100% found this document useful (1 vote)
2K views8 pages

Wave Optics 2024

i. Wave optics describes the connection between waves and the propagation of light. ii. According to the wave theory of light, light is a form of transverse wave motion that travels through a medium. iii. The speed of light in a medium depends on the nature of the medium.

Uploaded by

mdkaif78388
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
100% found this document useful (1 vote)
2K views8 pages

Wave Optics 2024

i. Wave optics describes the connection between waves and the propagation of light. ii. According to the wave theory of light, light is a form of transverse wave motion that travels through a medium. iii. The speed of light in a medium depends on the nature of the medium.

Uploaded by

mdkaif78388
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

WAVE OPTICS

Class 12 Physics Term-


&
- -2 E

Wave optics : → wave optics describes the connection between waves


and of light
ray .

is a form of
Acc to wave .

theory of light , the


which travels through a medium
energy
in the form of trans
light -

-
verse wave motion .

The speed of in a medium depends upon the


nature of medium
light .

Newton's corpuscular theory of light


In 1675 AD Newton proposed this Acc to him
theory
.

II. light consist of tiny particles called corpuscles which are


emitted
by a luminous object .

ii. These corpuscles travels with speed of light in all direction .

iii. The corpuscles carry energy and momentum with them .

When they strike retina of the eye , they produce


sensation of vision .

iv. The corpuscles of different colours are of different sizes .

Red coloured corpuscles are


larger than blue coloured
corpuscles .

v1 .

theory
This
rectilinear
explains the reflection retraction
could ,
&

propagation of light .

vi. The corpuscular theory could not explain interference ,


diffraction & polarisation of light .

vii. speed of light in denser medium is more than


speed of lightis
in a rarer medium , to this theorie
according which •

incorrect , therefore the newton 's corpuscular Antony is


wrong .

Huygens
'
wave
theory of light
In 1678 ,
a Dutch scientist,
AÉC
Christian Huygens gives wave

theory of light to him ; .

it light travels in the form of waves


.
.

ii. These waves travels in all the direction with the velocity of
light .

Ei) The waves of light of different colours have different


wavelengths .
iv. Initially , the light waves were assumed to be
longitudinal
But later on while
.

explaining the phenomena of


polarisation the light waves
transverse were considered to be
.

v1 could not explain reflection retraction


Huygens
Interference
theory
.

diffraction polarisation but


1 ,
,
could not
,

explain photoelectric effect & Compton 's effect


.

vi. Wave theory introduced the concept of wavefront .

Note : The whole universe with all matter and space is


filled with a luminiferous medium called ether of
low
density and very high elasticity .

Wavefront : → A wavefront is defined


as the continuous locus of all the particles
of a medium , which are vibrating
in same phase .

Types of wavefront
II. spherical wavefront
2) .
Cylindrical a

3) . Plane wave a

ooo

1) .
Spherical wavefront .

when source of light is a


point source , the wavefront is
spherical .

Amplitude (A) ✗
to
Intensity I ✗ A2

4. Cylindrical wavefront -

: when source
of light is linear ,
the wavefront
is
cylindrical
.

Amplitude (A) ✗ ¥ Intensity I ✗ A2

3) . Plane wavefront when source of


light is far off ( point or linear) ,
very
wavefront is
the plane .

Amplitude (A) ✗

Intensity CI ) ✗ 8°
Principle
'

Huygens
it .

Every point on given wavefront


C. called
primary wavefront) acts as
a fresh source of new disturbance
called wavelets .
secondary
ii. The secondary wavelets travels in all
direction with the speed of light
in the medium .

iii. A Sueface touching these


secondary wavelets
tangentially
in the forward direction at
wavefront of that instant
any instant gives the new (secondary )
.

Retraction of a plane wavefront .

let T be the time taken the wave by


front to travel the distance BC , thus
BC = YI
To determine the shape of the refracted
wavefront we draw a sphere of
radius Uzi from the point A in
the second medium
we obtain

sin sinr
i=%¥ & =

0¥ ,

dividing we
get %n÷=¥ ,

to represent the speed of light in then


-

vacuum

ni § ni
§ dividing get ¥ =§±É % %
=
& we = -
_

, , , , .

ˢn÷r= n2i=%¥:
i. e
%, or

• Reflection of a plane wave


by a plane surface .

if u
represents the speed of the wave in the medium and
if I represents the time taken by the wavefront in
going from point B to c , then distance
Bc= UI
In A EAC 8 BAG .

AC =
Common

BC = A- G- WE
& LE =
< B. = 90°
i. e both
Triangles are
and therefore i & will
congruent angle r be
equal
.

< i. =
or

Principle of superposition
•Ñmw
:*
Resultant

~•P
.

When two waves from Si & Szmeet


at some
point C. say PI Then .

according net to principle of super


position displacement at at •

P C from its
time is
mean
position S2
any given by
y =
Y , -142

Interference of lighta wave : . when two light waves of similar


frequency having or constant phase different
zero
in a medium simultaneously in the same
propagate
direction then due to their superposition maximum
,
is obtained at few points and minimum
intensity
at few points
This phenomenon
era of
intensity
redistribution of energy due
to called Interference of light
superposition of wave .

Interference
Constructive Interference Destructive Interference
when two wave meets in when two waves meet in opposite
same phase i. e intensity of
is maximum is
phase i. e Intensity of light is
minimum is called the destructive
light
called the constructive
,
Interference .

Interference .

wave wave Resultant way


Resultant First
.

wave

µ
^ .

y →
First →

¥x
→ y
* :
փ setondwaue

.
ÉÉÉ ↓
second wave .
Expression for resultant Intensity in Interference d- two waves .

yiasinwt Yibsincwt -101.1


a&b are the respective amplitude •Ñnpn¥ᵗj
of the two waves & ∅ is the constant
phase difference
Ace to
.

superposition principle . •
✓! •
A

Sz
9=9,1-4 > y= asinwttbsinlwt -101)
Resultant Amplitude A
µ
.

A- =
,
at -1 b- + Zab cost

a

Direction of Resultant
tano-b.si#Atbcoso
.

Intensity
So I
LII ✗ (Amplitudeih
Kat Iz=kb2 = I. = KAZ
,

so Iq= I
, -112-12%200501
-
① .

if a=b=A◦ then A- =
2A ◦ COSIO
-2
if 7-1--1<=1 ,
then 1=4%0050
-2

Condition for constructive Interference .

I -_
Maximum so 00501--1-1
i. e 10=0,2144 it or § 2Mt
= where n= Oil , 2,3 - - - -

☐ n= path difference ☐
n=¥g§ i e Drink
-

So Ima ✗ = I
, -112+21--712

Imax =
1-17-21 Or Anna ✗ =
A -1 Az
,

condition for destructive Interference


F- minimum so coscf :
-1
ie
-

∅= it ,
31T ,
sit On = (Zn 1) it
-

where A- 11213 ,
- - - -

Path diff
Ar=¥ § Dk=(2n
-1112
. " " "

Amin -_ A, -

Az 1min -_
( TI -17212
2

¥
II, +
I
Note Imax =

↳in ⇐ -

• for Interference phenomena to take place , sources must be


coherent .

• coherent sources of
light Thesources of light emitting
.

light of same wavelength , same frequency having


a
zero or constant phase difference are called coherent
sources of light .

Young's Double Slit Experiment


One of the first to demonstrate the Interference of .

light was
in 1801
Thomas
Troung .

Let P is the point of bright fringe


spcreen
double •
" ^
[ constructive Interference ]

t
slit .

"
"
Fig shows the light from
NY
.
waves s -
, _
& {
meeting at point P on the s,
screen
- - - -


-

s
since ☐ a * a .
.¥ q . _ . . _
,

Mono I
r= Sap SIP chromatic↓
-

- -

source
- - - -
- -

say
AR= dsino
.

for maximum
Intensity ☐ rent
D.
so dsinO=nH A- 01+-1,1=21+-3 K x

nth order
n =
bright fringe .

Here D >> d so 0% small


very
.

sino-ntano-gi.ee d¥=n" %=n¥


nth Bright
Fringe .

For Dalle
Fringe
'

Czn 1)
Ig En
-1772 __¥d
Da = -

Yn ②hit
# Ed D= -11 , 1=21
= - - - -
graph of the intensity distribution in
Young's double slit Exp .

Fringe width Distance between two


adjacent bright Cordaek)
fringes is called the fringe width 91 is denoted by W .
-
.

Cn
w=n¥ ¥ xIa=w
-
-

Diffraction The phenomena of


.
bending of light into the region of
geometrical shadow of the obstacle is also called diffraction
of light
.

>
Incident
µ

a s

F
stark s

µ
Fresnel Class Fraunhofer Class

II. The source is at a finite D. The source is at infinite distance .

distance .

g. µ, options are regained .


opa.ca , , in the form of µ ,, ,
mangy
lens and focusing lens are required .

31 Fringes
.

well
not sharp and 3)
defined
are
.
.

Fringesdefined
are
sharp .
and well

Path difference = asino


To established the condition for
minima , the slit is
secondary
divided into 21416 equal
parts such that correspon -

ding wavelets from ar


successive regions interface ↓
with path difference of
Hz or for nth Secondary
minima , the slit can be
divided into 2n equal parts .
Hence for nth
secondary minima
.

Path difference =

azsin0=7-2 Sinon =


Whelen -1,213 - - -

for secondary maxima , the slit can be divided into 12h -117 equal
parts .

Hence, for nth Secondary maxima


Asin On 12h [ n -4,213
-11112 ]
= - - -

Sinon Until
¥
or =

width of Central Maxima :9t is the distance between first secondary


.

either side of the


minimum on Central
bright fringe c.

width of central maximum 2g 2¥


= =

Angular width of central maxima



20 =
,

You might also like