Scribd
Upload
9 views

Lecture 7 Unit1

This document provides an overview of digital image processing techniques. It discusses spatial operations like single-pixel operations, neighborhood operations, and geometric transformations that can be performed on images. It also describes various image enhancement techniques in the spatial domain, including histogram processing, smoothing and sharpening filters, and logarithmic transformations to enhance contrast.

Uploaded by

Siddharth Sidhu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
9 views

Lecture 7 Unit1

This document provides an overview of digital image processing techniques. It discusses spatial operations like single-pixel operations, neighborhood operations, and geometric transformations that can be performed on images. It also describes various image enhancement techniques in the spatial domain, including histogram processing, smoothing and sharpening filters, and logarithmic transformations to enhance contrast.

Uploaded by

Siddharth Sidhu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 106

Digital Image Processing

(Code: 455)

National Institute of Technology Delhi


Contents
• Image enhancement in spatial domain

Gaussian Mixture Models


SPATIAL OPERATIONS

• Spatial operations are performed directly on the pixels of an image.


• Spatial operations into three broad categories:
(1) single-pixel operations,
(2) neighborhood operations, and
(3) geometric spatial transformations.
Single-Pixel Operations
• Alter the intensity of its pixels individually using a transformation
function, T, of the form

• where z is the intensity of a pixel in the original image and s is the


(mapped) intensity of the corresponding pixel in the processed image.
• For example, Fig (Next page). shows the transformation used to obtain
the negative (sometimes called the complement) of an 8-bit image.
Neighborhood Operations

• Value of that pixel is determined by a specified operation on the


neighborhood of pixels in the input image with coordinates
• For example, suppose that the specified operation is to compute the
average value of the pixels in a rectangular neighborhood of size m× n
centered on (x, y).
• Averaging operation as

• This type of process is used, for example, to eliminate small


details and thus render “blobs” corresponding to the largest
regions of an image.
Geometric Transformations

• Geometric transformations modify the spatial arrangement of pixels in an


image.
• These transformations are called rubber-sheet transformations.
• Geometric transformations of digital images consist of two basic operations:
1. Spatial transformation of coordinates.
2. Intensity interpolation that assigns intensity values to the spatially
transformed pixels.
Geometric Transformations

• Affine transformations: include scaling, translation, rotation, and


shearing.
• Key characteristic of an affine transformation in 2-D is that it
preserves points, straight lines, and planes.
• Homogeneous coordinates to express all four affine transformations
Image Enhancement
• Enhancement is the process of manipulating an image so that the
result is more suitable than the original for a specific application.
• for example, a method that is quite useful for enhancing X-ray images
may not be the best approach for enhancing infrared images.
• There is no general “theory” of image enhancement.
• The viewer is the ultimate judge of how well a particular method
works.
• Enhancing white or gray detail embedded in dark regions of an image,
especially when the black areas are dominant in size.
LOG TRANSFORMATIONS

• We use a transformation of this type to expand the values of dark


pixels in an image, while compressing the higher-level values.
• The opposite is true of the inverse log (exponential) transformation.
PIECEWISE LINEAR TRANSFORMATION FUNCTIONS
Bit-Plane Slicing
HISTOGRAM PROCESSING
SMOOTHING (LOWPASS) SPATIAL FILTERS
Shading correction using lowpass filtering
Large Kernel Size
SHARPENING (HIGHPASS) SPATIAL
FILTER
USING THE SECOND DERIVATIVE FOR
IMAGE SHARPENING—THE LAPLACIAN
• Laplacian: In continuous case
Laplacian kernel
Laplacian kernel
• Laplacian is a derivative operator, it highlights sharp intensity
transitions in an image and de-emphasizes regions of slowly varying
intensities.
• This will tend to produce images that have grayish edge lines and
other discontinuities, all superimposed on a dark, featureless
background.
• Background features can be “recovered” while still preserving the
sharpening effect of the Laplacian by adding the Laplacian image to
the original.
• Isotropic, meaning their response is independent of orientation.
UNSHARP MASKING AND HIGHBOOST
FILTERING
• Subtracting an unsharp (smoothed) version of an image from the
original image, this process, is called unsharp masking.

You might also like