑡) = 3.
b. Find the number of iterations required to find the root according to the Bisection Theorem.
(Accuracy - 0.001)
c. Hence find the time required for the ant population to increase up to 3 million.

𝑓(𝑡) = 1.4𝑒 0.5𝑡 − 2𝑡 = 3

1.4𝑒 0.5𝑡 − 2𝑡 − 3 = 0

a. Let 𝑔(𝑡) = 1.4𝑒 0.5𝑡 − 2𝑡 − 3

𝑔(𝑡) is continuous for all 𝑡 ∈ ℛ

𝑔(0) = 1.4 × 1 − 0 − 3 = −1.6

𝑔(−2) = 1.4𝑒 −1 + 4 − 3 = 1.515

 𝑔(0). 𝑔(−2) < 0

𝑔(4) = 1.4𝑒 2𝑡 − 8 − 3 = −0.655

𝑔(5) = 1.4𝑒 2.5𝑡 − 10 − 3 = 4.055

𝑔(4). 𝑔(5) < 0

According to the Intermediate Value Theorem,

[−2,0]and [4,5] contains real roots of 𝑔(𝑡).

Since 𝑡 > 0, [4,5] contains the suitable root.

b. Let 𝑛 be the number of iterations.

From Bisection Theorem,

|𝑏 − 𝑎|
|𝑝𝑛 − 𝑝| ≤ ≤ 0.001
2𝑛

|5 − 4|
≤ 0.001
2𝑛

9.96 ≤ 𝑛

⟹ 𝑛 = 10

c.

n a b x f(x) f(a) f(b) Relative

error

1 4 5 4.5 1.2828301709 -0.655 4.055

2 4 4.5 4.25 0.222 -0.655 1.28283 0.05555556

3 4 4.25 4.125 -0.238 -0.655 0.222 0.02941176

4 4.125 4.25 4.1875 -0.01359328 -0.238 0.222 0.01515152

5 4.1875 4.25 4.21875 0.102822 -0.01359328 0.222 0.00746269

6 4.1875 4.21875 4.203125 0.04426534 -0.01359328 0.102822 0.0037037

7 4.1875 4.203125 4.1953125 0.01524901 -0.01359328 0.04426534 0.00185874

8 4.1875 4.1953125 4.19140625 0.00080615 -0.01359328 0.01524901 0.0009311

9 4.1875 4.19140625 4.189453125 -0.006398987 -0.01359328 0.00080615 0.00046598

10 4.189453125 4.19140625 4.1904296875 -0.002797773 -0.006398987 0.00080615 0.0002331

Ans = 4.190 months

 1
3. Use the bisection method to approximate the value of 5 within an accuracy of 0.01.
√3
4. You are working for ‘DOWN THE TOILET COMPANY’ that
makes floats for ABC commodes. The floating ball has a
specific gravity of 0.6 and a radius of 5.5 cm. You are asked
to find the depth to which the ball is submerged when
floating in the water. The equation that gives the depth x to
which the ball is submerged underwater is given by

𝑥 3 − 0.165𝑥 2 + 3.993 × 10−4 = 0

Use the bisection method of finding roots of equations to find

the depth x to which the ball is submerged underwater.
Conduct three iterations to estimate the root of the above equation.
5. Determine a formula which relates the number of iterations, 𝑛, required by the bisection method to
converge to within an absolute error tolerance of 𝜀 , starting from the initial interval (a, b).
Probability and Statistics

1. A thousand undergraduates of Applied Science faculty and Management faculty were classified by the
attitude towards organizing a talent show of the university students.

Favour to Does not favour

Faculty organize a organizing a Total
talent show (F) talent show (F’)

Applied Sciences (A) 250 150 400

Management Science (M) 350 250 600

Total 600 400 1000

a. Create the joint probability table using the given data.

Favour to organize a talent Does not favour organizing

Faculty Total
show (F) a talent show (F’)
Applied Sciences (A) 0.25 0.15 0.4
Management Science (M) 0.35 0.25 0.6
Total 0.6 0.4 1

b. If an undergraduate is chosen randomly from this group of 1000,

i. What is the probability that a person belongs to the Management Science faculty and favours
organizing a talent show?
0.35

ii. What is the probability if the undergraduate student does not favour organizing a talent
show and belongs to the Applied Sciences faculty?
0.15

iii. What is the probability that the selected undergraduate favours organizing the talent show?
0.6

iv. What is the probability that the selected undergraduate is an Applied Science faculty
student?
0.4

v. What is the probability that the selected undergraduate student favours organizing a talent
show when it is given that person belongs to the Management Science faculty?
𝐏(𝐅 ∩ 𝐌) 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 𝟕
𝐏(𝐌) = = =
𝐏(𝐌) 𝟎. 𝟔 𝟏𝟐
2. Suppose two children play a LUDO game. They roll two fair six-sided dice, one of which is red and the
other one is green. Based on that, you define the following random variables.

X= The number shown on the red die

0; 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝑌 = {1; 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑒
2; 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑒

a. Write down the sample space of rolling two dice.

S={(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(1,6),(2,1),(2,2),
(2,3),(2,4),(2,5),(2,6),(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(3,4),(3,5),
(3,6),(4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4),(4,5),(4,6),(5,1),(5,2),
(5,3),(5,4),(5,5),(5,6),(6,1),(6,2),(6,3),(6,4),(6,5),
(6,6)}

b. Create the table showing the joint probability mass function for X and Y.

X
1 2 3 4 5 6
Y 0 1/36 1/36 1/36 1/36 1/36 1/36
1 5/36 4/36 3/36 2/36 1/36 0
2 0 1/36 2/36 3/36 4/36 5/36

c. Find the marginal probability distribution for X and Y.

Marginal probability distribution for X
X 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(X=x) 6/36 6/36 6/36 6/36 6/36 6/36

Marginal probability distribution for Y

Y P(Y=y)
0 6/36
1 15/36
2 15/36

d. What is the probability that Y=0?

𝟔 𝟏
𝑷(𝒀 = 𝟎) = =
𝟑𝟔 𝟔
e. What is the probability that 𝑋 > 5?
𝟔 𝟏
𝑷(𝑿 > 𝟓) = =
𝟑𝟔 𝟔
f. Find the probability of 𝑋 > 5 and Y=0.
𝟏
𝑷((𝑿 > 𝟓) ∩ (𝒀 = 𝟎)) =
𝟑𝟔
g. What will be the conditional probability of 𝑋 > 5 when it is given that Y=0?
𝑷((𝑿 > 𝟓) ∩ (𝒀 = 𝟎)) 𝟏 𝟔 𝟏
𝑷(𝑿 > 𝟓|𝒀 = 𝟎) = = = =
𝑷(𝒀 = 𝟎) 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟔
3. Let X and Y be two joint continuous random variables with joint PDF,

1 2
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = {2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦 ; 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1
0; 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

a. Find the constant c.

1 1
b. Find 𝑃 (0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 , 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2).

c. Find the marginal PDF of X and Y.

4. Two components of mobile phones have the following joint Probability Density Function for their useful
lifetimes X and Y (in years), starting from the moment of purchase.

𝑒 −(𝑥+𝑦) ; 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = {
0 ; 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

a. Find the marginal Probability Density Function of X.

b. Find the marginal Probability Density Function of Y.
c. At the time of purchase, the manufacturer provides one year warranty period. What is the
probability that the lifetime of at least one component exceeds the manufacturer’s warranty
period?
d. Find whether X and Y are independent or not.
Multivariate Calculus and PDE

1. Find all the second partial derivatives of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑒 −3𝑦 + 𝑦 −1 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥).

First order partial derivatives

𝜕𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 2𝑥𝑒 −3𝑦 −
𝜕𝑥 𝑦

𝜕𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= −3𝑥 2 𝑒 −3𝑦 − 2
𝜕𝑦 𝑦

Second order partial derivatives

𝜕 2𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2
= 2𝑒 −3𝑦 −
𝜕𝑥 𝑦

𝜕 2𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= −6𝑥𝑒 −3𝑦 + 2
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝑦

𝜕 2𝑓 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2
= 9𝑥 2 𝑒 −3𝑦 +
𝜕𝑦 𝑦3

𝜕 2𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= −6𝑥𝑒 −3𝑦 + 2
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝑦

2. Find 𝜕𝑧/𝜕𝑥 and 𝜕𝑧/𝜕𝑦 of the function,

𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑦 − 5𝑧) = 1 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠(6𝑧𝑥).

Consider the partial derivative w.r.t 𝑥 from both sides of the equation.

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑦 − 5𝑧) + 𝑥 2 cos(2𝑦 − 5𝑧) (−5 ) = −𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛(6𝑧𝑥) (6𝑧 + 6𝑥 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑧 2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑦 − 5𝑧) + 6𝑧𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛(6𝑧𝑥)

⇒ = 2
𝜕𝑥 5𝑥 cos(2𝑦 − 5𝑧) − 6𝑦𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛(6𝑧𝑥)

Consider the partial derivative w.r.t 𝑦 from both sides of the equation.

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 2 cos(2𝑦 − 5𝑧) (2 − 5 ) = cos(6𝑧𝑥) − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛(6𝑧𝑥) (6𝑥 )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑧 cos(6𝑧𝑥) − 2𝑥 2 cos(2𝑦 − 5𝑧)

⇒ =
𝜕𝑦 6𝑥𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛(6𝑧𝑥) − 5𝑥 2 cos (2𝑦 − 5𝑧)
 𝑥 3 +𝑦 3
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≠ 0
3. Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = { 𝑥+𝑦 . Find 𝑓𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 at every point.
0 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0

When 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≠ 0,

𝜕𝑓 3𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦) − (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 ) 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3
𝑓𝑥 = = =
𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2

𝜕𝑓 3𝑦 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦) − (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 ) 2𝑦 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 3
𝑓𝑦 = = =
𝜕𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2

When 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0, for example (𝑥, 𝑦) = (0,0)

𝑓(0 + ℎ, 0) − 𝑓(0,0)
𝑓𝑥 (0,0) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

ℎ3
−0
𝑓𝑥 (0,0) = lim ℎ = lim ℎ
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0

𝑓𝑥 (0,0) = 0

𝑓(0,0 + 𝑘) − 𝑓(0,0)
𝑓𝑦 (0,0) = lim
𝑘→0 𝑘

𝑘3
−0
𝑓𝑦 (0,0) = lim 𝑘 = lim 𝑘
𝑘→0 𝑘 𝑘→0

𝑓𝑦 (0,0) = 0

It is recommended to use a general point: E.g., (𝑎, −𝑎).

4. Determine the set of points at which the function is continuous.

𝑥2𝑦3
, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (0,0)
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = {2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
1 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (0,0)
5. Graph the function and discuss the continuity of the function.
sin(𝑥𝑦)
𝑖𝑓 𝑥𝑦 ≠ 0
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = { 𝑥𝑦
1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥𝑦 = 0

-End of the Tutorial-

 MA1024 | Methods of Mathematics
Tutorial 04
Numerical Methods

𝑥 4 −1
1. Show that 𝑔(𝑥) = has a unique fixed point on the interval [-0.5,0]
4

Page 1 of 4
In2020-Semester 2
2. What is the number of iterations required to find a real root of 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 − 1 = 0 accurate to 10−3 in
𝑥 4 −1
the interval [-0.5,0] using the fixed-point method? Consider 𝑔(𝑥) = as the fixed-point function.
4
3. Use the fixed-point method to find a real root of 1 + 0.5𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) = 𝑥 accurate to 10−3 in the interval
[1,2].
4. Use the fixed-point method to obtain the root(s) of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 4. Assume the
initial guess 𝑥0 = 6 and use the iteration function 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 4. Is the numerical solution
converging? If not, provide an initial guess which converges.

5.
a. Show that the fixed-point sequence defined by
1 1
𝑥𝑛 = 2 𝑥𝑛−1 + 𝑥 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≥ 1,
𝑛−1

converges to √2 whenever 𝑥0 > √2.

b. Use the fact that 0 < (𝑥0 − √2)2 whenever 𝑥0 ≠ √2 to show that if 0 < 𝑥0 < √2, then 𝑥1 >
√2.
c. Use the results of parts (a) and (b) to show that the sequence in (a) converges to √2
whenever 𝑥0 > 0.

This question is for self-studying.

Probability and Statistics

1. According to the historical records of the ministry of disaster management, there have been a
number of major natural disasters ranging between zero to five during each year in Sri Lanka. Based
on this data, the following discrete probability distribution of 𝑋: the number of natural disasters in
a year, is produced.

𝑥 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝑃(𝑥) 0.325 0.27 0.29 0.055 0.054 0.006
a. Find the expected number of major natural disasters in a year in Sri Lanka.
b. Find the variance and the standard deviation of 𝑋.

𝑆𝐷(𝑋) = 1.1614

2. A toy manufacturing company is trying to decide which of the two machines to select, both of which
require same dollar investment. This company sells their production to 5 main retailers. Based on
the standards of the retailers, the probability of detecting defects and the allocation of the number
of items produced by these two machines for each company are given in the following table.

Company Probability Machine 1 Machine 2

A 0.05 300 425

B 0.15 500 300

C 0.6 1050 650

 D 0.15 750 1000

E 0.05 800 550

a. Compute the expected value and the standard deviation of the number of defective items
under each machine.
i. Which machine has the higher expected defects?
ii. Which machine is at a higher risk of producing defects?
b. If you are the manager, which machine would you select? Give a statistical reason.

Comparing two samples using only the average will be not fair when there is a difference between
the variability of data. In such situations C.V will be used to do the comparison giving a reference to
variance/standard deviation of data.
3. An entrepreneur started to make a new product from peanuts. He purchases 50𝑘𝑔 of peanut pods
from the farmers for a single production run and uses the good nuts for his production. Following
is the probability density function of the wastage (shells and bad nuts) of the production per run
which is denoted by the random variable 𝑋.

𝑘(𝑥 − 1)(2 − 𝑥) ; 𝑖𝑓 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
𝑓(𝑥) = {
0 ; 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

(Note that values of 𝑋 are given in kilograms)

a. Find the constant 𝑘.

b. Find the mean and standard deviation of 𝑋.
c. What is the minimum wastage expected?
d. Find the CDF of 𝑋.
e. Find the probability of having a wastage less than 1.5𝑘𝑔 per run.
4. Consider the following continuous function 𝑓(𝑥), where 𝜃 > 0.

𝑐
;0 < 𝑥 < 𝜃
𝑓(𝑥) = {𝜃 2
0 ; 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

a. Find the value of the constant 𝑐 so that 𝑓(𝑥) is a suitable PDF.

b. Find the mean and standard deviation of 𝑋.
3
c. If 𝜃 = 2 , find 𝑃(𝑋 > 1), 𝑃(𝑋 > 2) and 𝑃(𝑋 > 2 − √2).
𝜃 3𝜃
d. Compute 𝑃(10 < 𝑋 < )
5
5. Lanza and Nishantha have agreed to join a party between 6.00 pm and 7.00 pm (1 hour). The arrival
time of Lanza is given by 𝑋 and Nishantha’s arrival time is given by 𝑌 which are measured from 6.00
p.m. onward and expect always to present before 7.00 p.m. and are considered independently
distributed according to their past behavior.

3𝑥 2 ; 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
𝑓(𝑥) = {
0 ; 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

2𝑦 ; 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1
𝑓(𝑔) = {
0 ; 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

Hints:

• X and Y are said to be independent if 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑓(𝑦) for all 𝑥, 𝑦

• Expectation of a function of 𝑋 and 𝑌
∞ ∞
𝐸[𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)] is given by ∫−∞ ∫−∞ 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦). 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

a. Find the joint probability density function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦).

b. Find the expected amount of time that Lanza would have to wait for Nishantha to arrive.
Multivariate Calculus and PDE

𝑥 3 −𝑦 3
∶ 𝑖𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (0,0)
1. Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = {𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 . Discuss the differentiability of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) at (0,0).
0 ; 𝑖𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (0,0)

2.
a. You are told that there is a function 𝑓 of two variables whose partial derivatives are 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) =
𝑥 + 4𝑦 and 𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 − 𝑦. Should you believe it?
 b. Use Clairaut’s Theorem to show that if the third order partial derivatives are continuous,
then 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑥 .

3. The wave heights h in the open sea depends on the speed 𝑣 of the wind and the length of time 𝑡 that
the wind has been blowing at that speed. Values of the function ℎ = 𝑓(𝑣, 𝑡) are recorded in feet in
the following table. Use the table to find a linear approximation to the wave height function when 𝑣
is near 40 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑠 and 𝑡 is near 20 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠. Then estimate the wave heights when the wind has been
blowing for 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 at 43 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑠.
 2𝑥+3
4. Verify the linear approximation at (0,0): 4𝑦+1 ≈ 3 + 2𝑥 − 12𝑦.

5. Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = √𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 . Estimate the value of 𝑓(4.1,0.8).

𝜋
(Hint: select an appropriate value for (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) for your calculations, 4 = 0.785)

-End of the Tutorial-

 MA1024 | Methods of Mathematics
Tutorial 05
Numerical Methods

1. Find a real root of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 − 1 with an accuracy of 0.0001 using Newton's
method.

Answer: -0.24904
2. Use Newton’s method to find the value of 𝑙𝑛(7). Set an integer as the initial guess and calculate the
error from the actual value (1.945910149) for four iterations of Newton’s method.

3. Suppose you are going to apply Newton’s method to solve the equation 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0. Hence
obtain a 𝑔(𝑥) function suitable to apply the fixed-point method. Prove the existence of a unique
fixed point in a suitable interval.
4. You are designing a spherical tank to hold water for domestic use. The volume of liquid it can hold
can be computed as

[3𝑅 − ℎ]
𝑉 = 𝜋ℎ2
3
where V = volume (𝑚3 ), h = depth of water in tank (m), and R = the tank radius (m). If R = 4 m, what
depth must the tank be filled to so that it holds 50 𝑚3 ? Use three iterations of Newton's method to
determine your answer. Find the approximate relative error after each iteration. Note that an initial
guess of h will always converge.

Answer: 2.208322 (𝑥3 )

5. Problem involving the amount of money required to pay off a mortgage over a fixed period of time
involve the formula,

𝑃
𝐴 = [1 − (1 + 𝑖)−𝑛 ]
𝑖
known as an “ordinary annuity equation”. In this equation, A is the amount of mortgage, 𝑃 is the
amount of each payment, and 𝑖 is the interest rate per period for the 𝑛 payment period. Suppose
that a 30-year home mortgage in the amount of $135,000 is needed and that the borrower can afford
house payments of at most $1000 per month. What is the maximal interest rate the borrower can
afford to pay?
 6. Prove that the order of convergence of Newton’s method is 2.

Probability and Statistics

1. The lifetime measure in hours, of the ACME super light bulb, is a random variable T with density
function 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝜆2 𝑡𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 , where λ = 0.05.
a. What is the expected lifetime of this light bulb?
b. What is its variance?
c. Find
i. E (5T + 3)
ii. V (4T - 5)

2. A mathematics lecturer conducted an exam for three randomly selected samples of students using
3 question papers based on three standards A, B, and C. He decided to select the paper that follows
the symmetrical distribution for the marks obtained by the students. Following A, B, and C presents
the marks obtained by each group, for the papers A, B, and C respectively.

A) 60, 50, 45, 70, 87, 88, 86, 91, 90, 95, 96
B) 30, 25, 40, 35, 45, 55, 50, 70, 65, 60, 75
C) 15, 12, 10, 25, 17, 50, 40, 90, 80, 75, 30

a. Find out the mean and median of each group.

b. Find whether each data set is normal or skewed? If skewed, state whether it is negatively or
positively skewed?
c. Determine which paper is to be selected by the lecturer by giving statistical reasons.
3. The following figures 1, 2 and 3 present the results obtained from a statistical experiment. They
have given Population Excess Kurtosis for each incident and Population Excess kurtosis is defined
as 𝐸𝐾𝑝 = 𝐾𝑝 − 3 where 𝐾𝑝 is the Population kurtosis value.
Hint: It is given that a normally distributed variable has a kurtosis of 3.0 and excess kurtosis of a
normally distributed variable is 0.00.
Discuss the behavior of each incident based on the shape and the kurtosis values.

Figure 1 Figure 2
 Figure 3
(Source: SPSS Tutorials)
Multivariate Calculus and PDE

1. If 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 and (𝑥, 𝑦) changes from (3, −1) to (2.96, −0.95), compare the values of ∆𝑧 and
𝑑𝑧.
 𝑚𝑔𝑅
2. Tension 𝑇 in the string of the yo-yo in the figure is 𝑇 = 2𝑟 2 +𝑅2 where m is the mass of the yo-yo and
𝑔 is the acceleration due to gravity.

Use differentials to estimate the change in the tension if 𝑅 is increased from 3𝑐𝑚 to 3.1𝑐𝑚 and 𝑟 is
increased from 0.7𝑐𝑚 to 0.8𝑐𝑚. Does the tension increase or decrease?
 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
3. Use chain rule to find the partial derivatives and 𝜕𝜃 where 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 and 𝑧 =
𝜕𝑟
𝜋
𝑟𝜃, when 𝑟 = 2 and 𝜃 = 2 , for 𝑤 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥𝑧.
4. Use the addition formulas and change of coordinates 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 to express the
following functions, given in polar coordinates and in terms of 𝑥 and 𝑦;

a. 𝑓1 = 𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜃) b. 𝑓2 = 𝑟 −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜃) c. 𝑓3 = 𝑟 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝜃)

Show that each function satisfies the equation 𝑓𝑥𝑥 + 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 0.
5.
a. Find the directional derivative of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 at the point (0,4) in the direction indicated
2𝜋
by angle 𝜃 = .
3

b. Find the directional derivative of the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 2 at the point (1, −2,2) in
the direction from that point toward the origin.

-End of the Tutorial-

 MA1024 | Methods of Mathematics
Tutorial 06
Numerical Methods
1 𝜋𝑥
1. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2 ). Approximate the first derivative from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 1 with ℎ = 0.1 using
a. Forward difference formula,
b. Backward difference formula,
c. Centered difference formula.
2. Use the forward difference formula and the high accuracy divided difference formula (as given in
the lecture note) to approximate the first derivative of the function 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 from 𝑥 =3 to 4 with
h=0.2. Compare the approximation errors with respect to the actual values based on the relative
error.
3. A simply supported beam with a uniform load m and a tensile axial load T is deflected by y as follows.
𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑇𝑦 𝑚𝑥(𝑙 − 𝑥)
− =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑌𝐼𝐴 2𝑌𝐼𝐴
where
𝑥 = location along the beam (m)
𝑇 = tension applied (kg)
𝑌 = Young’s modulus of elasticity of the beam (psi)
𝐼𝐴 = second moment of area (𝑚4 )
𝑚 = uniform loading intensity (kg/m)
𝑙 = length of the beam (m)
Given, 𝑇 = 6300 𝑘𝑔, 𝑚 = 4500 𝑘𝑔/𝑚, 𝑙 = 70 𝑐𝑚, 𝑌 = 30 𝑁/𝑚2 , and 𝐼𝐴 = 120 𝑚4 ,

Obtain an expression to find the deflection of the beam at 𝑥 = 50 𝑐𝑚. Use a step size of 𝛥𝑥 = 10 𝑐𝑚
and approximate the derivatives by centered difference approximation.
 5. Use Finite Differences to solve the boundary value problem

𝑦′′ − 2𝑥𝑦′ − 2𝑦 = 0, 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦(1) = 𝑒.

Note: Boundary Value Problem (BVP) is a problem of determining a solution to a differential equation
subject to conditions on the unknown function specified at two or more values of the independent
variable. These conditions are called boundary conditions. Most of the BVPs cannot be solved
analytically and therefore finite difference formulas are used to approximate the solution at evenly
spaced grid points.

(Hint: Use 8 intervals. You are not required to find the final answer, it is enough to arrive at an
equation with y values and n)
1−0 1 1
ℎ= = 𝑥𝑛 = 0 + 𝑛.
8 8 8

Centered Difference formula for first and second derivatives;

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 ) ≈ ሾ𝑓(𝑥0 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥0 − ℎ)ሿ
2ℎ
1
𝑓 2 (𝑥0 ) ≈ ሾ𝑓(𝑥0 + ℎ) − 2𝑓(𝑥0 ) + 𝑓(𝑥0 − ℎ)ሿ
ℎ2
Substitute to 𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑥𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 0

1 2𝑥
ሾ𝑦(𝑥 + ℎ) − 2𝑦(𝑥) + 𝑦(𝑥 − ℎ)ሿ − ሾ𝑦(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑦(𝑥 − ℎ)ሿ − 2𝑦(𝑥) = 0
ℎ2 2ℎ
𝑦(𝑥 + ℎ) − 2𝑦(𝑥) + 𝑦(𝑥 − ℎ) − 𝑥ℎሾ𝑦(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑦(𝑥 − ℎ)ሿ − 2ℎ2 𝑦(𝑥) = 0

𝑦(𝑥 + ℎ)ሾ1 − 𝑥ℎሿ + 𝑦(𝑥)ሾ−2 − 2ℎ2 ሿ + 𝑦(𝑥 − ℎ)ሾ1 + 𝑥ℎሿ = 0

Let 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑛 , 𝑦(𝑥𝑛 ) = 𝑦𝑛 , 𝑦(𝑥𝑛 + ℎ) = 𝑦𝑛+1 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦(𝑥𝑛 − ℎ) = 𝑦𝑛−1.

𝑦𝑛+1 (1 − 𝑥𝑛 ℎ) − 2𝑦𝑛 (1 + ℎ2 ) + 𝑦𝑛−1 (1 + 𝑥𝑛 ℎ) = 0

Substitute the values for ℎ and 𝑥𝑛 .

 𝑛 1 𝑛
𝑦𝑛+1 ቀ1 − ቁ − 2𝑦𝑛 ൬1 + ൰ + 𝑦𝑛−1 ቀ1 + ቁ = 0
64 64 64
4. The export development board of Sri Lanka is planning to award the best-performing companies.
They are using the cumulative exports recorded within the last two years to evaluate the
performance of each company. The data recorded every 6 months of a cosmetics exporting company
is given below. Due to a technical issue, they have lost the data corresponding to the first half of the
second year.

𝑥 (in years) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

𝑓(𝑥) (in million US$) 1 1.8987 3.7183 ? 11.3891

a. Derive a finite difference formula for the first derivative using non-uniform intervals. Refer
to the centered difference formula derivation method.
b. Using the formula from part a, find 𝑓′(1) and 𝑓′(1.5).
c. Find 𝑓(1.5) using the value of 𝑓′(1).
Probability and Statistics
1. A company has their annual expenditure for advertising and annual profit for the past 10 years. Find
the coefficient of correlation and comment on the linear relationship between two sets of data. (Note
that these values are given in thousand rupees)

Expenditure 14 35 22 29 6 15 17 20 12 29
for repairs (X)
Annual profit 28 66 38 70 22 27 28 47 14 68
(Y)

x y x^2 y^2 xy

14 28 196 784 392

35 66 1225 4356 2310

22 38 484 1444 836

29 70 841 4900 2030

6 22 36 484 132

15 27 225 729 405

17 28 289 784 476

20 47 400 2209 940

12 14 144 196 168

29 68 841 4624 1972

Total 199 408 4681 20510 9661

Mean of x=19.9 Mean of y=40.8

9661 − 10 ∗ 19.9 ∗ 40.8

𝑟=ඨ = 0.9238
(4681 − 10 ∗ 19.92 )(20510 − 10 ∗ 40.82 )

According to the results, company expenditure for advertising and the profit has a very high positive
linear relationship

0-0.3 negligible

0.3-0.5 low

0.5-0.7 moderate

0.7-0.9 high/good
0.9-1 strong/very high

1-perfect
2. Let X denote the number of machine breakdowns in a factory on any given month. Let Y denotes the
number of times a technician is called on an emergency call. The joint p.m.f 𝑝(𝑥, 𝑦) is presented in
the table below.

X=0 X=1 X=2 X=3

Y=0 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.03
Y=1 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.04
Y=2 0.03 0.08 0.09 0.04
Y=3 0.05 0.11 0.08 0.02
Y=4 0.13 0.05 0.03 0.01

a. Find the Expected value and the variance of X and Y.

b. Compute the 𝐶𝑜𝑣(𝑋, 𝑌).
c. Find the covariance between the variables that will represent the situation where the number
of breakdowns becomes 5 times higher than the current situation and due to that the number of
times a technician is called on an emergency call is also increased by two times.
d. Determine the strength of the linear relationship between X and Y, as well as the relationship
between the variables created under the situation in part (c). Interpret your findings.
The new variables 5X and 2Y have the same correlation as X and Y. Therefore the new variables also have
a low negative linear relationship.

3. Consider two continuous random variables X and Y with joint p.d.f.

2 2
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = {81 𝑥 . 𝑦; 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 3
0 ; 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

a. Determine whether X and Y are independent or not.

b. Determine the value of 𝐶𝑜𝑣(𝑋, 𝑌)
****But Cov (X,Y)=0 doesn’t always imply that the variables are independent

4. Suppose X is a discrete uniform random variable that takes on the integers distributed over the
interval [-2, 2].
a. Use a table to represent the probability distribution of the uniform discrete random variable X.
b. Find the mean and the variance of X.
c. Find the probability that 𝑋 < 1.
5. Let Y represent the number of successes that follows binomial distribution and has the form
n
𝑃(𝑦) = ቀ𝑦ቁ 𝑝 𝑦 𝑞 𝑛−𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 0,1, . . . , 𝑛

Hint: The binomial experiment consists of 𝑛 independent, repeated Bernoulli trials.

a. Show that the mean of a binomial random variable Y is 𝐸(𝑌) = 𝑛𝑝.

b. According to past records, a skin specialist knows that 20% of the population will have a bad
reaction to a certain type of medicinal lotion. The specialist prescribes this lotion for 20 patients.
Find the probability that the number of patients who suffer a bad reaction is,
i. At most 5
ii. Less than 2
iii. More than 2
iv. Find the expected number of patients who suffer a bad reaction.

(i)
 (iv) 𝐸(𝑋) = 𝑛𝑝 = 20 ∗ 0.2 = 4

Multivariate Calculus and PDE

1. Find the directional derivative of the function at the given point in the direction of the vector.
a. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑧𝑒 𝑥 , (0,0,0), 𝑣 =< 5,1, −2 >
b. ℎ(𝑟, 𝑠, 𝑡) = 𝑙𝑛 (3𝑟 + 6𝑠 + 9𝑡) , (1,1,1), 𝑣 = 4𝑖 + 12𝑗 + 6𝑘
2.
a. Show that a differentiable function f decreases most rapidly at x in the direction opposite to
the gradient vector, that is, in the direction of −𝛻𝑓(𝑥).
b. Use the result of part (i) to find the direction in which the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 4 𝑦 −
𝑥 2 𝑦 3 decreases fastest at the point (2, −3)

3. Are there any points on the hyperboloid 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 = 1 where the tangent plane is parallel to the
plane 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦?
4. Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧
a. Use the Jacobian (𝐽𝑝 𝑓) to construct a linear approximation 𝐴(𝑥) to f near point 𝑋0 =
(−1,1, −2)
b. Find the Hessian matrix (𝐻(𝑓)) of the above function.

-End of the Tutorial-

 MA1024 | Methods of Mathematics
Tutorial 07
Numerical Methods
1. Evaluate the below integral using 10 intervals.
1
𝐹(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
a. Use Composite Trapezoidal Rule
b. Use Composite Simpson Rule
Compare your results with the actual value and determine the best approximation.
2. A cross-section of a racing sailboat is shown in Fig. 1(a). Wind forces (f) exerted per foot of
mast from the sails vary as a function of distance above the deck of the boat (z), as in Fig.1 (b).

Figure 1 Figure 2: The distributed force f be

converted to an equivalent total
force F and that its effective
location above the deck d.

The total force exerted on the mast can be expressed as the integral of a continuous function:
30
𝑧 −2𝑧/30
𝐹 = ∫ 200( 5+𝑧 )𝑒 𝑑𝑧
0
Calculate the tensile force T in the left mast support cable, assuming that the right support
cable is completely slack and the mast joins the deck in a manner that transmits horizontal or
vertical forces but no moments. Assume that the mast remains vertical.
a. Using Composite Trapezoidal Rule
b. Using Composite Simpson’s Rule
(Use step size = 3 ft)
3. Use the Composite Trapezoidal Rule with 2 subintervals to evaluate the following double
integral:
1/2 1/2
𝑦−𝑥
∫ ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 0
4. Use the data in the following table with unequally spaced x values to determine the integral of
2 3 4 5
𝑓(𝑥) = 0. 2 + 25𝑥 − 200𝑥 + 675𝑥 − 900𝑥 + 400𝑥

x 0.0 0.12 0.22 0.32 0.36 0.40 0.44 0.54 0.64 0.70 0.80

f(x) 0.2000 1.309 1.305 1.743 2.074 2.456 2.8429 3.5072 3.1819 2.3630 0.232
00 729 241 393 903 000 85 97 29 00 000

5. Suppose that the temperature of a rectangular heated plate is described by the following
function:
2 2
𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 72.
If the plate is 8-m long (x dimension) and 6-m wide (y dimension), compute the average
temperature.
(Hint: Use composite trapezoidal rule with n = 2)
Probability and Statistics
1. Records show that the probability is 0.00005 that a car will have a flat tire while crossing a
certain bridge. Use Poisson distribution to find the probabilities that among 10000cars
crossing this bridge;
a. exactly two will have a flat tire
b. at most two will have a flat tire

2. A social scientist claims that only 60% of all high school senior students are capable of doing
work by actually going to college. Assuming the claim of the social scientist is true, find the
probabilities that among 18 high school seniors,
a. exactly 10 will be capable of doing work by going to college
b. at least 5 will go to college
c. at most 12 will go to college
3. A multiple-choice test has fifty questions and five possible answers for each one, with only one
correct answer. The examiner has allocated two marks for each correct answer. If X is the
number of questions answered correctly,
a. Calculate the probability that a student will achieve a pass mark of 10 or more,
i. Using Binomial distribution.
ii. Using Normal approximation to Binomial distribution.
iii. Using Poisson approximation to Binomial distribution.
b. Comment on your results.
4. In a small village, 10 accidents took place in a span of 50 days. Assuming that the number of
accidents per day follows a Poisson distribution, find the probability that,
a. Less than 3 accidents in a day.
b. There will be three or more accidents in a day.
c. There will be no accidents on a given day.
5. The number of defects found in a production line per week has been claimed to follow a
Poisson distribution with a mean of 0.5.
a. What is the probability that the given production line has less than two defects in a given
week?
b. What is the expected number of defects of a production line in one month?

6. On a given day, the number of crimes reported to police headquarters follows the Poisson
process. During any 30 minutes interval, the average number of crimes reported is 5. Find the
probabilities that more than 3 crimes are reported during the next,
a. 30 minutes
b. 15 minutes
7. If 2% of the books bound at a certain bindery have defecting bindings, use the Poisson
approximation to the Binomial distribution to determine the probability that 5 of 400 books
bound by this bindery will have defective bindings.

Let X – Number of defective bindings.

𝑛 = 400 , 𝑥 = 5 , 𝑝 = 0.02
That is 𝜆 = 𝑛𝑝 = 400 × 0.02 = 8
−8 5
𝑒 8
𝑓𝑥(5, 8) = 5!
= 0. 093

Multivariate Calculus and PDE

1. Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle point(s) of the function.
2 2
a. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦
3 3
b. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 − 12𝑥𝑦 + 8𝑦
𝑥
c. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠⁡(𝑦)
2
d. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 − 2𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
2 2
2. Show that 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 2 has an infinite number of critical points and that D=0
at each one. Then show that has a local (and absolute) minimum at each critical point.

3. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of f on the set.

2 2
a. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦, D is the closed triangular region with vertices (2,0), (0,2) and (0,
-2)
3 4 2 2
b. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 , 𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)| 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤1}

4. The base of an aquarium with given volume V is made of slate and the sides are made of glass.
If slate costs five times as much (per unit area) as glass, find the dimensions of the aquarium
that minimize the cost of the materials.
-End of the Tutorial-
 MA1024 | Methods of Mathematics
Tutorial 08
Numerical Methods
1. A system of linear equation is given below.
0.5𝑥1 + 0.25𝑥2 = 0.35
0.35𝑥1 + 0.8𝑥2 + 0.4𝑥3 = 0.77
0.25𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 0.5𝑥4 = −0.5
𝑥3 − 2𝑥4 = −2.25
a. Identify the coefficient matrix, constant matrix, and unknown matrix corresponding
to this system of linear equation.
b. Find the 𝑙∞ norm (Infinity norm) of the coefficient matrix.
c. Is the coefficient matrix diagonally dominant or strictly diagonally dominant?

3
2. Decompose the given matrix into 3 matrices such that A=D-L-U where D, U, and L are a
diagonal matrix, an upper triangle matrix and a lower triangle matrix respectively.

1 2 −2
𝐴 = (1 1 1 )
2 2 1
a. Find the matrix T where 𝑇 = 𝐷−1 (𝐿 + 𝑈)
b. Find the spectral radius of T
3. Show that 𝑥 (𝑘) = (𝑥1 (𝑘) , 𝑥2 (𝑘) , 𝑥3 (𝑘) , 𝑥4 (𝑘) )𝑡 = (7,5 + 3/𝑘 2 , 1/𝑘, 𝑒 −2𝑘 )𝑡 converges to 𝑥 =
(7,5,0,0)𝑡 with respect to the 𝑙∞ norm.
4. The height y, of an object thrown into the air is known to be given by a quadratic function
of t (time) of the form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑡 2 + 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑐. If the object is at height y = 23/4 at time t = 1/2,
at y = 7 at time t = 1, and at y = 2 at t = 2, determine the coefficients a, b, and c.
5. Prove the Theorem: Regardless of its size or the number of unknowns its equations
contain, a linear system will have either no solutions, exactly one solution, or infinitely
many solutions.
Probability and Statistics
1. You are surveying people in a polling booth and asking them if they voted independently.
The probability that a person votes independently is 20%. What is the probability that
15 people must be asked before you find 5 people who voted independently?

2. A light bulb manufacturing factory finds 3 defectives in every 60 light bulbs.

a. What is the probability that the first defective light bulb will be found when the 6th
one is tested?
b. What if the manager of the factory wants to know the probability that it takes at least
4 trials until he finds the first defective light bulb?
c. Determine the number of light bulbs we would expect the manager to inspect until he
finds his first defective.
3. Suppose a bag contains 20 balls out of which 14 are white and 6 are black. If we choose 4
balls randomly from the bag,
a. Calculate the probability that two of these balls are white.
b. A person seeks the chance of obtaining at most 3 black balls from the randomly
chosen 4 balls. Calculate the percentage for him.
4. Among 120 applicants for a job, only 80 are qualified. If 5 of the applicants are randomly
selected for an in-depth interview, find the probability that only two of them are qualified
for the job by using
a. Hypergeometric distribution.
b. Binomial distribution as an approximation.

Multivariate Calculus and PDE

1. Use Lagrange Multipliers to find the maximum and minimum values of the function
subject to the given constraint.
1
a. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 ; 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
4
b. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧; 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 9
c. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦𝑧; 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 3𝑧 2 = 6

02. Find the extreme values of following functions 𝑓 on the region described by the
inequalities.
a. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 4𝑦, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 9
b. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 −𝑥𝑦 , 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 ≤ 1

03. Find the extreme values of 𝑓 subject to both constraints.

a. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 + 2𝑦; 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1, 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 4
b. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦; 𝑥𝑦 = 1, 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1
04. Consider the problem of maximizing the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 subject to the
constraint √𝑥 + √𝑦 = 5.
a. Try using Lagrange multipliers to solve the problem.
b. Does 𝑓(25,0) give a larger value than the one in part (a)?
c. Explain why the method of Lagrange multipliers fails to solve the problem?
d. What is the significance of 𝑓(9,4)?
 MA1024 | Methods of Mathematics
Tutorial 09
Numerical Methods
1. A system of linear equations with an initial approximation 𝑥0 = (0,0,0,0)𝑡 is given below.
Solve this system with 3 iterations using the Jacobi Iterative method.
10𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 =6
− 𝑥1 + 11𝑥2 − 𝑥3 + 3𝑥4 = 25
2𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 10𝑥3 − 𝑥4 = −11
3𝑥2 − 𝑥3 + 8𝑥4 = 15
2.
4𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 5
−𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = −4
2𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + 5𝑥3 = 1
a. Find the first 3 iterations of the system using the Jacobi Method. (Hint: 𝑥 (0) =
(0,0,0,0)𝑡 )
b. For each iteration, calculate the 𝑙∞ norm of the relative error.
3.
a. Derive iteration equations to solve the following system of linear equations using the
Gauss-Seidel method.
𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 = 1
2𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 = −1
3𝑥1 + 4𝑥2 + 6𝑥3 = 2
b. Try to solve the given system starting with the initial approximation 𝑥 (0) =
(−0.33, −7.9,5.8)𝑡 for 3 iterations. Find the 𝑙∞ norm values for the relative error in
each iteration. Actual solution of the above system is 𝑥 = (0, −7,5)𝑡
c. Comment on the 𝑙∞ norm values. Is 𝑥 (0) converging to 𝑥?
d. If 𝑥 (0) is not converging, explain the reason.
4. Apply Jacobi Method (3 iterations) to solve
5𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 = −1
−3𝑥1 + 9𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 2
2𝑥1 − 𝑥2 − 7𝑥3 = 3
(You may use the initial approximation 𝑥0 = (0,0,0,0)𝑇 )
5. The position of three masses suspended vertically by series of identical springs can be
modelled by the following steady-state force balances:
0 = 𝑘2 (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) + 𝑚1 𝑔 − 𝑘1 𝑥1
0 = 𝑘3 (𝑥3 − 𝑥2 ) + 𝑚2 𝑔 − 𝑘2 (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )
0 = 𝑚3 𝑔 − 𝑘3 (𝑥3 − 𝑥2 )
If 𝑔 = 9.81𝑚𝑠 −2 , 𝑚1 = 2𝑘𝑔, 𝑚2 = 3𝑘𝑔, 𝑚3 = 2.5𝑘𝑔, 𝑘1 = 𝑘3 = 10𝑁𝑚−1 and 𝑘2 =
20𝑁𝑚−1 , determine the displacements (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) by using the Jacobi Method.
(Hint: You may use the initial approximation as (0,0,0)𝑡 and 3 iterations).
Probability and Statistics
1. Nimal regularly takes a break from work to go to the nearby restaurant. The amount of
time Nimal waits in the queue to be served at the restaurant has a continuous uniform
distribution between 0 and 10 minutes.
a. Find the mean and the variance of the time Nimal spends in the restaurant.
b. Find the probability that Nimal does not have to wait more than 2 minutes.
c. If Nimal visits the restaurant 5 times a day, find the probability that he never has to
wait more than 2 minutes a day.
d. Nimal is in the queue when he receives a message that he must return to work for an
urgent meeting. He can only wait in the queue for further 3 minutes. It is given that
Nimal has already been queuing for 5 minutes. Find the probability that he must leave
the restaurant queue without being served.
2. Battery of an electric bicycle has a mean life of 3 years and a standard deviation of 0.5
years. Assuming that battery-life follows a normal distribution, calculate:
a. The proportion of batteries which have a life between 1.5 years and 2 years
b. The range within 75% of batteries lie
3. Past experience with a particular model of Televisions has shown that the life of the
screen is approximately normally distributed with mean of 8.45 years and standard
deviation of 2.51.
a. If the manufacturer is considering a two years unconditional warranty on the screen,
what proportion of failures should it anticipate to be under warranty?
b. If 86,000 Televisions are delivered to a specific service area, approximately how
many screens will require warranty service?
c. If the manufacturer wishes to reduce the probability of failure under the warranty
period, to 0.002, how long should the warranty be?
4. ABC Company produces pipes with a diameter that is approximately normally
distributed, with a mean of 10cm and a variance of 0.01cm2.
a. Suppose the tolerance limit for these pipes is 0.2cm, so pipes with a diameter falling
within the interval 10±0.2 cm are acceptable. What proportion of the pipes produced
will be acceptable?
b. Suppose that pipes with too small a diameter can be reworked, but the pipes with too
large diameter must be scrapped. Suppose also that the tolerance has been reduced
to 0.1cm. What proportion of the pipes must be scrapped?

“b.” needs to be corrected as follows.

𝟏𝟎. 𝟏 − 𝟏𝟎
𝑷(𝑿 > 𝟏𝟎. 𝟏) = 𝑷 (𝒁 > ) = 𝑷(𝒁 > 𝟏) = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟏𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟖𝟕
𝟎. 𝟏
Multivariate Calculus and PDE
3 3
1. Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 2 𝑦 2 + 4 (𝑥 4 + 𝑦 4 ). Find the first and second order Taylor
approximations of 𝑓 at (1,1).

2. Find the second order Taylor approximation to 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) + 2𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑦𝑧 at 𝐴 =

(0,0,0) and use it to estimate 𝑓(0.1, 0.2, 0.01).

3. Find the quadratic approximation of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑧 − 3𝑧 2 at (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (2,1,0).

 MA1024 | Methods of Mathematics
Tutorial 10 - Answers
Numerical Methods
1. Suppose 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 for every 𝑥 ∈ ℜ. Find the lagrange interpolating polynomial 𝑝(𝑥)
using the nodes 𝑥0 = 0, 𝑥1 = 1 and 𝑥2 = 2. Let the degree of 𝑝(𝑥) is at most 2. Hence find
a bound for |𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑝(𝑥)|, for each 𝑥 ∈ [0,2].
2. A researcher wants to find the velocity of a swinging particle when it is located at any
point between -4cm to 5 cm based on the collected data given below. These distances are
measured with respect to a reference point. Find the velocity of the particle, v(x) as a
polynomial in x for the following data by Newton’s divided difference formula.

x -4 -1 0 2 5

v(x) 1245 33 5 9 1335

Replace f(x) and P4(x) with v(x).

3. By means of Newton’s Divided Difference Formula, find f(8) from the following data:

x 4 5 7 10 11 13

f(x) 48 100 294 900 1210 2028

4. The upward velocity of a rocket is given as a function of time in the following table.

t(s) 0 10 15 20 22.5 30

v(t) (m/s) 0 227.04 362.78 517.35 602.97 901.67

a. Determine the value of the velocity at t = 16 seconds with third order polynomial
interpolation using Newton’s divided difference polynomial method.
b. Using the third order polynomial interpolant for velocity, find the distance covered
by the rocket from t(s)= 11 to t(s)=16 . (Hint: Use integration)
c. Using the third order polynomial interpolant for velocity, find the acceleration of the
rocket at t(s)=16 . (Hint: Use differentiation)
When applying the Newton’s divided difference method in the above answer, 4 points closer
to 𝑡 = 16 were selected since our interested point is 16.

Probability and Statistics

1.
a. A factory manufactures 2000 bulbs every day. It is known that 3% of the bulbs are
defectives. Using normal approximation, estimate the probability that more than or
equals to 40 defective bulbs are produced in one day.
b. The quality control system in the factory identifies and destroys every defective bulb
at the end of the manufacturing process. It costs Rs. 100 to manufacture a bulb and
the factory sells non-defective bulbs for Rs. 250. Find the expected profit made by the
factory per day.
2. The time taken for a randomly selected student to complete a quiz is M minutes, where
M ~ N (14, σ2) and 10% of students take less than 12 minutes to complete the quiz.
a. Find the value of σ2.
b. If the examiner selects 15 students randomly, find the probability that fewer than 2
of these students will take less than 12 minutes to complete the quiz.
c. If a random sample of n students is selected, the probability that fewer than 9 of these
n students will take less than 12 minutes to complete the quiz is 0.3085 based on the
normal approximation. Then, what will be the sample size n?
3. The rate of downloading files on a website is 300 per hour.
a.
i. State a distribution that is suitable to model the number of files downloaded
during a 1 minute interval.
ii. State two reasons for your answer.
b. Find the probability of,
i. 10 downloads in a given minute
ii. At least 15 downloads in 2 minutes
c. The website will be overloaded if there are more than 70 downloads in 10 minutes.
Using a suitable approximation, find the probability that the website will be
overloaded in a particular 10 minute interval.
4. Defects occur randomly in a roofing sheet with a constant rate of 0.05 per 10cm length.
a. If Mr. Perera buys a roofing sheet of length 100cm, find the probability that it contains
at most 3 defects.
b. At the same time, Mrs. Silva buys 6 roofing sheets each of length 100cm. Find the
probability that fewer than 2 of Mrs. Silva’s roofing sheets contain at most 3 defects.
c. Mrs. Silva is going to build a new apartment and she ordered 100 roofing sheets each
of length 100cm from the same production batch. Using a suitable approximation,
estimate the probability that the total number of defects on Mrs. Silva’s roofing sheets
is less than 30.
Multivariate Calculus and PDE
1. Calculate the iterated integral.
4 2 𝑥 𝑦
a. ∫1 ∫1 (𝑦 + 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2 𝜋
b. ∫0 ∫0 (𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜗) 𝑑𝜗 𝑑𝑟
2. Calculate the double integral.
a. ∬𝐷 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴, D is the triangular region with vertices (0,1), (1,2), (4,1).
b. ∬𝐷 (2𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴, D is bounded by the circle with the center at the origin and radius 2.
3. Find the volume of the given solid,
a. Under the plane 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 and above the region bounded by 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 and
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 =1
b. Under the surface 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 and above the triangle with vertices (1,1), (4,1) and (1,2).
4. ∬𝑅 (𝑥 − 3𝑦) 𝑑𝐴 where R is the triangular region with vertices (0,0), (2,1)and (1,2): 𝑥 =
2𝑢 + 𝑣, 𝑦 = 𝑢 + 2𝑣.
 MA1024 | Methods of Mathematics
Tutorial 11 – Answers
Numerical Methods
1. Consider the time series data given below:

𝑥𝑖 8 3 2 10 11 3 6 5 6 8

𝑦𝑖 4 12 1 12 9 4 9 6 1 14

Use the least square method to determine the equation of the line of best fit for the data.
Then plot the line.
2. In a recent study, researchers wanted to determine the relationship between the speed
limit and the death rate due to road accidents. Following data from 10 countries were
used for the study.

Country Speed Limit Death Rate (Y)

(X) in km/h per million km

Finland 55 3.0

Japan 55 3.3

England 55 3.4

Germany 70 3.5

Australia 55 4.1

South Korea 60 4.3

China 55 4.7

United States 60 4.9

India 60 5.1

South Africa 75 6.1

a. If the researchers assumed a linear relationship between the speed limit and the
death rate, what is the slope?
b. What is the intercept of the regression model according to the given data?
c. The speed limit in New Zealand is 62 km/h. Find the death rate due to road
accidents in New Zealand.
d. Argentina's death rate from road accidents is 4.8 per million km. Predict a suitable
speed limit according to the constructed linear regression model.
3. Consider the data given in the following table.

𝑥 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.6

𝑦 0.050446 0.098426 0.33277 0.72660 1.0972 1.5697 1.8487 2.5015

a. Construct the least square polynomial 𝑃2 (𝑥) of order 2 for the given data.
b. Hence find the value of 𝑃(0.7).
4. There is a Human Resource company, which is going to hire a new candidate. The
candidate has 4+ years of experience as a Regional Manager and has told his previous
salary was 160K per annum, and the HR has to check whether he is telling the truth or
bluff.
To identify this, they only have a dataset of his previous company in which the salaries of
the top 10 positions are mentioned with their levels. By checking the dataset available,
we have found that there is a non-linear relationship between the Position levels and the
salaries.
Position Level (x-variable) Salary (y-variable)

Business Analyst 1 45000

Junior Consultant 2 50000

Senior Consultant 3 60000

Manager 4 80000

Country Manager 5 110000

Regional Manager 6 150000

Partner 7 200000

Senior Partner 8 300000

C-level 9 500000

CEO 10 1000000

Our goal is to build a Bluffing detector regression model, so HR can hire an honest
candidate.
(Hint 1: You may construct a least square polynomial of order 2 and compare the salary
you get from it with the salary he claimed to receive)
(Hint 2: His level should be between 6 and 7 as he has 4+ years of experience as a
Regional Manager. Therefore, you may consider his level as 6.5)
Probability and Statistics
1. The time in hours to play one soccer match for a group of people is normally distributed
with a mean of 2 hours and a standard deviation of 0.5 hours. A sample of size n=50 is
drawn randomly from the population of soccer players. Find the probability that the
sample mean is between 1.8 hours and 2.1 hours.

2. A study involving exam stress is done among students in a certain faculty of a university.
The exam stress score follows a uniform distribution with the lowest stress score equal
to 1 and the highest equal to 5. Using a sample of 75 students, find the probability that
the average stress score for the 75 students is less than 2.
3. A production manager of a light bulb manufacturing company claims that an average light
bulb of this company lasts 300 days. A researcher randomly selects 15 bulbs for testing.
The sampled bulbs last an average of 290 days, with a standard deviation of 50 days. If
the production manager’s claim were true, what is the probability that 15 randomly
selected bulbs would have an average life of no more than 290 days?

4. Suppose scores on an IQ test are normally distributed, with a population mean of 100.
Suppose 20 people are randomly selected and tested. The standard deviation in the
sample group is 15. What is the probability that the average test score in the sample
group will be at most 110?
Multivariate Calculus and PDE

1. Evaluate the iterated integral by converting it to polar coordinates.

3 √9−𝑥 2
a. ∫−3 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
1 √2−𝑦 2
b. ∫0 ∫𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

2. Use a double integral to find the area of the region.

a. One loop of the rose 𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝜃.
b. The area lying inside the circle 𝑟 = a sin 𝜃 and outside the cardioid 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃)

3. Use polar coordinates to find the volume of the given solid.

a. Enclosed by the hyperboloid −𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1 and the plane 𝑧 = 2.
b. Inside both the cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 and the ellipsoid 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 64.

4. A swimming pool is circular with a 40-ft diameter. The depth is constant along east-west
lines and increases linearly from 2-ft at the south end to 7-ft at the north end. Find the
volume of water in the pool.
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 MA1024 | Methods of Mathematics
Tutorial 12 - Answers
Numerical Methods
1. Consider the initial value problem
𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 − 𝑡 2 + 1, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2, 𝑦(0) = 0.5
a. Use Euler’s method with
i. ℎ = 0.1 and
ii. ℎ = 0.2 to obtain an approximation to 𝑦(1).
b. Find the exact solution to the initial value problem.
c. Compare the errors in the two approximations to 𝑦(1).

Ignore the 𝑦(1) value mentioned below the table.

2. Consider the initial value problem
𝑦′ = 𝑦 − 𝑥, 𝑦(0) = 0.5, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
a. Find an upper bound for the error in Euler’s method according to Theorem 6.1
(Lecture note) given that
i. ℎ = 0.1
 ii. ℎ = 0.05
b. Comment on the results.
3. The concentration of salt x in a homemade soap maker is given as a function of time by
𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡 = 37.5 − 3.5𝑥
At the initial time, 𝑡(0) , the salt concentration in the tank is 50 g/L. Using Euler’s method
and a step size of h 1.5 min, find the salt concentration after 3 minutes?
4. A lake of volume 10,000 𝑚3 has an initial concentration of a particular pollutant of 5 parts
per billion (ppb). This pollutant is due to a pesticide that is no longer available in the
market.
The volume of the lake is constant throughout the year, with daily water flowing into and
out of the lake at the rate of 𝑞 = 100 + 50 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑡/365) 𝑚3 /𝑑𝑎𝑦. As the pesticide is no
longer used, the concentration of the pollutant in the surrounding soil is given in ppb as
a function of t(days) by 𝑐𝑖𝑛 = 5𝑒 −2𝑡/1000 which indicates that the concentration is
following an exponential decay. This concentration can be assumed to be that of the
pollutant in the fluid flowing into the lake. The concentration of the pollutant in the fluid
flowing out of the lake is the same as the concentration in the lake. What is the
concentration of this particular pollutant in the lake after two days?
Probability and Statistics
1. A medical research worker intends to use the mean of a random sample of size 120 to
estimate the mean blood pressure of women. The sample estimate of the mean is 141.8
mmHg. From a previous study it is known that the population variance is 10.5mmHg and
based on his experience he knows that it will remain the same.
a. Find the standard error of the sample mean.
b. Construct a 99% confidence interval for mean blood pressure of women.

2. To estimate the average time required for a certain type of repairs, an automobile
manufacturer measured the time consumed for such repairs by 40 identical mechanics.
If the average time consumed is 24.05 minutes by the 40 mechanics with a standard
deviation of 2.68 minutes, find the 95% confidence interval of mean time required to
perform a given type of a repair.
3. A paint manufacturer wants to determine the average drying time of a new interior wall
paint. It has been applied for 12 test areas of equal size, and he obtained a mean drying
time of 66.3 minutes with a standard deviation of 8.4 minutes. Construct a 95%
confidence interval for the mean drying time of the new paint (say; 𝜇).

𝒔𝟐
𝒏

4. In a study of television viewing habits, it is desired to estimate the average number of

hours that teenagers spend watching per week. It is assumed that population standard
deviation is 3.2 hours according to available statistical evidence. Find the minimum
sample size so that it will be possible to assert with 95% confidence level that the margin
of error is less than 20 minutes.
5. An industrial designer plans to determine the average amount of time it takes an adult to
assemble an “easy-to-assemble” toy and use it for advertising. Use the following data (in
minutes) obtained from a random sample of adults to construct a 99% confidence
interval for the average time taken by an adult in the population.
17 13 18 19 17 21 29 22 16 28 21 15
26 23 24 20 8 17 17 21 32 18 25 22
16 10 20 22 19 14 30 22 12 24 28 11

Multivariate Calculus and PDE

1. Show that each of the following differential equations is exact and use the property to
find the solution of differential equation.
a. (𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) )𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) + 2)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦
b. (2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2
𝑥2
c. 𝑥𝑦. 𝑑𝑦 = 2(1+𝑦 2) . 𝑑𝑥

2. Test for the exactness and Solve the ODEs

 a. (𝑎2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
1
b. [𝑦 (1 + 𝑥) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦] 𝑑𝑥 + [𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦]𝑑𝑦 = 0

3. The current 𝐼(𝑡) in the electric circuit shown in figure is given by the differential equation
𝑑𝐼
𝐿 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑅𝐼 = 𝐸(𝑡)

Find an expression for the current in a circuit where the resistance is 12 𝛺, the inductance
is 4 𝐻, a battery gives a constant voltage of 60 𝑉, and the switch is turned on when t=0.
(R – Resistance, L – Inductance, E(t) – Voltage at time)

4. In an oil refinery, a storage tank contains 2000 gal of gasoline that initially has 100 lb of
an additive dissolved in it. In preparation for winter weather, gasoline containing 2 lb of
additive per gallon is pumped into the tank at a rate of 40 gal/min. The well-mixed
solution is pumped out at a rate of 45 gal/min. How much of the additive is in the tank 20
min after the pumping process begins (Figure)?

Figure: The storage tank in the problem mixes input with stored liquid to produce an
output liquid

5. Use the integrating factor to find the general solution of the following differential
equations.
a. (3𝑥 2 𝑦 4 + 2𝑥𝑦). 𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 2 ). 𝑑𝑦 = 0
b. (7𝑥 4 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 3 ). 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 4 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑥. 𝑑𝑦 = 0
 a

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