Magnetism and Matter

Magnet =>
A
Magnet is a material that has both

attractive and directive properties .

It attracts iron
small
pieces of ,
nickel ,
cobalt
,
etc .

This attraction is
property of called
Magnetism .

Magnets I
Natural
Magnets Artificial
Magnet
iron (Fe , 04)
↳ an one of ↳
Prepared arl
"ficially
-

C -
g Bagnet , Hague edle
.

Horse shoe
Bar
Magnet - A bar
magnet consists of two equal and
non-separable
magnetic poles .

I Geographic length -

S N

⑧2 ⑱
.8
⑧

magnetic length
Note !
er

Magnetic length =0 84
.

Geographic length
Ple strength (m)

Strength (intensity) South Pole

*
of North or

to electric
Analogous charge
* ( M)
S - -

N -
( m)
+

Horse Shoe
Magnet

-
-
N ⑧ ·
S
-2a -

magnetic length
 #Properties of Magnetic field line (MFL)

I from from
magnet South (outside)
a MFL are North ->

South -

North (inside)

2) .

Tangent on a MoF L .

give direction of magnetic field at that

point :

3). No two M r L
. .

can intersect .

4) Magnetic field line form

always closed loops
.

5) Closer MEL represent more

magnetic field
strength
.

↳ 6) .
A
freely suspended bal
magnet or a
compus align
itself to
magnetic field direction .

71.
Magnetic monopoles don't exist .
 LA ANALOGY

ELECTROSTATICS MAGNETISM
NC+)m
- +9 -
i) Charge (9) i) Pole
.

Strength (m)
↳ -

q ↳
S(-)m

i - ii) -B
g
E E= Im
B=
. .

*2

Constant ->
1 Constant
M
->

45Eo

(iii) · E iii) -
B
E m
.

q = qE ·
M
=

⑰ -

iv) Electric
.
Dipole iv) magnetic dipole
q q M +M
-
-

⑦ ⑰+ ⑧ ⑧

2ar * 20 D

p q(2a)
=

C- ve to +ve) M =

m(a) (S to N)
-
 ELECTROSTATICS MAGNETISM
e N
VI . x - - - -
- Y .
S
----------
P
l
Eaxial
2prs Baxial 2as
=

Shtdipe
short
dipole Eaxial
2 Baxial 2s
= 11 III

**
it
·
*
vi) B
.

Eeq=
.

Beg ra
al -M
05 S N

Shot dipe Short dipole B

=
Eeq= By EglI- s

BeqII-M
 ELECTROSTATICS MAGNETISM
vii) .

E-cE viil .

Ban =

-25er
E
viii) D viii) .

L B

r v

10 10
-p =
M

E
kp1 300s8 B
xs !
=

1+ 3c0s8
=

+
13

⑪ between
⑪
Angle between B8
Angle E and P
0 +X
O +X

tan x =
tano tanx= tano
I -
 ELECTROSTATICS MAGNETISM
41 e 92
(ix) ⑧ ⑧
(ix) R , e Me
⑧ ⑧

Fe=
kq F = M e

>
E
(X)
-

i (X) > B
7 I jo >

I =

PXE U = -
⑮. - Fx5 U
>
->

M
-

= - .
B

(i) On
slightly displacing in U EF
(i) On
slightly displacing in U M F
.
. .
.

T
2E FF2B
=
 ELECTROSTATICS MAGNETISM

(
xii E (ii)
- ->
-
-
-
->
-
->

Electric Flux be E. Magnetic Flux P *

B.

viii Gauss's law of electrostatic

(viii Gauss's law of
Magnetism
In E = Gen
&B 05 d5
=

No (Mnet)
.
=

.
= =
0

E
Because MoetO always
.
Gauss's Law of
Magnetism consequence of Gauss's Law

HFL forms
always
⑪
closed

E
-- -
7
loops .

> S N
Monopoles don't exist
-
.

- - 8

p =
05. 5 =

onet

Nieto

&B .
d =

0
# Bar
Magnet as an Equivalent Solenoid .

G Bax = a

2(R x)"2+
R

une large distance solenoid behave as a coil .

~
e Ro
-

TR
UNERxe
Area
Bax
=

Bax=
M Bax No
4x3
on axial points of a solenoid
at
- ⑥ large distance magnetic field
,

is
short
dipole analogous to magnetic field
of a Bar
Magnet at axial points
Magnetic Properties of Matter

↳ Matter -> made of atoms -> atoms made of nuclei and electrons ·

eri magnetic
i ⑪ each to in an atom has moment
-
due to orbital motion

- each et has
spin angular momentum

(quantum mechanics) (9 .

28x18245+)
Nucleus
Magnetic
⑭ The have
may
a

moment but it is about several time

magnetic
smaller than the moment of

an electron
 of have
⑭
Magnetic Moments of the electrons an atoms a

tendency to cancel in pairs .

i .
e
Magnetic moments of two In some Cases
electrons of a helium atom A
cancel in
pairs .
Magnetic Moment of
atom is not zero
#
·

Resultant Magnetic Moment

As
ZERO
 of finite size contains
↳
Any object a
large Number of atoms .

-> Magnetic moments of these atoms

-
I
* A
⑤
- -
Randomly oriented

As
B
=

0 M =
0
↑
nO net
magnetic moment in
any
volume of material .
~ When the Material is external
kept in an
magnetic field .

->
↳
torques act on the atomic dipoles

↳
I
*
↳xtorque try to align them parallel
to the field .

- -

NOTE : is
B FO MFO
↑
The
alignment only partial
④ Thermal motion of the atoms
↓
randomize the
magnetic moments .

NOTE8

gree of alignment Pes

↳ Bles ↓res
&
Temp

Magnetically Saturated :
Alignment is Perfect .
 (I) magnetic
Magnetization Vector moment
=

volume
-> -

I -
I
Y

2
SI Unit ->
-
ampere metre
3-2
metre

ampere metre !
- >

~ also called as
intensity of
magnetisation
Or
2e

simply Magnetisation" ·
 PARAMAGNETISM ,
FERROMAGNETISM AND DIAMAGNETISM

B
Paramagnetic merals
The
tendency increase the
* to

magnetic field due to

magnitization
of material is called
and
paramagnetism
material which exhibit para-

magnetism are called

paramagnetic
material .

ResultantMagnetic field >

applied field
magnetic field
in
IN Some materials
,
the permanent atomic
magnetic moments
have
strong tendency to
align themselves even without
any
external field .

These materials are called

ferromagnetic materials .

↳ Permanent from
magnets are made them .

In
unmagnetised state

~>
domains inside the material .
 - > 7
B ⑧

↑
A
↓
A A a

↓
↑ ~

S <

Unmagnetized Domain
growing Domain -

alignment
↳ a small
magnetic field

gives rise to
large magnitization .

i field is much
The resultant
larger than
.
e

the
applied field in such a material .
 netic substance
diamag
⑪ Net
Magnetic dipole moment is RERO

& Applied field

substance
~
Field

↓field due to induced dipole moment

i The resultant field in materials

.

such is ,
therefore ,

smaller than applied field .

"This
phenomenon is called
diamagnetism and Such

materials are called

diamagnetic material .
 Magnetising Field
Intensity (H) = The
degree which a

magnetic field can

magnetize a material is called

Magnetising field
Intensity or
Magnetic Intensity ·

When a
magnetic field is
applied to a material , the material
gets magnetized .

The actual
Magnetic field inside the material is the sum of applied
magnetic field and field due to
magnetization .

B BB B
(Net)=
+

actual
applied (externall due to
magnetisation (internal
Biet Bext + Binternal
=

Bext =
like current coil or external field (FI
que to (1)
Binternal alignment of dipole , some
magnetisation occurs .
 Bet <(H+ I)
of free
Biet= Mo(H+I) no
permeability space
-

A ma if no material is present (vacuum) ,

I=0

Bet
=
B =

MoH

H= B
to
Magnetic Susceptibility (Xm)
Magnetic susceptibility is a measure of how
easily a substance

is field
magnetized in
magnetic
a .

Note : A material with Xm be into

change magnet
more can
,

easily .

Xm=1 It is a scalar with no units and dimensions

,
H

NOTE : More is external Factor

u
<F
More will be

I =

xm
Xm= Constant
depend upon
material and Temp .
Magnetic permeability
It is the with which the material
ease allows
magnetic lines of
force to it
pass through or the
degree to which
magnetic field
can
penetrate a
given Medium .

magneticfeld
u= =
total inside the materiaa

field .
Relative Pomeability
Relative Permeability is the ratio of
permeability of any
substance to that of free
space
.

M =
M
No

It has no unit and dimensions

 Effect of Temp
For
⑭
Paramagnetic Material ~For
ferromagnetic material

using
↳ On
temp
Magnetisation is
inversely
.

At some Temp
proportional
.

to absolute
temp ⑧
the
ferromagnell
->
material start
I =
CBo Bo
=

M F
.

behaving like
paramagnetic material .

I
This is
S curie's
Temp called curie's
Temp (T)
constant
=

T
Temp
=

in Kelvin
-

S
Im =
where Is
Ts
XmH T
<H
=

Xm=Slo
I curie's law
PROPERTIES OF DIA-PARA AND FERROMAGNETIC SUBSTANCES