Prepared by Adarsh Chauhan

COMPUTER Section-G
NETWORK Roll No.- 04

OVERVIEW
 DEFINITION
&
IMPORTANCE
• Definition of computer networks: A
network is a collection of
interconnected devices that
communicate and share resources

• Importance: Facilitates
communication, data sharing,
resource pooling, collaboration, and
access to services
 OSI MODEL
OVERVIEW
• The OSI model: A conceptual framework used to standardize
communication protocols

• Description of seven layers

• Physical Layer: Manages physical connections and bit transmission
• Data Link Layer: Controls data frames, error detection, MAC
addresses
• Network Layer: Handles routing, logical addressing
• Transport Layer: Ensures end-to-end communication, segmentation,
and reliability
• Session Layer: Manages sessions, dialogues between devices
• Presentation Layer: Data translation, encryption, data formatting
• Application Layer: Provides network services directly to user
applications
 PHYSICAL LAYER
• Functions: Handles physical connections, bit transmission, voltage levels,
signaling, and data encoding
• Transmission of Raw Data: The Physical Layer is the lowest layer of the OSI
model responsible for transmitting raw data bits over the communication
channel. It defines the electrical, mechanical, and functional specifications
for the hardware involved in transmitting data signals.

• Signal Encoding and Modulation: It deals with converting digital data into
physical signals for transmission over the network medium. This involves
techniques like modulation, which alters the characteristics of the signals to
represent the data in a form suitable for transmission (e.g., converting
digital signals into analog waves for transmission over copper wires).

• Transmission Media and Transmission Rates: This layer determines the

characteristics of the transmission medium—whether it's wired (like copper
cables, fiber optics) or wireless (like radio waves). It governs aspects like
bandwidth, data rates, transmission modes (simplex, half-duplex, full-
duplex), and protocols used to manage data transfer across these mediums.
 DATA L I N K L AY E R
Functions: Frame synchronization, error detection, MAC addressing, flow control
Frame Synchronization and Error Detection: The Data Link Layer is responsible
for framing the packets received from the Network Layer into data frames for
• transmission. It adds header and trailer information to the packets, enabling
synchronization, error detection, and correction. It uses techniques like checksums
•
or cyclic redundancy checks (CRC) to detect errors in the transmitted data and can
request retransmission if errors are found.

Media Access Control (MAC) and Flow Control: This layer manages access to the
transmission medium, especially in shared mediums like Ethernet networks. MAC
protocols govern how devices on the same network gain access to the transmission
• medium and prevent collisions. Additionally, flow control mechanisms help regulate
the flow of data between devices to ensure that a sender doesn't overwhelm a receiver
with data.

• Addressing and Switching: The Data Link Layer assigns physical addresses (such as MAC
addresses) to devices connected to a network. These addresses uniquely identify devices
on the same network. Switching, which occurs at this layer in a network switch, involves
using MAC addresses to forward data frames only to their intended destination,
increasing network efficiency.
 N E T W O R K L AY E R
• Functions: Logical addressing, packet forwarding, routing,
fragmentation

• Packet Routing: Network Layer routes data packets between

devices based on logical addresses (IP addresses), determining the
best path for transmission.

• Logical Addressing: Uses IP addresses to uniquely identify

devices on a network, encapsulating data into packets with
routing information.

• Network Protocols: Operates with protocols like IP, ICMP for

error reporting, and routing protocols (e.g., OSPF, BGP) to manage
packet transmission across networks.
 T R A N S P O RT L AY E R
• Functions: Ensures reliable end-to-end communication, error recovery,
flow control

• End-to-End Communication: Transport Layer ensures reliable,

errorchecked data delivery between source and destination systems.

• Segmentation and Reassembly: Divides data from the Session Layer into
smaller segments for transmission and reassembles them at the
destination.

• Flow Control and Error Correction: Manages data flow, provides error
detection, and retransmission capabilities for a reliable data transfer
process.

• Examples: TCP , UDP , SCTP

 SESSION LAYER
• Functions: Manages sessions, dialogue control, synchronization
• Session Establishment: Session Layer establishes, manages, and
terminates communication sessions between applications.

• Synchronization and Dialog Control: Controls dialogues

between applications, ensuring data exchange synchronization
and handling checkpointing, retransmission, and recovery
procedures if necessary.

• Session Maintenance: Manages ongoing data exchange sessions,

allowing for data transfer, encryption, and authentication
between communicating devices or applications.
• Examples: NetBIOS, RPC

PRESENTATION LAYER
• Functions: Data translation, encryption, compression, data formatting
• Data Translation and Encryption: Presentation Layer translates, formats, and
encrypts data for transmission across the network.

• Syntax and Protocol Conversion: Handles data syntax conversions and

translates between different application-layer data formats.

• Compression and Decompression: Manages data compression to reduce

transmission overhead and decompression at the receiving end for proper
interpretation and use of the data.
• Examples: SSL/TLS , ASCII, JPEG
 APPLICATION
LAYER
• Functions: Provides network services directly to user applications
• User Interface: Provides interfaces for user applications to access network
services and resources.

• Application Services: Offers various network services directly to user

applications, like email, file transfer, web browsing, etc.

• Protocol Handling: Implements protocols that enable communication

between different applications, ensuring data exchange and
interoperability across diverse platforms and networks.
• Examples: HTTP , FTP , SMTP
TCP/IP MODEL
OVERVIEW
• The TCP/IP model: Basis of the Internet's communication
standards

• Description of four layers

• Network Access Layer: Handles physical transmission,
addressing, network topology
• Internet Layer: Manages IP addressing, packet routing,
logical addressing
• Transport Layer: Ensures reliable data delivery, flow control,
error checking
• Application Layer: Provides network services directly to user
applications
 SWITCHING
Definition of Switching
Switching refers to the process of forwarding data packets between different devices on a computer
network.

Importance of Switching

• Vital for efficient data transmission within networks.

• Facilitates the connection of multiple devices for seamless communication.

TYPES OF SWITCHING
 TYPES OF SWITCHING
1. Circuit Switching
• Establishes a dedicated communication path between nodes.

• Resources allocated for the entire duration of the connection.

• Commonly used in traditional telephone networks.

 TYPES OF SWITCHING
2. Packet Switching
A. Datagram Switching
• Each packet treated independently and routed based on destination address.

• No dedicated path; packets can take different routes.

• Example: Internet Protocol (IP) networks use datagram switching (e.g., IPv4, IPv6).
 TYPES OF SWITCHING
B. Virtual Circuit Switching
• Creates a logical path before data transfer.

• Packets follow a predetermined route, enhancing efficiency.

• Example: Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) networks employ virtual circuit switching.
 TYPES OF SWITCHING
Message Switching
• Data transferred in complete messages.

• Entire message stored and forwarded as a whole.

• Less efficient compared to packet switching.

A D V A N TA G E S O F N E T W O R K S W I T C H I N G
1. Increased Efficiency
• Allows simultaneous communication between multiple devices.

• Enhances network performance by reducing data collisions.

2. Scalability

• Easy addition of new devices without affecting network performance.

• Enables network expansion and growth.

3. Improved Bandwidth Management

• Allocates bandwidth as per demand, optimizing data flow.

• Minimizes congestion by intelligently routing traffic.

4. Enhanced Security

• Segmentation of traffic helps in isolating and securing data.

• Enables implementation of security measures at different network levels.

 S W I TC H I N G T E C H N O LO G I E S
1. Ethernet Switching
• Widely used technology for local area networks (LANs).

• Utilizes Ethernet frames to forward data between devices.

• Offers various speeds like 10/100/1000 Mbps or even 10 Gbps.

2. VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network)

• Divides a single physical network into multiple logical networks.

• Provides isolation and security by segmenting traffic.

3. Layer 3 Switching
• Combines the functions of a switch and a router.

• Routes traffic based on IP addresses for faster processing.

END OF SLIDES