Research Methodology and Scientific

Communication Skills

CA-1

Submitted by-
M.Tech Biotechnology
Semester – 03
Batch – 2022-2024
Submitted to – Proff. Raja Banerjee
 Group -1 (Short Questions – 5 Marks)

Shameem Ahamad

Roll no. - 10061022001

Registration no. – 221000410348

1 Question

Define knowledge and type of knowledge that contribute to the education.

Answer-

Knowledge can be broadly defined as information, understanding or skills acquired through learning,
experience or research. In the context of education, there are several types of knowledge that
contribute to a well-rounded learning experience:

• Descriptive Knowledge: This type of knowledge focuses on providing information about facts,
events, or phenomena. Descriptive knowledge helps learners understand what something is, how it
works, or its characteristics.

• Predictive Knowledge: Predictive knowledge involves using information and patterns from the past
to anticipate future outcomes or events. It enables learners to make informed predictions and
projections based on their understanding of the subject matter.

• Improvement Knowledge: Improvement knowledge centers on identifying areas of development

and finding ways to enhance performance or processes. This includes analyzing past experiences,
feedback, and best practices to make meaningful improvements.

• Explanatory Knowledge: Explanatory knowledge aims to provide insight into the reasons, causes, or
underlying principles behind a particular concept

2 Question -

Define lab notebook ? And lab notebook type.

Answer-

Lab Notebook:

lab notebook is a 'legal documents' where we maintain experimental procedures, observations,

data, and analysis during our laboratory work.

Date and Time

Chemical ( company name)

Source ( product name)

Store

Types of Lab Notebooks:

• Bound Lab Notebook: This is a traditional physical notebook with consecutively numbered pages,
often with pre-printed sections for dates, titles, and signatures.

• Digital Lab Notebook: An electronic version of a lab notebook, typically created and stored on a
computer or tablet. It may include features like digital signatures, search functionality, and the ability
to insert multimedia.

• Duplicate Lab Notebook: Comes with pre-duplicated pages, so researchers can keep one copy for
their records and submit the other as a record to the lab or institution.

3 Question

In reaserch methodology define mentor? And Role of mentor.

Answer-

A mentor is an experienced and knowledgeable individual who guides, supports, and advises a less
experienced researcher or student throughout their academic or research journey. The mentor plays
a crucial role in providing expertise, feedback, and encouragement to help the mentee develop their
skills and achieve their research goals.

The roles of a mentor include:

• Guidance: Mentors provide direction and guidance on research methodologies, literature review,
experimental design, and data analysis.

• Support: Mentors offer emotional and intellectual support, helping mentees overcome challenges
and build confidence in their research abilities.

• Feedback: Mentors offer constructive feedback on research progress, written work, and
presentations to improve the quality of the research.
• Networking: Mentors may introduce mentees to professional networks and connect them with
other experts in the field.

• Career Development: Mentors assist in career development by sharing insights, recommending

opportunities, and helping mentees explore different career paths.

• Role Model: Mentors serve as role models, exemplifying professionalism, ethical conduct, and
effective research practices.

Overall, a mentor plays a vital role in nurturing the growth of a researcher, fostering their academic
development, and preparing them for success in their chosen field.
 Name:-Raghuvendr sagar

Roll number:- 10061022002

Registration number:-221000410349

Q1. What is research? Write down types of research.

Ans. Research is the process of discovering new knowledge or understanding of a topic using creative
and systematic methods.

Research can be done for different purposes, such as to solve a problem, to explore a phenomenon,
to test a hypothesis, or to develop a theory.

Research can involve different types of data collection and analysis, such as experiments, surveys,
interviews, observations, etc.

Types of research:-

There are different ways to classify types of research, depending on the purpose, the method, the
data, or the inference of the study

One common distinction is between applied research and fundamental research. Applied research
aims to find a solution for an immediate problem faced by society or industry, while fundamental
research is mainly concerned with developing a theory or understanding a phenomenon1.
Another common distinction is between quantitative research and qualitative
research. Quantitative research involves systematic empirical investigation of observable
phenomena using statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques, while qualitative research
involves exploring and interpreting the meanings and experiences of people using methods such as
interviews, observations, or document analysis.

Q2. What are five C’s of mentoring? Define each of them.

Ans. The five C’s of mentoring are a framework for developing positive youth development through
mentoring relationships.

They are:

1. Competence.
2. Character.
3. Confidence.
4. Connection.
5. Compassion.

• 1. Competence: the ability to do something successfully or efficiently.

• 2. Character: the moral and mental qualities that define who you are as a person.
• 3. Confidence: the belief in yourself and your abilities, especially in challenging situations.
• 4. Connection: the feeling of belonging and being valued by others, such as mentors, peers, family,
and community.
• 5. Compassion: the sensitivity and empathy for the suffering of others, and the desire to help them
 Q3. What is the scientific method? Write down the steps of the scientific method.

The scientific method is a process of acquiring and improving knowledge about the natural world
using empirical evidence and logical reasoning.

The scientific method involves the following steps:-

• Observation: making careful and systematic observations of phenomena or events that are of
interest or curiosity.
• Question: asking a specific and testable question based on the observations.
• Hypothesis: proposing a tentative and falsifiable explanation or prediction for the question.
• Experiment: designing and conducting an experiment or study to test the hypothesis under
controlled conditions.
• Data: collecting, recording, and analyzing the data or evidence from the experiment or study.
• Conclusion: drawing a conclusion that supports or rejects the hypothesis, based on the data and the
existing knowledge.
• Communication: reporting and sharing the results, methods, and conclusions with other scientists
and the public.
 Name – Manupriya

Roll no. – 10061022004

Registration no. – 221000410351

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATION SKILLS

QUESTION -1

What do you mean by research , hypothesis and law. How do they differ from each other ?

ANSWER :-

Research – It is a systematic and logical enquiry to describe, explain, predict and control the
observed phenomenon. To research is to purposely and methodically search for new knowledge and
practical solutions in the form of answers to questions formulated beforehand. As research is a
systematic enquiry it involves investigation of hypothesis, suggests new interpretations of data or
texts, and poses new question for future research to explore.

Hypothesis - A hypothesis can be defined as a tentative explanation of the research problem, a

possible outcome of the research, or an educated guess about the research outcome. The hypothesis
is a clear statement of what is intended to be investigated. It should be specified before research is
conducted and openly stated in reporting the results. This allows to Identify the research objectives.
Identify the key abstract concepts involved in the research. Identify its relationship to both the
problem statement and the literature review

Law – Law is a hypothesis that has a well experimented proof. A scientific law might explain the
relationship between two specific forces or between two changing substances in a chemical reaction.

Example – Newton’s law of motion , Boyle’s law

QUESTION -2

Discuss the steps in research process briefly.

ANSWER :

The research process refers to the systematic and organized approach used to gather, analyze, and
interpret information to address a specific research objective. There are few steps that are carried
out during the research process as mentioned below : -

• Identification of the research problem : It is the first step in research process. The researcher
must have a prior knowledge about the topic
• Review of Literature : It refers to studying existing literature on a particular topic which helps
to develop a theoretical and conceptual framework.
• Create hypothesis : Formulating an original hypothesis is the next logical step after narrowing
down the research topic and defining it. It helps the researcher to be able to concentrate on
the topic and stay committed to their work when they develop theories.
• Research design : Research design can be made through Surveys, experiment , data analysis
and observations. It helps save time and effort.
• Deciding methodology : A final step in a study’s design is to specify its sample or population
so that the results may be generalized.
 • Data Collection : Data must be collected from the sources of experiment, observation,
literature survey, official unofficial reports.
• Data Analysis : After collecting data, it is analyzed by the researcher. The research findings
are reviewed and reported.
• Writing research report : After completing these steps, the researcher must prepare a report
detailing his findings providing a proper layout , Introduction, summary of findings etc.

QUESTION – 3

What are the roles of a good mentor? On what criteria will you select a mentor.

ANSWER :-

A research mentor must posses the mentioned qualities and should be able to perform mentioned
roles :-

• A mentor should be able to provide proper research guidance.

• He must have a quality of giving proper research related advice and knowledge
• He should be able to provide support to his mentee
• And, he should be able to motive others.
• A good mentor must be competent enough.
• Have a good character
• Must be confident with knowledge abour his/her work or student’s.
• He should have a good connection
• Should be able to show compaction
 Name – Prerna Singh

Registration no. – 221000410352

Roll no. – 10061022005

Q. What is invention and discovery? What is the difference between invention & discovery?

The act of searching and exploring something that already exists in nature or the environment but
was never really recognized before is called ‘discovery.’ The recognition of something new which
already exists is discovery. Something which has been there in nature or environment but never
came in front of the human eyes and has been recognized now, therefore it will be treated as ‘new.’

For example, new species of plants or animals. Therefore, the things, etc which were there in nature
for quite a long time but were not recognized by us humans would come under the ambit of a
discovery.

The creation or designing of something or the process of creating or designing something that never
existed before, by using someone’s intellect or knowledge, skills, etc is called an ‘invention.’ The
creation or designing of something new with the help of one’s own knowledge, ideas, or experiments
comes under the meaning of an invention.

The following are the major differences between a discovery and an invention:

1. Prior existence: Discoveries are something which already existed but we did not have the
knowledge about the same till it was recognized, whereas inventions, on the other hand, are the
things, etc which never existed before but only the parts or the things which were used in creating
such an invention, existed before.

2. Occurrence: The occurrence of discoveries is natural; however, inventions are human-made

occurrences of things or objects.

3. Involves: Discoveries involve exploration whereas inventions involve experimentation.

4. Originality: Although both discovery and invention are considered to be ‘new’, since discovery is
related to the findings of something which already existed in nature, discovery is not original.
However, the invention is related to the creation of something new by using prior existing things,
therefore, an invention is original.

5. Patentability: A discovery is not patentable, whereas, an invention is patentable.

Q. What is the difference between Inductive and Deductive Research?

Approach:

• Inductive and deductive research processes have to be viewed as reversals.

• Inductive research uses a bottom-up approach.

• Deductive research uses a top-down approach.

Aim:

• The inductive research aims at producing new knowledge or creating new theories.

• The deductive research aims at verifying theories.

• Research Questions vs Hypothesis:

• In inductive research, researcher mainly focuses on finding answers to the research questions.

• In deductive research, hypothesis are tested.

Usage:

• The inductive approach is mostly used in qualitative research that aims at finding rich descriptive
data.

• The deductive approach is mostly used in quantitative research that mostly deals with numbers.

Use of Observation:

• In inductive research, the researcher attempts to find patterns through observation.

• In deductive research, the researcher uses observation with the intention of validating the pattern.

Q. What is hypothesis and law? What is the difference between hypothesis and law?

Answer :

Hypothesis: A hypothesis is a tentative explanation that can be tested by further investigation.

An educated guess: a scientific hypothesis provides a suggested solution based on evidence.

Tentative or proposed explanation: hypotheses can be suggestions about why something is observed.
In order for it to be scientific, however, a scientist must be able to test the explanation to see if it
works and if it is able to correctly predict what will happen in a situation. For example, "if my
hypothesis is correct, we should see ___ result when we perform ___ test."

Law- A scientific law is a description of a natural phenomenon or principle that invariably holds true
under specific conditions and will occur under certain circumstances. Also, a scientific law is a
statement that summarises the relationship between variables.
 Name – Saikat Ghosh

Registration no. – 221000410353

Roll no. – 10061022006

1. Discuss observation as a technique of data collection? Mention its merit and limitations?

Observation is way of gathering data by watching behavior, events, or noting physical characteristics
in their natural setting. Observations can be overt (everyone knows they are being observed) or
covert (no one knows they are being observed and the observer is concealed). The benefit of covert
observation is that people are more likely to behave naturally if they do not know they are being
observed. However, you will typically need to conduct overt observations because of ethical
problems related to concealing your observation. Observations can also be either direct or indirect.
Direct observation is when you watch interactions, processes, or behaviors as they occur; for
example, observing a teacher teaching a lesson from a written curriculum to determine whether they
are delivering it with fidelity. Indirect observations are when you watch the results of interactions,
processes, or behaviors; for example, measuring the amount of plate waste left by students in a
school cafeteria to determine whether a new food is acceptable to them.

How do you plan for observations

• Determine the focus. Think about the evaluation question(s) you want to answer through
observation and select a few areas of focus for your data collection. For example, you may want to
know how well an HIV curriculum is being implemented in the classroom. Your focus areas might be
interactions between students and teachers, and teachers’ knowledge, skills, and behaviors. • Design
a system for data collection. Once you have focused your evaluation think about the specific items
for which you want to collect data and then determine how you will collect the information you
need. There are three primary ways of collecting observation data. These three methods can be
combined to meet your data collection needs. » Recording sheets and checklists are the most
standardized way of collecting observation data and include both preset questions and responses.
These forms are typically used for collecting data that can be easily described in advance (e.g., topics
that might be covered in an HIV prevention lesson). » Observation guides list the interactions,
processes, or behaviors to be observed with space to record open-ended narrative data.

What are the advantages of observation

• Collect data where and when an event or activity is occurring. • Does not rely on people’s
willingness or ability to provide information. • Allows you to directly see what people do rather than
relying on what people say they did.

What are the disadvantages of observation

• Susceptible to observer bias. • Susceptible to the “hawthorne effect,” that is, people usually
perform better when they know they are being observed, although indirect observation may
decrease this problem. • Can be expensive and time-consuming compared to other data collection
methods. • Does not increase your understanding of why people behave as they do.

2. What are the types of nonverbal communication?

The many different types of nonverbal communication or body language include:

Facial expressions. The human face is extremely expressive, able to convey countless emotions
without saying a word. And unlike some forms of nonverbal communication, facial expressions are
universal. The facial expressions for happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust are the
same across cultures.

Body movement and posture. Consider how your perceptions of people are affected by the way they
sit, walk, stand, or hold their head. The way you move and carry yourself communicates a wealth of
information to the world. This type of nonverbal communication includes your posture, bearing,
stance, and the subtle movements you make.

Gestures. Gestures are woven into the fabric of our daily lives. You may wave, point, beckon, or use
your hands when arguing or speaking animatedly, often expressing yourself with gestures without
thinking. However, the meaning of some gestures can be very different across cultures. While the
“OK” sign made with the hand, for example, usually conveys a positive message in Englishspeaking
countries, it's considered offensive in countries such as Germany, Russia, and Brazil. So, it's important
to be careful of how you use gestures to avoid misinterpretation.

Eye contact. Since the visual sense is dominant for most people, eye contact is an especially
important type of nonverbal communication. The way you look at someone can communicate many
things, including interest, affection, hostility, or attraction. Eye contact is also important in
maintaining the flow of conversation and for gauging the other person's interest and response.

Touch. We communicate a great deal through touch. Think about the very different messages given
by a weak handshake, a warm bear hug, a patronizing pat on the head, or a controlling grip on the
arm, for example.

Space. Have you ever felt uncomfortable during a conversation because the other person was
standing too close and invading your space? We all have a need for physical space, although that
need differs depending on the culture, the situation, and the closeness of the relationship. You can
use physical space to communicate many different nonverbal messages, including signals of intimacy
and affection, aggression or dominance.

Voice. It's not just what you say, it's how you say it. When you speak, other people “read” your voice
in addition to listening to your words. Things they pay attention to include your timing and pace, how
loud you speak, your tone and inflection, and sounds that convey understanding, such as “ahh” and
“uh-huh.” Think about how your tone of voice can indicate sarcasm, anger, affection, or confidence.
 3. Discuss the various steps in educational research?

Step 1: Define the research problem

The procedure begins with identifying an issue or formulating a research topic. An educational
research issue may have its roots in a research report, personal experience, textbooks, etc.

Step 2: Examine previous work in the area of your investigation.

The review of the literature is the next step in the research process. The researcher must now learn
more about the subject under examination after identifying the issue.

To do this, you should survey the writing (compositions of perceived specialists) connected with the
exploration issue. This involved looking over concepts and theories as well as the results of previous
research. Additionally, the purpose of the literature review is to provide useful recommendations for
significant investigations and to eliminate redundant work.

Step 3: Form your hypothesis and/or research questions

The statement of the hypotheses and/or research questions is what brings the research study to the
data collection stage. By stating the study’s hypotheses, you can better understand the issue and the
reasoning behind the investigation.

Step 4: Create your research design or plan

A research design is a plan for carrying out the research. It clarifies who, what, why, when, and how
the investigation was conducted. To put it another way, the design describes the subjects, the
methods for data analysis, the instruments used to collect the data, and the procedures for doing so.
All the more critically, it ought to be adaptable to ingest changes achieved in research during the
execution.

Step 5: Implement the research plan by collecting data

Data collection and organization are how the research plan can be carried out. To provide the data
required to test the hypothesis or respond to the research question, this step is crucial. A
questionnaire, observations, the use of the literature, and other methods can all be used to gather
data.
Step 6: Analysis of the research data

To test the hypotheses inferentially or provide a descriptive response to the research question,
analysis of the collected research data is required. In point of fact, this crucial aspect is the
culmination of all of your research time, effort, and resources.

The consequences of your information examination are summed up in a way straightforwardly

connected with speculations or exploration questions. Even if you don’t know much about statistics
or math, this guide will teach you how to use SPSS to analyze statistical data, which is an important
and useful skill.

Step 7: Interpret and present the findings in your thesis

After the data analysis is complete, the results are interpreted and generalizations are drawn based
on research questions, hypotheses, and a review of the relevant literature. After that, you can draw
the implications for practice and future research that acknowledge your research’s limitations.
 Group -2 (MCQ)
CA – 1
Name: SHRIMALI DOLLY VASANTBHAI
Roll No: 10061022007
Reg No: 221000410354
MCQ
1) Usually, Research consists of
a) Asking a question that nobody has asked before
b) Doing the necessary work to find the answer
c) Communicating the knowledge, you have acquired to a larger audience
d) All of the above
2) Empirical Formula are under which classification
a) Chemical Nomenclature
b) Chemical Notation
c) Mathematical Notation
d) Systematic Nomenclature
3) A process of reasoning emanating from a theory or hypothesis to systematic
observation and conclusion is called
a) Inductive method
b) Discourse method
c) Deductive method
d) Phenomenological method
4) In order to pursue the research, which of the following is priorly required?
a) Developing a research design
b) Formulating a research question
c) Deciding about the data analysis procedure
d) Formulating a research hypothesis
5) How to judge the depth of any research?
a) By research title
b) By research duration
c) By research objectives
d) By total expenditure on research

6) The main characteristic of scientific research is:

a) Empirical
b) Theoretical
c) Experimental
d) All of the above
7) Which of the following is the first step in starting the research process?
a) Searching sources of information to locate the problem.
 b) Survey of related literature
c) Identification of the problem
d) Searching for solutions to the problem

8) What should be included in your Lab Notebook?

a) Date and Time

b) Storage of Chemicals
c) Instrument Artefact
d) All of the above

9) When the sufficient information for prediction is not available then which approach is
suitable?

a) Information based
b) Ab initio approach
c) Both of them
d) None of the above

10) What is not involved in framework of mentor-mentee interaction?

a) Confidence
b) Consult
c) Collaborate
d) Coach
 CA 1 Research Methodologies
Name: Bhargav Simpi
Roll No: 10061022008
Reg No: 221000410355
1. Match the Following:
(1) Basic Unit of life (a) Environment
(2) Basic Unit of heredity (b) Evolution
(3) Propelling Engine of (c) Gene
life
(4) Required to Sustain (d) Cell
life

A) (1) – (d), (2) – (c), (3) – (b), (4) – (a)

B) (1) – (a), (2) – (c), (3) – (b), (4) – (d)
C) (1) – (d), (2) – (b), (3) – (c), (4) – (a)
D) (1) – (b), (2) – (c), (3) – (d), (4) – (a)
2. What is the disadvantage of bound/stitched Lab Notebook?
A) No lost pages
B) Legally Stronger
C) Not logically organised
D) difficult to manipulate/shuffle pages.
3. Choose the incorrect statement for good scientific research publication.
A) It is highly cited by researchers.
B) Data adjusted according to hypothesis.
C) Commercially best seller
D) It has hand in hand translation of data.
4. Recent findings on “Gravitational waves” can be Characterize in to
A) Innovation
B) Inductive method
C) Deductive method
D) None of the Above
5. In the case has demonstrated that when formulating a hypothesis, the researcher must
seriously consider the following:
A) the potential significance of the research
B) how measurements can/should be made
C) the choice of statistical or other methods that can be used to analyse the data
D) All of the above
6. Laws can be said to be theories that:
A) have not been subject to extensive testing
B) may or may not appear to be in coherence with existing knowledge
C) which are not widely accepted by the scientific community.
D) have been found to apply over a wide range of time and space and to be correct in
every possible situation
7. Inductive inference from observable facts to a scientific generalization is to be justified, the
following apparently reasonable and straight forward conditions must be satisfied:
A) The number of observations forming the basis of a generalization must be small.
B) The observations must be repeated under a wide variety of conditions.
C) few accepted observations statement may conflict with the derived law.
D) None of the above
8. Which of the following is not a criterion of Measurement?
A) Validity
B) Functionality
C) Reproducibility
D) Reliability
9. Measurement errors can result due to which of the following factors?
A) measurement process
B) inadequacies of the technology employed
C) the definition of what is actually being measured
D) All of these
10. Which of the following type of Research primarily focuses, not the generation of new
knowledge, but the utilization of existing knowledge to develop new technologies and
artefacts for the benefit of mankind and nature?
A) Basic Research
B) Applied Research
C) Evaluation Research
D) None of the above
 CA 1 Research Methodologies
KIRTI PATEL
221000410356 / 10061022009
1: -Which of the following sampling techniques is most appropriate for selecting a
representative sample from a large population when the list of all individuals is not available?
a) Simple random sampling
b) Systematic sampling
c) Cluster sampling
d) Judgmental sampling

2: -In an experimental study, what is the variable that researchers manipulate to observe its
effect on the dependent variable?
a) independent variable
b) Dependent variable
c) Control variable
d) Extraneous variable

3: -Which of the following research designs is characterized by collecting data from multiple
sources over time to gain a comprehensive understanding of the research problem?
a) Case study
b) Cross-sectional study
c) Longitudinal study
d) Meta-analysis

4: -What is the term used to describe the extent to which research findings can be generalized
to other plopulations or settings?
a) Reliability
b) Validity
c) Replicability
d) Generalizability
5: -When conducting a qualitative research study, which data collection technique involves
observing participants in their natural environment without intervening or interacting with
them?
a) Interviews
b) Focus groups
c) Case studies
d) Participant observation

6: -Which statistical test is used to determine if there is a significant difference between the
means of two or more groups in a study with one independent variable?
a) Chi-square test
b) t-test
c) ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
d) Pearson correlation

7: -A research study has a large sample size but fails to reject a null hypothesis that is actually
false. What type of error is this?
a) Type I error
b) Type II error
c) Sampling error
d) Standard error

8: -In a research study, what does the p-value represent?

a) The strength of the relationship between variables
b) The probability of obtaining the observed results by chance alone
c) The effect size of the study
d) The population mean

9: -What is the term used to describe a research study's ability to produce consistent results
when repeated with different samples or in different settings?
a) Reliability
b) Validity
c) Generalizability
d) Replicability

10: -Which research design involves studying a single individual or case to gain in-depth
insights and understanding of a rare phenomenon?
a) Cross-sectional study
b) Longitudinal study
c) Case study
d) Correlational study
 CA-4
Name- Prajakta Sonwane
Roll No- 10061022010
Subject- Research Methodology and Scientific Communication Skills
Sem- 3rd
Course- MTech Biotechnology

Question 1: Why is it essential to choose a mentor when starting your research journey?
A) To have someone to write your research papers
B) To guide and provide support during your research
C) To outsource the research tasks
D) To avoid taking responsibility for your research decisions
Question 2: What is the role of a lab notebook in the research process?
A) To store lab equipment and supplies
B) To record experimental results, methods, and observations
C) To keep track of personal appointments and to-do lists
D) To write random thoughts and unrelated ideas
Question 3: What is one way to improve the research question during the early stages of
research?
A) Make the question as broad as possible to cover all potential angles
B) Avoid discussing the question with peers and mentors
C) Refine and narrow down the question based on feedback and literature
review
D) Post the question on social media and go with the most popular response
Question 4: What is the benefit of a focused research question over a broad one?
A) It allows you to explore unrelated topics during your research
B) It makes your research more challenging and impressive
C) It provides a clear direction and scope for your research
D) It enables you to include all your favourite scientific terms in one question
Question 5: What should be the primary consideration when choosing a research lab?
A) The number of publications the lab has produced
 B) The proximity of the lab to your home
C) How well the lab's research aligns with your interests and goals
D) The number of lab parties and social events
Question 6: When maintaining a lab notebook, which of the following is NOT essential?
A) Recording experimental procedures in detail
B) Mentioning date and time
C) Documenting observations and results
D) Writing down your favourite recipes
Question 7: What is the purpose of a research question?
A) To provide an answer to a specific problem
B) To guide the direction of your research
C) To confuse readers and make your research more challenging
D) To list the experiments, you plan to conduct
Question 8: Maintaining a lab notebook involves documenting research protocols and
findings. How can the use of electronic lab notebooks (ELNs) benefit researchers have
compared to traditional paper-based notebooks, and what are potential challenges associated
with ELNs?
A) ELNs are less secure than paper-based notebooks and prone to data loss.
B) ELNs offer real-time collaboration, data integration, and accessibility,
improving research efficiency.
C) Paper-based notebooks are more environmentally friendly than ELNs.
D) ELNs are more costly and should only be used by well-funded labs.
Question 9: Explain how the principles of open science can be integrated into maintaining a
lab notebook, and how this approach benefits the scientific community.
A) Open science hinders collaboration and should not be encouraged in lab
notebooks.
B) Open science involves sharing raw data and protocols openly, promoting
transparency and reproducibility.
C) Lab notebooks should be kept private to protect intellectual property, irrespective
of open science principles.
D) Open science is only relevant in publishing research papers and not applicable to
lab notebooks.
Question 10: What should you do if you make an error in your lab notebook?
A) Ignore the error and hope no one notices
B) Erase the entire entry and start over
C) Draw a single line through the error and write the correct information nearby with a
date and initials
D) Cover the error with stickers to make it less noticeable
Name- Shreyan Bardhan
Roll- 10061022011
Sub- Research Methodology
CA1
1.Research can be classified as:
(A) Basic, Applied and Action Research
(B) Quantitative and Qualitative Research
(C) Philosophical, Historical, Survey and Experimental Research
(D) All the above

2.The first step of research is:

(A) Selecting a problem
(B) Searching a problem
(C) Finding a problem
(D) Identifying a problem

3. Materials and methods in a research paper is given so that-

(A)It can be reproduced or further experimentation can be done.
(B)it can be plagiarized.
(C)It can be shared with the world.
(D) Both (A) and (C}.

4. A hypothesis is-
(A) A logical outcome to the problem.
(B) An assumption.
(C) A false narrative.
(D) None.

5. A scientific communication requires:

(A) Artificial language,
(B) Natural language,
(C) Both artificial and natural languages.
(D) None.

6. The 5 Cs of mentoring are-

(A) competence, commitment, confidence, contact, comparison.
(B) competence, character, confidence, connection, comparison.
(C) comfort, character, connection, comparison, commitment.
(D) None.

7. Which of the following is the first step in starting the research process?
(A) Searching sources of information to locate the problem.
(B) Survey of related literature
(C) Identification of the problem
(D) Searching for solutions to the problem.

8. Research aims for finding “answers” to “questions” it implies

(A) a framework of philosophies.
(B) using valid and reliable methods and techniques.
(C)an unbiased design.
(D) All the above.

9. A lab notebook is the property of-

(A) The person using the notebook.
(B) principal investigator.
(C) laboratory/ Institute.
(D) None of the above.

10. Which form of record keeping is the most useful and effective?
(A) Notebook.
(B) loose sheet.
(C) soft copy on the computer.
(D) All of them.
 Group -3 (Long Question – 15 marks)
Avijit Chakraborty
Registration no. – 221000410359
Roll no. - 10061022012
a. What is a lab notebook? Why is it required?

b. What are the different types of lab notebook?

c. What makes a good lab notebook?

d. What are the things that must be contained in a lab notebook? 2+3+3+3+4

Ans.

a. The main documentation for research is a laboratory notebook (or lab book). To record their
hypotheses, experiments, and initial analysis or interpretation of these experiments, researchers use
a lab notebook. In addition to serving as a memory aid and organizational tool, the notebook may
also protect any intellectual property arising from the research.

b. There are several types of lab notebooks. They are:

i. Bound notebook

ii. Loose leaf notebook

iii. Electronic notebook

c.

d. A lab notebook must contain:

i. Date and time

ii. Materials used and manufacturer details

iii. Experimental nature and data

iv. Observation and analysis

 Anusmita

Registration no. – 221000410360

Roll no. - 10061022013

CA1

1)A) DIFFRENTIATE BETWEEN INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE RESEARCH METHODS.

B) GIVE A FLOW CHART FOR THE IMPORTACE OF SCIENCE RESEARCH.

C)WHAT IS SCIENCE? WHAT IS THE METHODOLOGY OF SCENTIFIC RESARCH?

Answers-:

B)
C) The systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through
observation, experimentation, and the testing of theories against the evidence obtained is called
science.

There are seven steps to the scientific method:

i)Question
ii)Research,
iii)Hypothesis
iv)Experiment
v)Data Analysis
vi)Conclusion and Communication
 Antara Sutradhar
Registration no. – 221000410361
Roll no. - 100610221013

1. What is research ? Mention the types of research and explain them briefly. Differentiate
between discovery and invention. (5+5+5)

Ans : Research is the careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or research
problem using scientific methods.

Qualitative methods

Difference between Discovery and Invention

Discovery Invention
The act of finding or exploring
The act of creation or designing of an
something new that has not been
object or a service that has not been
found before is termed as
found before is termed as an invention.
Discovery.

Discoveries are usually natural Inventions are man-made or scientific

occurrences that are usually accomplishments made through the
present until discovered by willpower and creativity of human
somebody. beings.

Discovery involves the process

The invention involves the process of
of exploration of the world
experimentation.
around us.

An invention can be patented by its

Discovery cannot be patented.
creator.

Discoveries usually occur by Inventions usually occur through the

accident, though it is not always process of sustained research and
so. enquiry.
CA1
Sedevino Ltu
Roll no. 10061022015
Registration no. 221000410362

1. What is Research Design? Mention three important features of a research design. What are the
characteristics and steps involved in a research? Discuss the types of research.

Research design is the framework of research methods and techniques chosen by a researcher to
conduct a study.The three important features of a research design are:
• A plan: Specify the sources & types of information relevant to the research problem
• A strategy: Which approach will be used for gathering and analyzing the data
• The time and budgets: Most studies are done under these two constraints

Following are the CHARACTERISTICS of RESEARCH:

• Systematic- All steps must be inter related- one to another
• Logical- Agreeing with the principles of logic
• Empirical-Conclusions should be based on evidences/observations
• Objectivity- It must answer the research questions
• Replicable- reproducible
• Quality control- Accurate measurements
Following are the Steps involved in a research
Choose a subject
Literature survey
Defining and formulation of specific objectives
Prepare Synopsis
Procuring of suitable apparatus/materials
Design of experimental set up
Preliminary experiments
Execution of the project
Accurate measurements/data collection
Data analysis and error compounding
Hypothesis testing and verification
Results and discussion
Generalization, interpretation and drawing conclusions
Preparation of the project report or writing thesis

Following are the types of research:

1. Application- Pure and Applied Research
Applied- Finding solutions for immediate problems facing a society/industry
Pure- Concerned with generalization and formulation of a theory

2. Inquiry Mode- Quantitative and qualitative

Quantitatative- Measurements of quantity or amount
Qualitative- Concerned with qualitative phenomena (reasons for human behavior)
• Based on research objectives:
Exploratory or formulative research- To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it
Descriptive research- To study accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group-
includes survey
Diagnostic research- To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated
with something else
Hypothesis-testing research- To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables
NAME: CAMELIA BHATTACHARYYA

ROLL NUMBER: 10061022016

REGISTRATION NUMBER: 221000410363

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & COMMUNICATION SKILLS (CA-1)

Sec-C: (15 marks)

Q.1.) a.) Briefly point out the roles of a research mentor. What are the 5 Cs of mentoring?
(4+5)

Ans. A research mentor provides guidance, gives advice and feedback, supports mentee,
provides a structured goal. The main roles of a mentor are as follows:

i.) foster confidentiality,

ii.) recapitulation of knowledge,
iii.) laser focus,
iv.) and he is also an active listener.

The role changes with a matter of time. For the very first time the mentor provides absolute
guidance and the topic and ideas, but gradually the mentee learns and develops certain skills
so the role and level of guidance as per the growth of the mentee in the laboratory.

The 5 Cs of mentoring are:

i.) competence to be able to provide guidance throughout the researcher’s working

tenure,
ii.) character which will provide the mentee the ease to connect with the mentor for
doubt-solving and decision making,
iii.) confidence in the performance of the mentee and the project proposed in terms of
hypotheses,
iv.) connection with the mentee to ensure a healthy communication while performing
various experimentational procedures,
v.) comparison with the experimental designs throughout the globe and the techniques
followed to help provide the mentee with a detailed layout of those procedures,
 techniques, and guidelines to be followed as in carried forward and those that needs
change.

b.) Newton's gravitational law is a combination of inductive as well as deductive laws.

Inductive comes first followed by deductive. Explain. (3)
Ans. Inductive methods suggest analyzing the observed phenomenon and identifying the
general principles, structures, or processes underlying the phenomenon observed. While
deductive methods verify the hypothesized principles through observation. So inductive
comes first to develop the explanation, followed by deductive that tests the validity of it.
Ex: gravitation is the explanation for the falling of the apple (inductive method) and the
deduction was made through numerical values (deductive method).

c.) Provide a detailed classification of languages that we know. (3)

Ans. Languages can be classified as shown below: