NARAYANA E-TECHNO SCHOOL

(RECOGNISED BY GOVT OF INDIA AFFILIATED TO CBSE BOARD, NEW DELHI)

PROJECT REPORT ON

WORKING ON TANSFORMERS

ROLL NO :

NAME : MANJUSHREE PRASAD BALAKRISHNA

CLASS : XII

SUBJECT : PHYSICS

SUB CODE : 042

PROJECT GUIDE : MR.NOOR JAHAM JALALUDDIN

PHYSICS TEACHER
NARAYANA E-TECHNO SCHOOL
KAVERI LAYOUT, YELAHANKA
BANGALORE-560064, KARNATAKA

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 NARAYANA E-TECHNO SCHOOL

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that candidate MANJUSHREE PRASAD

BALAKRISHNA, Roll No: has successfully completed the

project Work entitled Working on TRANSFORMER the subject physics (042)

laid down in the regulations of CBSE for the purpose of Practical Examination

in Class XII to be held in Narayana School Yelahanka on.

MR.NOOR JAHAM JALALUDDIN

PHYSICS TEACHER

Examiner:

Name:

Signature:

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS [ T O C ]

Sl.n DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

o

01 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 04

INTRODUCTION
02 05

03 PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER 06

CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMER
04 07

THEORY
05 08

06 WORKING OF TRANSFORMER 10

07 EFFICIENCY OF TRANFORMER 11

08 APPLICATIONS OF TRANSFORMERS 12

09 SOURCES OF ENERGY LOSS IN TRANSFORMER 13

10 CONCLUSION 14

11 BIBLIOGRAPHY 15

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my Physics
Teacher "Mr. NOOR JAHAM JALALUDIN" for his able guidance
and support in completing this project.

I would also like to extend my gratitude to our Principal

Miss.KUMUDA for providing me with all the required facilities.

Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents and friends who

helped me a lot in finishing this project within the limited time. Just
because of them I was able to create my project and make good and
enjoyable experience.

Thanks again to all who helped me during the project.

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 Introduction
A transformer is a device used in the power transmission of electric energy.
The transmission current is AC. It is commonly used to increase or decrease the
supply voltage without a change in the frequency of AC between circuits. The
transformer works on the basic principles of electromagnetic induction and
mutual induction.

Transformers are used in various fields like power generation grid,

distribution sector, transmission and electric energy consumption. There
are various types of transformers which are classified based on the
following factors:

 Working voltage range

 The medium used in the core
 Winding arrangement
 Installation location

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 Principle of Transformers
Principle of Transformers:

The transformer works on the principle of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic

induction and mutual induction.

There are usually two coils – primary coil and secondary coil – on the
transformer core. The core laminations are joined in the form of strips. The
two coils have high mutual inductance. When an alternating current passes
through the primary coil, it creates a varying magnetic flux. As per Faraday’s
law of electromagnetic induction, this change in magnetic flux induces an
EMF (electromotive force) in the secondary coil, which is linked to the core
having a primary coil. This is mutual induction.

Overall, a transformer carries out the following operations:

1. Transfer of electrical energy from one circuit to another

2. Transfer of electrical power through electromagnetic induction
3. Electric power transfer without any change in frequency
4. Two circuits are linked with mutual induction

“when a changing current is passed through one of the two inductively coupled
coils, an induced emf’ s set up in the other coil”
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 Construction of Transformers

A transformer essentially consists of two coils of insulated copper wire having

different number of turns and wound on the same soft iron core. The coil P to
which electric energy is supplied is called primary and the coil from which
energy is drawn or output is obtained is known as secondary coil

A transformer may also consist of a container for winding and core assembly
(called as tank), suitable bushings to take the terminals, oil conservator to
provide oil in the transformer tank for cooling purposes etc.

.
The figure above illustrates the basic construction of a transformer.

In all types of transformers, core is constructed by assembling (stacking)

laminated sheets of steel, with minimum air-gap between them (to achieve
continuous magnetic path). The steel used is having high silicon contents and
sometimes heat treated, to provide high permeability and low hysteresis loss.
Laminated sheets of steel are used to reduce eddy current loss. The sheets are
cut in the shape as E,I and
L. To avoid high reluctance at joints, laminations are stacked by alternating
the sides of joint. That is, if joints of first sheet assembly are at front face, the
joints of following assemble are kept at back face.
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 Theory
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1 p2, an alternating
current starts falling in it. The altering current in the primary produces a
changing magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the primary as well
as in the secondary. In a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked
with primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f.
induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of
the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.'s
induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns
of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and

dø / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this instant,

We have Ep=-Np dø/dt (1)

And Es=-Ns dø/dt (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1,

we get Es/Ep=-Ns/Np. (3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1,
so the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the difference : (E – Ep)
in the instantaneous values of the applied and back

E.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous

current Ip in the primary coil is given by

Ip = E – E * p / R *

pE-Ep = lp Rp

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Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as

Es / Ep= Es / E

= output e.m.f/input e.m.f

= Ns/Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

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 Working of transformer

Principle – A transformer works on the principle of mutual induction. Mutual

induction is the phenomenon by which when the amount of magnetic flux
linked with a coil changes, an E.M.F. is induced in the neighboring coil. A
transformer is made up of a rectangular iron core.

When the AC supply is given to the primary winding with a certain voltage, an
alternating flux sets up in the core of the transformer, which links with the
secondary winding and as a result of it, an emf is induced in it called Mutually
Induced emf. The direction of this induced emf is opposite to the applied
voltage.

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 EFFICIENCY

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to

the input power.
I.e.

η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, η = 1.

But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore the
efficiency of a transformer is less than 1.

Efficiency, η = output power / input power x 100%

=input power - losses / input power x 100%

=1 - losses / input power x 100%

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 Applications of transformers

1. In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air conditioner,

etc.

2. A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.

3. A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.

4. A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and

NEON advertisement.

5. Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized power

supplies.

6. Transformers are used in the transmissions of A.C. over long

distances.

7. Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud speakers

and electric bells etc.

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 ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:

1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper coils
of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting wires.

2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of the
transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is
minimized by taking laminated cores.

3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs in spite of best insulations.

Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of
S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each
turn of P1P2.

4. Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to repeated magnetization

and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is fed to it.

5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a transformer

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 CONCLUSION

1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil

depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage

2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil

depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input voltage

3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a

transformer.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
 www.google.com
 NCERT textbook
 Wikipedia

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