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Cell Cycle - Mitosis and Meiosis

The cell cycle is the life cycle of a cell involving growth and division. It consists of interphase, where the cell grows and prepares for division, and mitosis, where the cell divides into two daughter cells. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases. Mitosis consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase stages. There are two types of cell division: mitosis produces two identical daughter cells from one parent cell, while meiosis reduces the chromosome number and produces four unique haploid cells from one diploid cell.

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87 views4 pages

Cell Cycle - Mitosis and Meiosis

The cell cycle is the life cycle of a cell involving growth and division. It consists of interphase, where the cell grows and prepares for division, and mitosis, where the cell divides into two daughter cells. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases. Mitosis consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase stages. There are two types of cell division: mitosis produces two identical daughter cells from one parent cell, while meiosis reduces the chromosome number and produces four unique haploid cells from one diploid cell.

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Atasha Mojeca
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BIOLOGY

CELL CYCLE – the life cycle of the cell.


- Series of growth and development steps a
cell undergoes in birth and reproduction.
STEPS OF THE CELL CYCLE:
1. INTERPHASE – indispensable in
making the next mitosis possible.
- Lasts 12-24 hours in mammalian tissue.
- Cell is consistently synthesizing RNA;
- Producing protein, and;
- Growing in size.
- 4 STEPS:
a. GAP 0 (G0) – times when the cell leaves the cycle and quits dividing.
- May be temporary or more permanent.
- A cell that has reached the end stage of development will no longer divide.
b. GAP 1 (G1) – cell increases in size.
- Produces RNA and synthesizes protein.
- G1 CHECKPOINT – an important cell cycle control mechanism ensures that everything
is ready for DNA synthesis.
c. S PHASE – aka SYNTHESIS.
- DNA replication occurs.
- The complete DNA instruction in the cell must be duplicated to produce to similar
daughter cells.
d. GAP 2 (G2) – during the gap between DNA synthesis and mitosis, the cell will
continue to grow and produce new proteins.
- G2 CHECKPOINT – located at the end to determine if the cell can enter Mitosis and
divide.
e. M PHASE – aka MITOSIS.
- Cell growth and protein production stops.
- The cell’s energy is focused on the complex and orderly division into 2 similar daughter
cells.
- Shorter than Interphase: 1-2 hours.
- METAPHASE CHECKPOINT – in the middle of mitosis: makes sure that the cell is
ready to complete cell division.

CELL DIVISION – in order to grow and multiply, has 2 types:


1. MITOSIS – process of nuclear
division;
- Two genetically identical daughter
cells with the same number of
chromosomes are produced.
- Happens in body or somatic cells.
- Each daughter cell is diploid with a
complete set of chromosomes (2n),
similar to the parent cell.
A. PROPHASE – long, thread-like chromatin starts to
coil and become more visible as individual
chromosomes.
- Membrane of the nucleus dissolves and spindle fibers are
formed.
- Centrioles migrate at opposite poles of the cell.

B. METAPHASE – chromosomes move and align


themselves at the center of the cell – aka metaphase
plate.
- Spindle fibers connect each chromosome on its
centromere to the centriole located at opposite poles.

C. ANAPHASE – sister chromatids of each


chromosome divides.
- The chromatids move toward the opposite pole due to
the shortening of the spindle fiber.

D. TELOPHASE – chromatids are now located on


the opposite poles.
- Nuclear membranes form around the
chromosomes and will start to uncoil.
- The spindle fiber dissolves and disappears.

E. CYTOKENESIS – splitting of the


cytoplasm.
- Mitosis ends.

2. MEIOSIS – process where a diploid parent cell produces four unique haloid cells.
- Reduces the number of chromosomes each daughter cell will receive.
- Haploid cells will become diploid cells due to fertilization.
a. DIPLOID (2n) – cell with a complete set of chromosomes.
- Half comes from the parent and half from
the other.
b. HAPLOID (n) – cell with a half
complete set of chromosomes
c. HOMOLOGOUS
CHROMOSOMES – pairs of
partnered chromosomes.
- One maternal chromosome has a male counterpart.
- They have similar length, genes, and centromere.
A. STAGES OF MEIOSIS 1 – homologous chromosomes separate.

1. PROPHASE I – spindle fibers are formed and


will be attached to the chromosomes.
- SYNAPSIS – extra process where individual
chromosomes become visible and homologous
chromosomes pair up = tetrads form.
- Non-sister chromatids of the homologous
chromosomes shuffle and rearrange genetic
material – genetic variation happens.

2. METAPHASE I – tetrads align at the


metaphase plate.
3. ANAPHASE I – tetrads break up, and
homologous chromosomes segregate
randomly.
- Homologous chromosomes move towards the
opposite poles.

4. TELOPHASE I AND CYTOKENESIS –


2 haploid cells are produced in preparation
for MEIOSIS II.

B. STAGES OF MEIOSIS II – sister chromatids separate.


- Cells in meiosis II are haploid.
1. PROPHASE II – spindle fibers form and attach to the chromosomes.
2. METAPHASE II – chromosomes align at the center.
3. ANAPHASE II – sister chromatids separate.
4. TELOPHASE II and CYTOKENESIS – chromosomes uncoil and unfold.
- Nuclear membrane reappears.
GAMETOGENESIS – formation of gametes.

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