Physics Project

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA IFFCO
AONLA, BAREILLY
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT (2023-2024) :

“TRANSFORMER”
Name : Vaibhav Gupta Roll

no. : 22
Class : XII-A
Session : 2023-24
Submitted to : Mr. D.D. Tripathi
CONTENTS
1) CERTIFICATE
2) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3) CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMER
4) PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER
5) INTRODUCTION
6) THEORY
7) DIAGRAM OF TRANSFORMER
8) WORKING OF TRANSFORMER
9) LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY IN TRANSFORMER
10) LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER
11) APPLICATIONS OF TRANSFORMER
12) BIBLIOGRAPHY
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this "Physics Investigatory Project” on the topic

“TRANSFORMER"
has been successfully completed byVaibhav Gupta of class XII-A
under the guidance of Mr.D.D
Tripathi in particular fulfillment of the curriculum of Central
Board of Secondary Education {CBSE} leading to the award of annual
examination of the year 2023-24.
Teacher’s Sign:
Principal’s Sign:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am Vaibhav Gupta of class 12th A, and It is my utmost pleasure to express

my sincere thanks to our principal ma’am Mrs. Amita Singh and to our
physics teacher Mr. Desh Deepak Tripathi sir.
In providing a helping hand in this project. Their valuable guidance and
support and supervision all through this project are responsible for attaining
its present form on the topic:-
“TRANSFORMER”
CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is made up of a rectangular iron

core. Two coils, primary(P) coil with two sides,
P1 and P2, and secondary(S) coil with two
sides, S1 and S2. Both these coils are insulated
from the ferromagnetic iron core. The source of
the alternate current is connected to the
primary winding and output is obtained
Through the secondary winding, which is
connected in parallel to a resistance R.
PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER
It works on the principle of

MUTUAL INDUCTANCE i.e.
production of induced EMF in
secondary coil due to change in
magnetic flux linked with it when
variable current is flows through it.
INTRODUCTION
Transformers are electrical devices that transfer electrical energy
between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction.
Transformers play a crucial role in electrical power distribution and
transmission systems.Transformers facilitate the efficient and safe
transmission of electrical energy over long distances, reducing energy
losses and optimizing power delivery.
There are two types of transformers-
1) Step -up Transformer - No. of turns on secondary coil > No. of turns
on primary coil.
2) Step-down Transformer - No. of turns on primary coil > No. of turns
on secondary coil.
THEORY
Let Np and Ns are the number of turns in Primary and Secondary coil. Let current Ip
flows through Primary coil then EMF is induced in Secondary coil.
Acc. to Faraday’s Law:- Es = -Ns (dΦ/dt) —1
Similarly, Is current flows through Secondary coil then EMF induced in Primary coil-
Ep = -Np (dΦ/dt). —2
Dividing 1 by 2
Es/Ep = Ns/Np
DIAGRAM OF TRANSFORMER
WORKING OF TRANSFORMER
The transformer is designed to work with alternating current (AC)

power sources. AC is used because it continuously changes direction,
leading to a changing magnetic field, which is crucial for
electromagnetic induction. The primary coil is connected to the AC
power source. When AC current flows through the primary coil, it
produces a continuously changing magnetic field around it.The
changing magnetic field induces a varying magnetic flux in the
magnetic core of the transformer.The secondary coil is wound around
the same magnetic core. The changing magnetic flux induces an
electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the secondary coil.
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
ENERGY IN TRANSFORMERS
Transformer follows Law of Conservation of Energy.
For step-up transformer output voltage increases but to have constant energy
current decreases or power current decreases.
Similarly for step-down transformer output voltage decreases but current
increases with same rate.
As Ein = Eout ; where E=Energy
Pin x t = Pout x t ; P = Power also, Energy = Power x Time

Pin = Pout
EMFin x Iin = EMFout x Iout ; where I = Current also, P = VI
EMFin/ EMFout = Iout/Iin
LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER
EDDY CURRENT LOSS - Alternating magnetic flux induces eddy
currents in the iron core and causes heating. So some energy is lost in
the form of heat.
COPPER LOSS - Copper coil gets heated due to the resistance so some
electrical energy is lost. It can be minimized by using thick wires.
HYSTERESIS - Some magnetic energy is lost during magnetic
saturation in the case of transformer. Can be reduced by using material
that has less area of the hysteresis loop.
FLUX LEAKAGE - Magnetic flux produced by primary coil is not
linked with secondary coil completely due to poor design of core or
gaps. Can be reducednby overlapping primary coil over secondary.
APPLICATIONS OF TRANSFORMER
AUDIO SYSTEM - Used to increase/decrease the voltage of electricity

before sent to speaker.
POWER GENERATION - Used in power plants to increase voltage of
electricity generator before sent to grid.
LIGHTING - Used to decrease the voltage of electricity before sent to
light bulbs.
LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICITY - Used to
transmit electricity over long distances.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CBSE LAB MANUAL

Help of Physics Teacher
NCERT Textbook
Websites :-
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.byjus.com
scribd.com

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KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA IFFCO

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT (2023-2024) :

Name : Vaibhav Gupta Roll

This is to certify that this "Physics Investigatory Project” on the topic

I am Vaibhav Gupta of class 12th A, and It is my utmost pleasure to express

A transformer is made up of a rectangular iron

It works on the principle of

The transformer is designed to work with alternating current (AC)

Pin x t = Pout x t ; P = Power also, Energy = Power x Time

AUDIO SYSTEM - Used to increase/decrease the voltage of electricity

CBSE LAB MANUAL

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