Theorem l.

-T he are.a of surface.generated by revolving a plane curve about a non-intersecting axis in

the plane of the curve is equal to the product oflength of curve and the distance travelled by
the centroid of the curve while the surface is being generated.
Proof.

' \\

____,__________ )____[~J----
I
- \
\

1 I
I I
\ I
\ I
\ I
\ I
\
..... _,, I

Fig. 3.63
Consider an element oflength dL of the
. curve oflength
• L whi'ch 1·s revo1ve d ab out the X ax1·s •
. The area generated by the element 1s equal to 21t y dL , where Y1s · the d'1stance
· · of element

from x axis. Therefore the entire area generated by th e curve, A = f2 1t y dL

= 2 1tf (y dL) = 2 1t yL -

2x y is the distance travelled by the centroid of curve of length L._

 3 .35
Module 3

Theorem II
The volume of a body generated by revolving a plane area about a non-intersecting axis ·
in the plane of the area is equal to the product of area and the distance travelled by the
centroid of the plane ar§}vhile the body is being generated.
Proof.

I I
I I
I /
\ I
\ I
\
,.,.,,,. /
I

Fig. 3.64
Consider an element dA of the area A which is revolved about the x axis. The volume dv
generated by the element dA in one revolution is equal to 2 7t ydA. Therefore the entire

volume generated by A, V = f2 7t ydA =2 7t fYdA

2n yA . Where 2 y is the distance travelled by the centroid of area A.
7t
 3.4. Moment of inertia
Moment of Inertia of an area is a purely mathematical term which gives a quantitative
estimate of the relative distribution of area with respect to some reference axis. If r is the
. distance of an elemental area, dA, from a reference axis AB, then the ~um of the tenns,
;L r2dA, to cover the entire area is called moment ofinertia of the area ~bout the reference
axis AB and is denoted by JAB.

_ . (2~ == I t2 dA = Jr 2
dA
The product r x dA is the first moment of elemental area about the reference axis. The
second .moment of elemental area about the reference axis is r2dA .Thus the moment of
inertia of fill area is the integral of second moment of an elemental are,i about~
 dA

A-------L-B
Fig. 3.73
. .

reference ax~ he term second moment of area is more proper than moment of inertia
because the term moment of inertia sh~uld be used whert the integral of mass is taken.
Generally the moment of inertia of area is called area moment of inertia or second moment ·
of area and moment of,i}\ertia of physical body is called mass moment of inerti~e axis .
·passing through the centroid is called centroidal axis and the moment of inertia about the
centroidal axis is denoted by 1G)
y

Centroidal axes

y
Fig. 3.74

3.5. Radius of gyration of an area~

· • an area
Consider · A w h'1ch has a moment
. ·of inertia
. I with
. respect. to a reference
. . axisAB.
.
Let us· assume that·_ this
• area
· 1s· compressed to a thm strip parallel to the axis AB.
. .For this
·
Strip ·
to have-the same momen ° · '
th-J"i =
· G
t f 1·nertia I with respect to .the same reference axis AB, the
,[fl
· • k from the axis AB such , A).k • k = -A ._ 1s ·
2
strip should be placed at a distance .
. o f t h e area with respect to the given axis AB._/ _
called radius of gyration
 A

A-----------B A _ _ _ _ _...___ _ _ _ _ B

Fig. 3.75
3.6. Perpendicular axis theorem.
If I and I are the moment of inertia of an area A about mutually perpendicular axis
xx yy '
XX and YY, in the plane of the area, then the moment of inertia of the area about the U,
axis which is perpendicular to XX and YY axis and passing through the point of intersection

. and YY axis is given by Izz = Ixx + Iyy

of XX
Proof:
Consider a plane area A. Let XX and YY be the two mutually perpendicular axes in the
plane of the area, intersecting at 0. Let ZZ be an axis through O and perpendicular
y

. X A

z
X---;:_f::;----..i__ _ _ _ __
0 z X
y Fig.3.76

. to .the plane of area

. A. Consider
· an elemental area dA at a dista
. nee y fr om th e· XX axis,
· x

f
. from the YY axis and r from the ZZ axis, then Izz = r2dA (x2+y2) dA

= f .x2d.A + f y2dA

= Ixx + IYY = Ivv + 1xx

1zz = 1xx + Iv.v·
[\' l llU ... •-

3.7. Polar moment of inertia

~ oment . f .about zz axis
th of inertia · wh'tc h.1s perpendicular
. .
to XX and YY axis and passing
througd.
h. e pomt o mtersection
. of xx an d yy axis · 1s· ·ca1led Polar moment o f mertia.
· ·
Accor mg to perpen_d icular axis theorem, I = I + I . Thus polar moment of inertia
J =I +l 'I zz xx yy. ,
ZZ xx YYj
3.8. Parallel' axis theorem. · ·
It is. a transfer theorem which is used to transfer moment of inertia from one axis to
another axis · These two axes should be parallel to each other and one of these axes must
be a centroidal axis. A

y
IG

A----~IAB.=.----L----B
Fig. 3.77
It states that, if Io is the moment of inertia of a plane lamina of area A, about its centroidal
axis in the plane of the lamina, then the moment of inertia about any axis AB which is
parallel to the centroidal axis and at a distance 'h' from the centrnidal axis is given by

IAB =Io+ Ah2

4.
Proof.
Consider an elemental area dA at a distance y from the _c entroidal axis. The first moment of
elemental area about the axis AB as shown in Fig.3.77 is dA(y + h). Second moment of
elemental area about the axis AB is dA (y +hf.The second moment of the area about the

axis AB is JdA (y + ht
JAB = JdA (y + h)2 = JdA (y 2
+ h
2
+ 2 hy)

= Jy2dA + Jh 2
dA + f2 h y dA
=Io+ h 2 JdA + 2hf Y dA =Ia+ h A + 2 h (Ay)
2

JAB = IG + Ah2
- b ·t · the distance of centroid G from the axis from which y is measured. In
y = O, ecause I IS
Fi . . asured from the centroidal axis itself.
g. 3.77 , y IS me