1. What do you mean by random variable ?

A random variable is a variable whose value is unknown or a

function that assigns values to each of an experiment's
outcomes.
2. Let X represent the numbers obtained by rolling two fair dice.Calculate
X’s Variance and Standard devia"on
When two fair dice are rolled, 6×6=36 observations are obtained.

P(X=2)=P(1,1)=361

P(X=3)=P(1,2)+P(2,1)=362=181

P(X=4)=P(1,3)+P(2,2)+P(3,1)=363=121

P(X=5)=P(1,4)+P(2,3)+P(3,2)+P(4,1)=364=91

P(X=6)=P(1,5)+P(2,4)+P(3,3)+P(4,2)+P(5,1)=365

P(X=7)=P(1,6)+P(2,5)+P(3,4)+P(4,3)+P(5,2)+P(6,1)=366=61

P(X=8)=P(2,6)+P(3,5)+P(4,4)+P(5,3)+P(6,2)=365

P(X=9)=P(3,6)+P(4,5)+P(5,4)+P(6,3)=364=91

P(X=10)=P(4,6)+P(5,5)+P(6,4)=363=121

P(X=11)=P(5,6)+P(6,5)=362=181

P(X=12)=P(6,6)=361

Therefore, the required probability distribution is as follows.

Then, E(X)=∑Xi⋅P(Xi)

=2×361+3×181+4×121+5×91+6×365+7×61+8×365+9×91+10×121+11×181+12×361

=181+61+31+95+65+67+910+1+65+1811+31

=7

E(X2)=∑X2i⋅P(Xi)
=4×361+9×181+16×121+25×91+36×365+49×61+64×365+81×91+100×121+121×181

+144×361

=91+21+34+925+5+649+980+9+325+18121+4

=18987=6329=54.833

Then, Var(X)=E(X2)−[E(X)]2

=54.833−(7)2

=54.833−49

=5.833

∴ Standard deviation =Var(X)

=5.833

=2.415

3. Compare secant method and Regula Falsi method

A relating algorithm is the regula falsi approach. While the secant method is
basically Newton's method without explicitly computing the derivative at each
repetition
4. Find Mean ,variance and standard devia"on of first n numbers.
First n natural numbers are 1,2,3,...,n.
Mean, ¯x=(1+2+3+⋯+n)n=1/n.1/2n(n+1)=1/2(n+1)
Sum of first n natural number
[∵ (1+2+3+⋯+n)=1/2{n(n+1)}]
∴ variance, σ2=∑x2i/n−¯x2
=∑n2/n−{1/2(n+1)}2
=1/n. n(n+1)(2n+1)/6−1/4(n+1)2
[∵ ∑n2=1/6n(n+1)(2n+1)]
={(n+1)(2n+1)/6−(n+1)2/4}
=(n+1).{(2n+1)/6−(n+1)/4}
=(n+1)(n−1)/12=(n2−1)/12
∴ variance, σ2=(n2−1)/12
 Standard deviation, σ=√( n2−1)/12 =12.√ n2−13

5. Write a sufficient condi"on for gauss-seidel method to converge.

The convergence properties of the Gauss–Seidel method are
dependent on the matrix
6. What is condi"onal probability? with example.
Conditional probability is the probability of one event occurring with some
relationship to one or more other events

Conditional Probability Examples

P (A|B) denotes the conditional probability of event A occurring given that event B
has occurred.

7. Write the formula of rank correla"on

The formula for Spearman’s rank correla on coefficient

is
,where s is the coefficient and is the number of points in the data
8. What is order of convergence of Bisec"on method ?
the order of convergence is 1 (linear)
9. Prove that E=
10.What is the degree of precision of trapezoidal rule of integra"on?
the degree of precision of the trapezoidal rule is one.
11.What is the order of convergence of Newton Raphson method? The
order of convergence of Newton Raphson method is 2
12. What do you mean by standard error? the standard error is the
standard deviation of the sample distribution
13.What is secant method and advantage?
Secant Method is one such graphical methods. It involves using the tangent to the curve
to converge to the actual root.

Advantages of secant method:

1. It converges at faster than a linear rate, so that it is more rapidly
convergent than the bisection method.
2. It does not require use of the derivative of the
function, something that is not available in a number
of applications.
3. It requires only one function evaluation per iteration,
as compared with Newton’s method which requires
two.

14.Write Runge-Ku;a formula

k1=f(xi,yi),k2=f(xi+ah,yi+ak1h). This method unites all second-order Runge--
Kutta methods; in particular,

15.Write down the merits and demerits of median value of same data

Merits
1. It is simple to understand.
2. It does not require all the observations of the data for its determination.
3. It is not affected by the extreme values of a series.
4. It can be determined graphically which is shown a little later along with
the quartiles etc.
5. It can be determined easily in open and series without estimating the
lowest or highest class limits.
6. It can be determined straightway in case of a series of unequal class
intervals without converting the series into equal class intervals as it is
done in case of a Mode.
7. It is considered suitable for computation of the mean deviation as the
sum of the deviation as the sum of the deviations taken from it is the
minimum.
8. It is capable of being expressed in qualitative form as it is not computed
but located.
9. It gives a value, which very much exists in the series, and is a round figure
in most of the cases:

Demerits
1. It is not rigidly, and as such, its value cannot be computed but located.
2. It is not based on all the observations of the series.
3. It is not capable of further algebraic treatment like mean, geometric
mean and harmonic mean.
 4. It needs the arrangement of a series in ascending or descending order
and more particularly in a frequency distribution it needs the
arrangement of the series in ascending order.
5. It is very much affected by fluctuations in sampling.
6. It gives erroneous result, if the number of items is very small.
7. If the number of items of an individual series is of even nature, its value
is determined by the p5rocess of arithmetic average.
8. At times, it produces a value which is never found in the series.
9. At times it gives fractional and impracticable results.

16.What is SD of 10,7 ?
17. Count, N:2
Sum, Σx: 17
Mean, μ: 8.5
Variance, σ2: 2.25

Steps

Σ(xi - μ)2
σ2 =
N
(10 - 8.5)2 + ... + (7 - 8.5)2
=
2
4.5
=
2
= 2.25
σ = √2.25
= 1.5

18. Write the random sampling and its types? Random sampling is a
method of choosing a sample of observations from a population to make
assumptions about the population.
What are the types of random sampling?
Type of Random Sampling
 Simple Random Sampling.
 Systematic Sampling.
 Stratified Sampling.
 Clustered Sampling.
 19.Define Regression equa"on.
The Regression Equation is the algebraic expression of the regression lines

20.What is the range of correla"on coefficient?

-1 to +1
21.When newton forward formula used?
If the interpolating point lies closer to the beginning of the
interval then one uses the Newton's forward formula and if it lies
towards the end of the interval then Newton's backward formula is
used.
22.Write the rela"onship with mean, median and mode
The relation between mean, median and mode is \[Mode = 3(Median) - 2(Mean)\]

23.What is interpola"on
Interpolation means determining a value from the existing values in
a given data set

Numerical, Probability and Sta"s"cs

1. What is Rela"ve error?

The rela ve error is defined as the ra o of the absolute error of the

measurement to the actual measurement.
2. What is Trunca"on error?
Truncation error is defined as the difference between the true
(analytical) derivative of a function and its derivative obtained by
numerical approximation.
3. Prove that ∆ − ∇= ∆∇
4. Explain round off rules with examples.

Look for the next smaller place which is towards the right of the
number that is being rounded off. For example, if you are rounding
off a digit from the tens place, look for a digit in the one's place. If
the digit in the smallest place is less than 5, then the digit is left
untouched
5. When Newton Raphson method fails?

this method fails if f'(x) = 0.

6. When Regula-falsi method fails?

It fails to determine complex roots.

7. Describe the disadvantages of the Lagrange’s formula for interpola"on.

we cannot use the work that has already been done i.e. we cannot
make use of while evaluating . With the addition of each new data
point, calculations have to be repeated
8. State geometrical significance of trapezoidal rule for numerical
integra"on.
The Trapezoidal Rule divides the whole area into smaller trapezoids rather than
utilizing rectangles to calculate the area under the curves

9. State true or false “Euler’s method is a 1st order Runge-Ku;a method”.

True the Euler method is a first-order
10. What is Random experiment?
Random experiments are the experiments that can be repeated several times under
identical conditions

11.Define mutually exclusive events.

Mutually exclusive events are those events that do not occur at the same time.

12.What do you mean by ‘measures of dispersion’?

Standard deviation (SD) is the most commonly used measure of

dispersion. It is a measure of spread of data about the mean.
13.What is sca;er diagram?
A scatter diagram is used to examine the relationship between both the axes (X and
Y) with one variable

14.If A, B be any two events corresponding to a random experiment E, then

prove that P( ∪ ) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A∪ ).
15.Prove that probability of any event lies between 0 and 1

Let’s assume that,

The total number of positive outcomes = n
Probability = p
As a result, by the definition
n/t = P
0<n<t
dividing it by the entire number of possible outcomes ‘t’
0<n/t<t/t
As previously stated,
0<p<1
As a result of the foregoing relationship, the probability is between 0 and 1.

16. What is Binomial distribu"on?

Binomial distribution is a statistical distribution that summarizes the probability
that a value will take one of two independent values under a given set ...

17.Explain SRSWR and SRSWOR with example.

1. Simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR): SRSWOR is a method of selec on of n
units out of the N units one by one such that at any stage of selec on, any one of the remaining units
have the same chance of being selected, i.e. 1/ . N

2. Simple random sampling with replacement (SRSWR): SRSWR is a method of selec on of n units
out of the N units one by one such that at each stage of selec on, each unit has an equal chance of
being selected, i.e., 1/ .

18.Calculate the means of the variables x and y given the regression lines as
x+6y=6 and 3x+2y=10.

Since the given equations are :-

x + 6y = 6 ..........(a)
3 x + 2 y =10 ..........(b)
Let's multiply equation (a) by 3 to cancel x from equation (b).
So, Now we have -
3x + 18y = 18
3x + 2y = 10
Now subtracting these two equations we get,
⟹(3x+18y)−(3x+2y)=18−10⟹(3x+18y)−(3x+2y)=18−10
⟹(16y)=8
⟹y=1/2
Now, Putting the value of y in equation (b) we get,

⟹3x+2.1/2=10
⟹x=3

19.If the lines of regression of on and on are 3 + 2 = 26 and 6 + =

31 respec"vely, find the correla"on coefficient between and .

Niche ke example se ye swal bnao

20.What is discrete sample space?

If it contains a finite number of outcomes, then it is known as

discrete or finite sample spaces.
21.If A and B are any two events, P (A) =3/8, P (B) =7/8, P (A∩B) =1/8 then
find P (A∪B).
P ( A∪ B ) = P (A) + P (B) - P ( A∩ B )

22.What is “Principle of Least Square”? “The principle of least square

consists of determining the values of the values of the unknown
parameters that will minimize the sum of squares of error
23.What is the degree of precision of Simpson’s 1/3rd rule of integra"on?
Simpson's rule has degree of precision 3
24.Give axioma"c defini"on of probability. Axiomatic Probability is
just another way of describing the probability of an event.
25. Find standard devia"on of first 5 natural numbers.
26.Prove that Var(ax)=a2Var(x) where a is constant

27.Describe the advantages of Lagrange’s formula for interpola"on.

 This formula is used to find the value of the function even
when the arguments are not equally spaced.
 This formula is used to find the value of independent variable
x corresponding to a given value of a function.
27.

28.For a distribu"on of 280 observa"ons, the mean is 54 and s.d is 3. On

checking it was observed that the observa"ons which should have

correctly read as 62 and 82 had been wrong by recorded as 64 and 80

respec"vely. Calculate the correct values of mean and s.d.