G6

Third Generation (3G) Cellular Networks

Title: Third Generation (3G) Cellular Networks
Abstract:
Third Generation (3G) cellular networks are advanced mobile
communication systems that offer high-speed data transfer,
multimedia services, and improved voice communication. This
paper provides an overview of the architecture, protocols, and
concepts behind 3G cellular networks, as well as their evolution
and future prospects.
Introduction:
3G cellular networks were developed to meet the growing demand
for mobile communication services that offer faster data transfer
rates and improved voice quality. They are designed to support a
wide range of multimedia applications, including video
conferencing, mobile TV, and mobile internet.
Concept Explanation:
3G cellular networks are based on the concept of packet-switched
networks, which enable data to be transmitted in small packets
over the network. This allows for more efficient use of network
resources and faster data transfer rates. 3G networks also use
advanced modulation techniques and multiple antennas to
improve signal quality and increase data transfer rates.
Architecture:
The architecture of 3G cellular networks consists of several key
elements, including the radio access network (RAN), the core
network, and the user equipment (UE). The RAN is responsible
for transmitting and receiving data between the UE and the core
 network, while the core network provides the necessary
infrastructure to support voice and data services.
Protocol Name and Explanation:
One of the key protocols used in 3G cellular networks is the
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), which is
used to establish and manage connections between the UE and
the network. UMTS is based on the GSM standard and uses
wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) technology to
enable high-speed data transfer rates.
Conclusion:
3G cellular networks have revolutionized mobile communication
by providing advanced data transfer rates, multimedia services,
and improved voice quality. With the continued evolution of
mobile technology, it is likely that 3G networks will continue to
play an important role in mobile communication for years to
come.
Reference:

 Holma, H., & Toskala, A. (2011). LTE for UMTS: evolution to

LTE-advanced. John Wiley & Sons.
 Li, H., & Wang, Y. (2009). 3G mobile communication technology.
Tsinghua University Press.

for Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) customized to Ethiopia:

Title:
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) and Its Importance in Ethiopia
Abstract:
 Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a security protocol used to
secure wireless networks. In Ethiopia, where internet access is
rapidly growing, it is important to implement WPA to secure
wireless networks. This paper explains the concept of WPA, its
architecture, protocol name, and importance in Ethiopia.
Introduction:
With the increasing use of wireless networks in Ethiopia, there is
a need for secure wireless connections. WPA is a security protocol
that provides a higher level of security than its predecessor, Wired
Equivalent Privacy (WEP). In this paper, we will discuss the
importance of WPA in Ethiopia.
Concept Explanation:
WPA is a security protocol that uses encryption to secure wireless
networks. It uses a stronger encryption algorithm than WEP and
provides better security. WPA2, a later version of WPA, is
currently the most secure wireless security protocol available.
Architecture:
WPA uses a four-way handshake to establish a secure connection
between the wireless access point and the client device. During
the handshake, the access point and client device exchange keys
that are used to encrypt and decrypt data.
Protocol Name and Explain it:
WPA is a security protocol that stands for Wi-Fi Protected Access.
It is designed to provide better security for wireless networks than
its predecessor, WEP. WPA2, a later version of WPA, is currently
the most secure wireless security protocol available.
Conclusion:
 In conclusion, WPA is an important security protocol for wireless
networks in Ethiopia. Its use is necessary to secure wireless
connections, especially in areas where there is a high risk of cyber
threats. By implementing WPA, we can ensure that our wireless
networks are secure and our data is protected.
Reference:

 Wi-Fi Alliance. (2003). Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) Security.

Retrieved from https://www.wi-fi.org/discover-wi-fi/security
G2 Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks The
format of preparation that as follows
i) Title
j) Abstract
k) Introduction
l) Concept Explanation
m) Architecture
n) Protocol Name and Explain it
o) Conclusion
p) Reference

Title:

Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-

WPANs)

Abstract:

Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-

WPANs) are a type of wireless network that is used for
low-power, low-data rate applications. This paper
explains the concept of LR-WPANs, their architecture,
protocol name, and importance in modern
communications.

Introduction:
LR-WPANs are designed for low-power, low-data rate
applications. They are commonly used in applications
such as wireless sensors, smart homes, and medical
devices. In this paper, we will discuss the importance of
LR-WPANs in modern communications.

Concept Explanation:

LR-WPANs are wireless networks that are used for low-

power, low-data rate applications. They use low-power
radio frequency (RF) technology to transmit data over
short distances. LR-WPANs are designed to be energy-
efficient, which makes them ideal for battery-powered
devices.

Architecture:

LR-WPANs use a star topology, where a central node

(called a coordinator) communicates with other nodes in
the network. The coordinator is responsible for
managing the network and coordinating communication
between nodes. LR-WPANs use the IEEE 802.15.4
standard, which defines the physical and MAC layers for
LR-WPANs.

Protocol Name and Explain it:

 The IEEE 802.15.4 standard defines the physical and
MAC layers for LR-WPANs. The MAC layer is responsible
for managing access to the channel and ensuring reliable
communication between nodes. The standard defines
two types of communication: beacon-enabled and non-
beacon-enabled. In beacon-enabled mode, the
coordinator periodically sends a beacon frame that
contains information about the network. In non-beacon-
enabled mode, nodes can communicate without the need
for a coordinator.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, LR-WPANs are an important type of

wireless network used for low-power, low-data rate
applications. They are energy-efficient, which makes
them ideal for battery-powered devices. The IEEE
802.15.4 standard defines the physical and MAC layers
for LR-WPANs, which ensures reliable communication
between nodes.

Reference:

IEEE. (2006). IEEE 802.15.4-2006 - Part 15.4: Wireless

Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)
Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area
Networks (LR-WPANs). Retrieved