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Chapter 2 - SOLUTIONS - Formulas

The document discusses various concepts related to solutions including expressing concentrations, Raoult's law, changes in vapor pressure, boiling point and freezing point, and osmotic pressure. Formulas are provided for calculating mass percentage, volume percentage, parts per million, mole fraction, molarity, molality, relative lowering of vapor pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, and osmotic pressure.

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28 views6 pages

Chapter 2 - SOLUTIONS - Formulas

The document discusses various concepts related to solutions including expressing concentrations, Raoult's law, changes in vapor pressure, boiling point and freezing point, and osmotic pressure. Formulas are provided for calculating mass percentage, volume percentage, parts per million, mole fraction, molarity, molality, relative lowering of vapor pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, and osmotic pressure.

Uploaded by

n611704
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter-2 SOLUTIONS

FORMULAS
1 . Expressing concentrations of solutions
(i) Mass percentage (w/w):

(ii) Volume percentage (v/v):

(iii) Mass by volume percentage (w/v)


= Mass of the solute x 100 / Volume of solution in mL
(iv) Parts per million

(v) Mole fraction

(vi) Molarity

(vii) Molality
2. Raoult’s law (For a solution containing two volatile liquids

3. Relative lowering of vapour pressure


3.1

pA represents vapour pressure of solution

3.2
4. Elevation of boiling point

∆Tb = Kb x WBx1000
M B x WA
Kb – Molal elevation constant

Unit : Kb - mol kg-1 K-1 , Mass of solute and solvent – g , MB - gmol-1

5. Depression of freezing point


Unit : Kf - mol kg-1 K-1 , Mass of solute and solvent – g , MB - gmol-1

∆Tf = T0f - Tf
T0f –> F.pt of pure solvent Tf -> F pt of solution

6. Osmotic pressure

n = WB /MB

Term Unit Conversion


R (Gas Constant) 0.0821Latm mol-1 K-1
∏ atm mm Hg /760
cm Hg /76
torr/760
Pa /105
V L cm3 /1000
mL/1000
WB g mg/1000
µg /106
T K x0 C = x + 273
MB gmol-1

Isotonic solutions

∏1 = ∏2
n1/V1 = n2/V2
When V1 = V2
n1 = n2
W1/M1 = W2/M2
7. Abnormal molar mass- van’t Hoff factor
To find i when solute undergoes dissociation

Alpha is degree of dissociation


Eg - KCl in water dissociates and form two particles
For 100 % Dissociation i = 2
To find i when solute undergoes association

Alpha is degree of association


Eg - Benzoic acid in benzene dimerises
For 100 % Association i = 1/2

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