Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and related studies which in line with

the study. At the outset of the study, the researchers are gathering information from a

wide range of reading materials and sources. This includes the related literature, related

studies, research gap, conceptual framework, and definition of terms.

Related Literature

This section provides the related literature used in relation to the variables in the

study.

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence, according to Laskowski and Tucci (2023), is the machine,

particularly computer system, simulation of human intelligence processes. Expert

systems, natural language processing, speech recognition, and machine vision are a

few specific uses of AI. Artificial intelligence (AI) systems typically function by

absorbing vast quantities of labeled training data, examining the data for correlations

and patterns, and utilizing these patterns to forecast future states.

AI is significant because it can alter our way of living, working, and playing. It

has been successfully applied in business to automate human labor-intensive

processes like fraud detection, lead generating, quality control, and customer support.

AI is far more efficient than humans at a lot of tasks. AI technologies frequently finish

projects fast and with comparatively few errors, especially when it comes to repetitive,
detail-oriented activities like reviewing many legal papers to verify important fields are

filled in appropriately. AI can provide businesses with previously unknown insights into

their operations due to the vast amounts of data it can handle. The rapidly expanding

population of generative AI tools will be important in fields ranging from education and

marketing to product design.

Furthermore, there are some advantages of AI such as firstly, AI is good at

tasks requiring attention to detail. Research has shown that it can diagnose some

illnesses, such as melanoma and breast cancer, just as well as doctors can. Second,

less time spent on data-intensive tasks: Artificial Intelligence is frequently applied to

reduce the amount of time needed to evaluate large data sets in data-intensive

businesses like banking and securities, pharmaceuticals, and insurance. AI is

frequently used by financial institutions, for instance, to process loan applications and

identify fraud. thirdly, reduces labor costs and boosts output. One example of this is

the usage of warehouse automation, which increased during the epidemic and is

predicted to rise if AI and machine learning are integrated. Fourth it delivers consistent

results, the best AI translation tools deliver high levels of consistency, offering even

small businesses the ability to reach customers in their native language. Fifth can

improve customer satisfaction through personalization AI, can personalize content,

messaging, ads, recommendations and websites to individual customers. Sixth AI-

powered virtual agents are always available, AI programs do not need to sleep or take

breaks, providing 24/7 service.

However, there are some drawbacks as well, including cost, the need for highly

skilled technical personnel, a shortage of workers with the necessary skills to develop
AI tools, the biases inherent in the training data, inability to generalize across tasks,

elimination of human jobs, and a rise in unemployment rates.

According to Frankenfield (2023), the replication of human intelligence by

software-coded heuristics is known as artificial intelligence, or AI. These days, this

code can be found in embedded firmware, consumer apps, cloud-based enterprise

systems, and even embedded software. The capacity for reasoning and making

decisions that maximize the likelihood of accomplishing a given objective is the ideal

quality of artificial intelligence. Machine learning (ML), a subtype of artificial

intelligence, is the idea that computer programs can automatically learn from and

adapt to new data without help from humans. This automatic learning is made possible

by deep learning techniques, which absorb vast volumes of unstructured data,

including text, photos, and video.

The foundation of artificial intelligence lies in the idea that human intelligence

can be precisely described so that a computer can replicate it and carry out tasks of

any complexity. One of artificial intelligence's objectives is to simulate human thought

processes. When it comes to concretely defining processes like learning, reasoning,

and perception, researchers and developers in the field are moving at an

unexpectedly fast pace. There are others who think that in the not too distant future,

inventors will be able to create machines that are more intelligent than humans in any

given field. However, because value judgments are inherent in all cognitive activity

and are influenced by human experience, some people choose to remain dubious. For

example, machines that calculate basic functions or recognize text through optical
character recognition are no longer considered to embody artificial intelligence, since

this function is now taken for granted as an inherent computer function.

Furthermore, The applications for artificial intelligence are endless. The

technology can be applied to many different sectors and industries. AI is being tested

and used in the healthcare industry for suggesting drug dosages, identifying

treatments, and for aiding in surgical procedures in the operating room. Artificially

intelligent machines also include chess-playing computers and self-driving

automobiles. Every decision made by any of these machines must be carefully

considered since it will affect the outcome. Winning the game is the ultimate goal in

chess. In order for self-driving cars to respond in a way that avoids a collision, the

computer system must take into account all external data and compute it. Artificial

intelligence also has applications in the financial industry, where it is used to detect

and flag activity in banking and finance such as unusual debit card usage and large

account deposits—all of which help a bank's fraud department. Applications for AI are

also being used to help streamline and make trading easier. This is done by making

supply, demand, and pricing of securities easier to estimate.

Artificial intelligence, however, can be separated into two groups: weak and

strong. Weak artificial intelligence is akin to a system built to do a single task. Video

games, like the chess example above, and personal assistants, like Apple's Siri and

Amazon's Alexa, are examples of weak AI systems. When you pose a question, the

assistant responds on your behalf. Conversely, powerful AI systems are ones that

perform jobs thought to be performed by humans. These are typically more intricate

and sophisticated systems. They are programmed to handle situations in which they
may be required to problem solve without having a person intervene. These kinds of

systems can be found in applications like self-driving cars or in hospital operating

rooms.

According to Copeland (2023), the earliest successful AI program was written in

1951 by Christopher Strachey, later director of the Programming Research Group at

the University of Oxford. Strachey’s checkers (draughts) program ran on the Ferranti

Mark I computer at the University of Manchester, England. This software was able to

play a full game of checkers at a respectable pace by the summer of 1952. Larger

datasets (also known as "big data") and quicker processing power in the early 21st

century forced artificial intelligence out of computer science departments and into the

general public. Moore's law, which said that the power of computers doubled

approximately every 18 months, remained accurate. Eliza's default answers were

easily contained in 50 kilobytes; the language model that powers ChatGPT was

trained on 45 terabytes of material.

IBM (2023) claims that there are several current real-world uses for AI systems.

Here are a few of the most typical use cases: voice recognition, sometimes referred to

as computer speech recognition, automatic speech recognition (ASR), or speech-to-

text, is a feature that converts spoken human speech into written form by utilizing

natural language processing (NLP). Speech recognition is a common feature of mobile

devices, allowing users to perform voice search functions. Use Siri, or make

messaging more accessible. Online virtual agents are taking the place of human

agents in second-line customer care throughout the customer experience. They

answer frequently asked questions (FAQs) around topics, like shipping, or provide
personalized advice, cross-selling products or suggesting sizes for users, changing

the way we think about customer engagement across websites and social media

platforms. Examples include virtual agent-powered messaging bots on e-commerce

sites, messaging applications like Facebook Messenger and Slack, and activities often

performed by voice assistants and virtual assistants. The third type of AI technology is

computer vision, which allows systems and computers to interpret digital photos,

movies, and other visual inputs to extract useful information from which they may then

act. This ability to provide recommendations distinguishes it from image recognition

tasks. Powered by convolutional neural networks, computer vision has applications

within photo tagging in social media, radiology imaging in healthcare, and self-driving

cars within the automotive industry. Fourth is recommendation engines, using past

consumption behavior data, AI algorithms can help to discover data trends that can be

used to develop more effective cross-selling strategies. This is used to make relevant

add-on recommendations to customers during the checkout process for online

retailers. Fifth automated stock trading is designed to optimize stock portfolios, AI-

driven high-frequency trading platforms make thousands or even millions of trades per

day without human intervention.

According to Accenture (2023), an introduction to artificial intelligence would not

be complete without discussing AI ethics. AI is developing at a breakneck speed, and

like any powerful technology, businesses must gain the public's trust and answer to

their patrons and staff. Responsible AI is the practice of designing, building and

deploying AI in a manner that empowers employees and businesses and fairly impacts
customers and society—allowing companies to engender trust and scale AI with

confidence.

The first is trust; every business that uses AI must pass muster. Ethics theater,

in which businesses engage in covert gray-area operations while leveraging PR to

highlight their ethical usage of AI, is a frequent problem. And there's unconscious bias

still. An emerging skill called "responsible AI" aims to increase trust between

businesses and their clients and staff. The second is that improper use of AI can have

negative systemic and reputational effects, as can data security and privacy.

Businesses must ensure that data is gathered, processed, managed, and kept in a

secure and responsible manner as well as incorporate secrecy, transparency, and

security into their AI initiatives from the beginning. Third, interpretability and

transparency: Businesses must set up a governance structure to direct their

investments and steer clear of morally dubious, legally dubious, and regulatory

hazards. This can be done by creating an ethics committee or updating their code of

ethics. Businesses need to be able to see how AI systems arrive at a given outcome,

taking these decisions out of the "black box," as AI technologies take on more and

more decision-making responsibilities. A clear governance framework and ethics

committee can help with the development of practices and protocols that ensure their

code of ethics is properly translated into the development of AI solutions. The fourth is

control; since machines lack free will, they are fallible. Organizations should have risk

frameworks and contingency plans in place in the event of a problem. Be clear about

who is accountable for the decisions made by AI systems and define the management

approach to help escalate problems when necessary.

 According to Schroer (2023) AI can be divided into four categories, based on

the type and complexity of the tasks a system is able to perform. They are: First the

reactive machines, it follows the most basic of AI principles and, as its name implies, is

capable of only using its intelligence to perceive and react to the world in front of it. A

reactive machine cannot store a memory and, as a result, cannot rely on past

experiences to inform decision making in real time. Reactive machines are made to do

a restricted range of specialized tasks because they see the world immediately.

However, there are advantages to purposefully limiting the worldview of a reactive

machine: this kind of AI will be more dependable and trustworthy, and it will

consistently respond to the same stimuli. The second is limited memory. AI may

remember prior information and forecasts when obtaining data and considering

options; it's like looking backwards for hints about what might happen in the future.

Reactive machines are simpler and have less options than limited memory AI. When

an AI environment is designed to enable models to be automatically trained and

updated, or when a team consistently trains a model to evaluate and use new data,

limited memory AI is produced.

Furthermore, as for the third theory of mind, we still lack the scientific and

technological advancements required to get to this next stage of artificial intelligence.

The idea is grounded in the psychological theory that other living creatures have

feelings and thoughts that influence human behavior. This would imply that AI robots

may use introspection and determination to understand the emotions and decision-

making processes of people, animals, and other machines, and then use that

understanding to make decisions of their own. In order to establish a two-way

communication between people and AI, machines would essentially need to be able to

understand and comprehend the idea of "mind," the fluctuations of emotions in

decision-making, and a long list of other psychological concepts in real time. AI. The

fourth stage is self-awareness. After theory of mind is created, which should happen

quite soon in AI's future, AI will then become self-aware. This type of AI is conscious

on par with humans and is aware of both its own presence and the presence and

emotional states of others. It would be able to infer what other people could require

from the way they communicate with them as well as from what they say. For AI to be

self-aware, human researchers must first comprehend the fundamentals of

consciousness before figuring out how to recreate it in order to incorporate it into

computers.

According to Rousse (2023), AI is not a single technology. Instead, it is an

umbrella term that includes any type of software or hardware component that supports

machine learning, expert systems, generative AI and certain types of robotics. The

majority of today's artificial intelligence (AI) uses hardware that is based on ordinary

CMOS technology and combines machine learning models with classic algorithms.

However, as technology has been incorporated into more commonplace applications,

there has been an increase in interest in a field of study called neuromorphic

engineering. This field aims to replicate the architecture of the human brain by

creating specialized hardware and algorithms that are optimized for real-time

processing and low power consumption.

Furthermore, AI is particularly helpful in the business sector. It is currently being

used for a variety of purposes in both commercial and consumer settings as well as in
lab settings. These include the following technologies: artificial neural networks, which

are computational models modeled after the composition and operation of the human

brain. They are made up of linked nodes, or neurons, that analyze and send data so

that the network can be trained to identify patterns and relationships in the data. The

second method is deep learning, an iterative technique for creating artificial

intelligence that builds a hierarchy of increasing complexity and abstraction using

machine learning algorithms. The most advanced AI architecture in use right now is

deep learning. The third is speech recognition, which enables text or code to be

generated from human speech by an intelligent machine. The fourth is natural

language generation, which makes it possible for people and computers to have

conversations. The ability for a machine to scan a picture and identify things through

comparison analysis comes in fifth with computer vision. Gain, a fifth expert system,

was one of the first artificial intelligence technologies created in the 1970s and 1980s.

These systems sought to imitate human experts' knowledge and decision-making

procedures in particular fields and then use those insights to offer suggestions or

render judgments. Expert systems offer useful applications in healthcare, finance, and

engineering even though they may not be as well-known as more modern AI

technologies like deep learning and neural networks.

According to SAS (2023), AI is important because it automates repetitive

learning and discovery through data. Artificial Intelligence handles repetitive, high-

volume, automated activities rather than automating manual ones. And it does so

without growing weary. Naturally, people are still needed to configure the system and

pose the proper queries. AI gives already-made items more intelligence. AI capabilities
will improve many of the products you currently use, similar to how Siri was included in

a new line of Apple products. A multitude of technologies can be enhanced by

combining massive volumes of data with automation, conversational platforms, bots,

and smart robots. Improvements in the home and office include investment analysis,

smart cameras, and security intelligence.

In addition, Progressive learning methods enable AI to adapt by letting the data

handle the programming. To help algorithms learn, artificial intelligence (AI) looks for

patterns and structure in data. An algorithm may educate itself to recommend a

product online, just as it can teach itself to play chess. Additionally, the models adjust

to fresh data. AI also uses neural networks, which contain numerous hidden layers, to

evaluate deeper and more data. It used to be hard to build a fraud detection system

with five hidden layers. Big data and amazing computer power have transformed all of

that. Since deep learning models learn directly from the data, a large amount of data is

required for training. AI achieves incredible accuracy through deep neural networks.

For example, your interactions with Alexa and Google are all based on deep learning.

And these products keep getting more accurate the more you use them. In the medical

field, AI techniques from deep learning and object recognition can now be used to

pinpoint cancer on medical images with improved accuracy. It gets the most out of

data. When algorithms are self-learning, the data itself is an asset. The answers are in

the data – you just have to apply AI to find them. Since the role of the data is now

more important than ever, it can create a competitive advantage. If you have the best

data in a competitive industry, even if everyone is applying similar techniques, the best
data will win. But using that data to innovate responsibly requires trustworthy AI. And

that means your AI systems should be ethical, equitable and sustainable.

According to Duggal (2023), There are several uses for artificial intelligence (AI)

in a variety of sectors and fields. NLP uses AI to interpret and analyze spoken

language. Applications like sentiment analysis, machine translation, speech

recognition, and virtual assistants like Alexa and Siri are powered by it. It also helps

with image and video analysis; computer vision and other AI techniques make it

possible to analyze and interpret photos and movies. Applications for this include

medical imaging, driverless cars, content filtering, object tracking and detection, and

facial recognition. Artificial Intelligence is a key component of robotics and automation

systems. AI-enabled robots can carry out difficult jobs in logistics, healthcare,

manufacturing, and exploration. They are able to work with people, learn from

experience, and adjust to changing surroundings. Recommendation engines,

particularly those driven by artificial intelligence, are being utilized to customize user

experiences in social networking, streaming services, and e-commerce. Based on

user choices, behavior, and past data, they recommend appropriate products, movies,

music, or content. In the financial services industry, artificial intelligence (AI) is

frequently used for fraud detection, credit scoring, algorithmic trading, and risk

assessment. Large volumes of financial data may be analyzed using machine learning

models, which can then be used to spot trends and forecast outcomes. It includes

disease diagnosis, medication discovery, personalized treatment, medical imaging

analysis, and patient monitoring in the context of healthcare. Artificial intelligence (AI)

can help find trends in medical data and offer insights for more accurate diagnosis and
treatment. Additionally, AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants converse with

users, comprehend their inquiries, and deliver pertinent information or carry out

activities. They are employed in information retrieval, customer service, and tailored

support. AI algorithms are used in games to create intelligent decision-making, lifelike

virtual characters, and opponent conduct. AI is also utilized for improving game

testing, physics simulations, and graphics. The creation of smart home systems that

can manage equipment, automate chores, and adapt to human preferences is made

possible by smart houses. The effectiveness and usefulness of Internet of Things (IoT)

networks and devices can be improved using AI. Through network traffic analysis,

anomaly detection, and attack prediction, artificial intelligence (AI) aids in the detection

and prevention of cyber threats. Advanced threat detection and response technologies

can improve system and data security.

According to Coursera (2023), some of the most common examples of AI in use

today include ChatGPT which uses large language models (LLMs) to generate text in

response to questions or comments posed to it; Google translate that uses deep

learning algorithms to translate text from one language to another; Netflix which uses

machine learning algorithms to create personalized recommendation engines for users

based on their previous viewing history; and Tesla that uses computer vision to power

self-driving features on their cars.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Music

 According to Morris (2023), these days, AI is able to compose music and can do

it fairly well. AI music generators compose new songs by utilizing large music

databases and intricate algorithms. They use this knowledge, along with a great deal

more, to create new compositions by analyzing patterns in rhythm, melody, and

harmony. It creates (theoretically) new and original music and tracks by studying

previously composed music.

AI music generators are used for many different reasons by a wide range of

people in many industries. AI can be used to generate anything from basic beats to

orchestrations reminiscent of Beethoven, whether a project is tiny or huge and needs

soundtracks, sound effects, or background music. They are used by musicians,

content producers, event planners, fitness instructors, and advertising among others

to produce original, editable music. There are various tasks that music AI may help

with while creating content. For example, bloggers, YouTubers, podcasters, and other

creators frequently employ AI music generators to generate original soundtracks for

their work. This can include background music for videos, intro music for podcasts, or

sound effects for digital games. Combine it with an AI voice generator to create

podcasts with ease.

AI music generators can also be utilized in marketing and advertising to

produce memorable jingles or branded music for ads. They can also be used to create

music for presentations or commercial videos that correspond with a certain

atmosphere. For workflows that are more efficient, you can alternatively employ an AI

video generator. AI music generators can also be used to create theme songs, sound
effects, and soundtracks for movies and video games. Aside from professional

application, AI music generators can also be used for leisure.

AI-generated music refers to music that is composed with the help of AI

algorithms. Essentially, it involves using computer software to analyze existing music

and then generate new compositions based on that analysis. The process usually

involves feeding a large dataset of music into an AI algorithm, which then analyzes the

patterns and structures of that music to create its own original compositions. It is not

simply a random collection of notes or sounds, but rather a complex and deliberate

arrangement of musical elements. The software used to generate this music can

consider things like melody, harmony, rhythm, tempo, and even the emotional tone of

a piece. In some cases, AI-generated music can be so sophisticated that it's difficult to

tell whether a human or a machine composed it.

While some may argue that AI-generated music lacks the emotional depth and

authenticity of music created by human musicians, others see it as a fascinating new

form of art that has the potential to push the boundaries of what we thought was

possible. As AI technology continues to advance, we can expect to see even more

impressive and innovative examples of AI-generated music in the years to come.

When it comes to creating music, AI is more efficient than human composers,

producing works much faster. With its analysis of large music databases for a variety

of compositions, it offers endless inspiration. AI encourages artistic experimentation,

breaking new ground in music and producing innovations. It's economical, removing

the need for studios and musicians while still enabling access to excellent music. AI-

generated music is consistently good, which makes it perfect for applications like
video games. Critics contend that it lacks emotional nuance and originality, poses

ethical questions over ownership and its effect on the music industry, and may lead to

an excessive reliance on technology (AIContentfy, 2023).

According to Kharbach (2023), an AI music generator is a computer technology

that uses AI algorithms to generate music by combining patterns, loops, chords and

melodies. Once the user has selected their desired genre, AI music generators use AI

algorithms to create a unique soundscape. It can adjust the length and structure of

each song created, as well as allowing users to upload their video and see if the AI

music generator can match the sound they’re looking for.

Additionally, it can be applied to a wide range of creative tasks, such as

producing music for videos and lyrics produced by AI. Content producers can easily

incorporate sound and music into their works without worrying about copyright

violations by using AI music generators. AI music generators are an excellent tool for

encouraging students to work on projects including music. AI-powered music videos or

lyrics can be produced through the use of AI music generators in conjunction with

other AI techniques. AI-generated soundscapes for video games and soundtracks for

movies can also be produced with it. Alternatively, they can be utilized to produce

music for virtual reality applications using AI. As a teacher, you can also use these AI

music generators to teach your students about AI music composition and lyrics writing.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is fast changing numerous businesses including the

music industry. AI music generators can produce original music in a range of styles,

including pop, electronic, and classical. These apps can also be used to make sound

effects or edit already-existing music. Even though AI music generators are still in their
infancy, they have already had a significant influence on the music business. At some

point, producers, musicians, filmmakers, videographers, and companies are all

experimenting with these technologies (Ali, 2023).

According to Analytics Vidhya (2023), the process of creating music using

artificial intelligence methods is known as AI music generation. AI systems can create

new tracks on their own by looking at the structures, patterns, and genres of

previously released music. This technology has the ability to completely change how

music is produced, composed, and listened to. The field of AI music technology is

developing quickly, and a wide range of tools and structures are being used to explore

its creative potential. It alludes to creating music with artificial intelligence (AI)

methods. In order to evaluate patterns, structures, and styles, it entails training

algorithms on enormous datasets of previously recorded music. After being trained,

these algorithms are frequently able to produce real musical compositions, from

melodies and harmonies to entire songs, without the need for direct human

involvement. AI-generated music has the potential to further musical innovation,

support producers and songwriters, and foster the exploration of new musical

concepts.

According to AIContentfy (2023), the way that music is produced and shared in

the music industry could be significantly impacted by the rise of AI-generated music.

Artificial intelligence (AI)-generated music has the potential to upset the established

creative process of making music, which could have a significant impact on how the

music industry develops in the future. AI algorithms have the potential to supplant

human composers and musicians as they develop, raising concerns about the place of
people in the creative process. AI-generated music has the potential to further

democratize the process of creating music by making it more approachable for those

without access to costly equipment or traditional musical training.

Additionally, the rise of AI-generated music may give rise to new financial

models for the music industry. Companies might, for instance, license AI-generated

music for use in commercials or movie soundtracks, opening up new economic

opportunities for composers and musicians. As AI-generated music becomes more

widely used, concerns about copyright and ownership will arise. How should AI-

generated music be recognized, and who owns the rights? As AI is used increasingly

often in music production, these are significant issues that will need to be resolved.

All things considered, AI-generated music has a complicated and wide-ranging

effect on the music business. While there are undoubtedly difficulties and worries, AI-

generated music has the potential to open brand-new, fascinating avenues for the

production and sharing of music. It will be crucial for the music industry to adjust and

welcome new methods of producing and disseminating music as technology continues

to advance.

SongR

SongR AI is an AI tool that can be used to create fully customized songs from

the beginning. It is intended to be extremely user-friendly and accessible to everyone,

without the requirement for someone to be an expert in music theory or a computer

whiz. The user may write his own songs that express his own vision and style with a
few simple clicks. There is just a need to list a few words or phrases that best

characterize the song. Using the lyrics and music the user provides, it creates a strong

framework for him to work from. It provides a wide range of styles and genres to select

from. There is music for every taste, whether it is techno, pop, hip-hop, or rock. No

more struggling to locate the ideal melody or striving to come up with lyrics. All of that

is handled by SongR AI, freeing up the user to concentrate on expressing oneself and

writing his next great song. Thus, it's the ideal tool for everybody who enjoys music,

regardless of experience level. It's powerful, easy to use, and offers the user total

control over own music (DragGAN AI Tool, 2023).

According to EasyWithAI (2023), With SongR, an AI-powered music production

tool, someone can compose and produce unique vocal tracks. Based on the keywords

the user selected, he can create original lyrics and add singers and accompaniments

from favorite genre. The user will be presented with the lyrics to the song he created

after choosing the genre (Pop, HipHop, Cafe, and Piano Rock are currently available)

and writing a prompt. After choosing a male or female vocalist, user can click "Render"

to hear the freshly created song. Herein, the user can also post own lyrics.

Mastery Level

According to Greene (2013), the highest kind of strength is mastery. When

someone has total command and expertise over something, they might declare

themselves to be a master of it. Furthermore, he said that mastery is independent of

any biological characteristics. Mastery is a quality that is developed through practice

and time rather than something that is innate.

According to Legacee (2023), there are three phases of mastery, from the level

of expertise, where the deep understanding of ideas and concepts that go beyond the

superficial. At this level, the focus is on the first two levels of Blooms Taxonomy such

as the knowledge (remembering) and understanding. In Level II, learning is about

mastering skills. Learning to learn is an advantage in this world. Lastly, the master

instructor, it is the level of the teacher, the coach, the tutor, and the instructor. It

requires more than the simple transmission of knowledge; after all, that can be done

by reading a book.

The fundamental tenet of mastery grading, according to University of Nebraska

(2023), is that while all students are capable of learning, they will all do so at varying

rates and require various teaching methods and resources to help them along the way.

Giving students learning objectives for the course material, giving them chances to

demonstrate mastery on tests that are connected to the learning objectives, and

offering them several options to demonstrate mastery of each learning objective are

the three characteristics that make up mastery grading. Pre-tests or other comparable

tasks are used to gauge students' present comprehension of a subject before mastery

grading can commence. Different teaching methods and exercises are employed to

address areas that are below standard using the data from this evaluation (Bonner

2016).

According to Green (2021), there are five phases or levels of learning mastery.

Starting with comprehension, you have a basic concept of the subject, its relationships
to other subjects, and perhaps some of the important figures and their distinct roles.

Although you don't know enough to act or create an informed opinion, you are aware

of what other people believe and do. The next level is fundamental competence, which

is characterized by a firm grasp of the main ideas. To impart the essential idea to

someone else, you could summarize it for them. If it's a skill, you can accomplish most

of your tasks with it, albeit slowly and ineffectively. Most jobs may be completed on

your own, however more complex ones might require you to consult guides or

mentors. Herein, you know all of the key aspects of your job and you can execute

them efficiently and without assistance, and the creativity, this is one step above being

a professional. A professional at level 3 is distinguished from the ordinary person by a

specialty or particular aptitude. This could be a teacher who has conducted original

study in their subject, an athlete who approaches their sport in a novel way, or a

worker who achieves outcomes that others are unable to. The last stage, mastery,

entails knowing your trade, art, or talent so thoroughly that there is very nothing you

cannot accomplish. You know how your work affects everything it meets. Others are

unable to address the novel and distinctive difficulties that you can. You are frequently

not just at the top of your field, but also at the forefront of its future developments.

According to Renaissance (2023) mastery is of greater depth than proficiency. It

connotes knowledge at a much deeper level. It is the stage at which pupils have

mastered the skill and have fully understood the subject matter in addition to having

met certain milestones. The problem, though, is that in today's classroom, mastery is

usually NOT necessary before pupils move on to new material. Pupils who "pass" a

topic with a 70% proficiency level still have a 30% knowledge gap, but they are
advanced. These knowledge gaps accumulate over time as students move on to more

challenging material. Students who lack foundational knowledge in a subject area find

it challenging to acquire additional material.

According to Nichols (2020), the fact that slower students are not penalized for

learning at a different pace than gifted students is one of the main benefits of grading

pupils at the mastery level. Stress is reduced and confidence is increased by giving

the pupil multiple chances to retain the mastery level. Giving students second

opportunities has the added benefit of increasing their self-investment and enabling

them to revisit previously unmastered subject. Students can develop their self-

discipline and become conscious of what they are learning. But the length of time it

could take to learn at a mastery level is its greatest drawback. Giving pupils multiple

chances to grasp a subject can be beneficial for them, but it can also work against

other students who have learned the material and are prepared to move on. Since

most teachers already have a limited amount of time, it could take longer to move on

to a new concept if some pupils are still working on perfecting the prior one. The fact

that many students would just memorize the content in order to receive a "M" and then

forget it the next day is another drawback to this grading scheme. Nevertheless, this

drawback also applies to other grading schemes.

There are five stages of mastery, according to Vintage (2023): 1) Novice, 2)

Advanced Beginner, 3) Competence, 4) Proficient, and 5) Expert. The average time to

advance from novice to expert is ten to fifteen years. Simply said, gaining the requisite

knowledge and abilities requires a significant amount of time and experience.

Central Dogma

The fundamental theory of central dogma was created by Francis Crick in 1958.

His version was a bit more global and included the idea that information does not flow

from proteins to nucleic acids. Scientists have since discovered several deviations to

the theory. On particularly notable example is that of prions. Virus-like proteins called

prions reproduce without the need for intermediates like DNA or RNA. A neurological

disorder that causes degeneration of the nerve system and is extremely rare but

catastrophic, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is caused by prions (National Human Genome

Research Institute, 2023).

According to the central dogma, RNA is a messenger that transports the

information from DNA to the ribosomes, where it is used to synthesize all of our

proteins. The information is "translated" from a code into the functioning product in the

cell's ribosomes, which function as factories (YG, 2022).

According to the Harvard University (2018), one of the most brilliant and

fascinating examples of problem solution in nature is the way the central dogma is

implemented at the molecular level. Four nucleotides make up each strand of DNA: A

(adenine), T (thymine), C (cytosine), and G (guanine). It is claimed that two bases are

"complementary" when they constantly pair up with each other: A pairs with T, and C

pairs with G. It is possible to copy one strand into another using this combination. It

also makes it possible for DNA to be translated into RNA, where each strand of RNA is

a duplicate of a distinct gene.

 Moreover, before DNA can be transcribed into RNA, it first needs to become

available to the transcription machinery. This is challenging since DNA is a long, tightly

packed strand located within a cell’s nucleus. Before DNA can be transcribed, it needs

to be unwound, and this can lead to a huge mess of coils known as “supercoils” –

much like what happens when you’re unwrapping headphones. Fortunately, cells have

an enzyme called topoisomerase that can address this problem. It breaks one strand

of DNA neatly, resolves the coils, and makes the DNA available to the transcription

machinery. Once the RNA is created, topoisomerase stitches the DNA back together.

During translation, the information carried in RNA molecules is used to produce

proteins. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, and the code for a particular

sequence of amino acids is encoded in the nucleotide sequence of the RNA molecule.

As a result, a chain of nucleotides becomes a chain of amino acids known as a

polypeptide chain, and one code is physically translated into another code. The

proteins that perform a cell's duties and give each type of cell its distinct

characteristics are formed by a polypeptide chain that bends and folds on itself.

The central dogma of molecular biology has been described as the movement

of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. Gene mutations can alter the

proteins that are produced, and some mutations can lead to illness. Scientists and

physicians can interfere at different stages in the core dogma to treat genetic illnesses

(BioInteractive, 2023).

SciSpace (2023) emphasized that for a variety of reasons, the central dogma of

molecular biology are thought to be exceptionally challenging for both teachers and

students. First of all, it can be difficult to comprehend the abstract ideas behind the
core principles, such as gene expression, transcription, and translation, as they cannot

be physically witnessed. Furthermore, the core dogma entails intricate procedures and

molecular interactions that call for a thorough grasp of biochemistry and genetics.

Furthermore, it is difficult to understand the core dogma since it depends on the

transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein, which entails several

processes and chemical components. Additionally, it can be difficult for students to

understand the link between genotype and phenotype, which is required by the

fundamental dogma. In general, the abstract character, intricacy, and

interconnectedness of the central dogma concepts contribute to its difficulty for

students and teachers to fully grasp and teach effectively.

Related Studies

This section provides the related studies used in relation to the variables in the

study.

According to Yu and Ding (2020), artificial intelligence is expanding quickly and

is applied in many different domains. A specific neural network can be used to enable

a music robot to comprehend, evaluate, and produce music. A new way of perceiving,

creating, and teaching music will be provided by a variety of interactive teaching

systems based on music artificial intelligence technology in the field of professional

music education. When combined with the latest music artificial intelligence

technology's music recognition capabilities, it creates an engaging learning

environment and is very effective and reasonably priced at providing answers, scores,

and learning suggestions as needed. Therefore, long-term close collaboration

between each professional music discipline group and the technology team is

necessary to ensure the accuracy, teaching rationality, sustainability, stability, safety,

advancement, and ease of use of the learning platform, as well as the authority of the

music professional knowledge in the platform.

In addition, AI has been used in music applications and music education over

the past few years and how significantly it has advanced. Artificial intelligence (AI) has

the capacity to effectively pull in the course, stratify intricate, lengthy musical pieces or

portions, simplify instruction, enhance students' comprehension of music, resolve

difficult student problems in the classroom, and lighten the workload of educators. The

distance between the teacher and the student has been shortened in the modified

classical music education paradigm, which allows for a daring innovation. Their study

shows that various music instruction genres may be accurately recognized at a rate of

over 90%, which has a good effect on recognition. The study bases its conclusions on

experimental analysis. Soon, artificial intelligence will be able to help us perform better

and provide solutions to more problems that arise during practice. In this approach,

students will move from being passive to becoming more involved in the classroom

(Cheng & Xia, 2022).

 In addition, Zhou (2023) stated that the exploration of AI's role in music creation

and assessment not only unveils the transformative potential of technology but also

unravels complex challenges that demand continuous scrutiny and innovation. This

journey into the realm of AI and music has allowed us to understand the profound

impact of machine learning, data analysis, and algorithmic prowess in generating

music that echoes the nuances of human creativity. As we delve deeper into refining AI

music creation and evaluation methods, the significance becomes clear – the fusion of

technological precision and artistic expression. We see a time where AI-powered

music not only meets but surpasses human expectations. increasing evaluation

metrics, broadening the range of AI applications in music, and optimizing algorithms

for the production of genuine music. AI technology and music-making collaborate to

create a symphony of innovation, creativity, and significant contributions to several

industries. Here, at the threshold of this revolutionary voyage, the union of artificial

intelligence and music is set to compose a harmonic future in which the creative

process has no boundaries and music enjoyment is a smooth combination of

technology innovation and human creativity.

In the study conduted by Köksala, Yağışan, and Çekiç (2013), they assessed

how teaching vocabulary in English to fifth graders through music affects student

performance in vocabulary, attitudes toward the English course, and ability to

remember new terms. The experimental group of students (n = 28) learned new

vocabulary from the English syllabus through songs written by the researchers,

whereas the control group of students (n = 28) learned new vocabulary through the

present English education program's techniques. The 12-week study period was spent
in operation. At the end of the study, English Vocabulary Test developed by Köksal

(2012) and attitude scale towards English course were administrated. A month later

English Vocabulary Test was given to the students again as a retention test and data

obtained were statistically analyzed. Herein, it was determined from this that teaching

English vocabulary to fifth-graders in primary schools via music helped the students

retain the new words easier and more meaningfully. It was also found that the

experimental group's method worked better than the control group's, and that new

vocabulary learned through music retention retained longer. Because of this, it is

believed that including musical activities into English lessons appropriate for younger

kids will be advantageous. Using another intelligence domain, such as musical

intelligence, to develop an area of intelligence will be beneficial, as the Multiple

Intelligence Theory also emphasizes. Lastly, it is believed that adding music as an

extra component to vocabulary instruction in primary school English course programs

will greatly aid in primary school students' acquisition and retention of new vocabulary.

Moreover, Dewi, Rusmawati, and Ratnaningsih (2014) conducted a study to

ascertain the effectiveness of music and motoric movement as an intervention to

enhance attention spans in third-grade elementary school students in Semarang. The

study's goal was attained by using a quasi-experimental nonrandomized pretest-

posttest control group design. Three groups of subjects were created: the first group,

which included 28 kids, received treatment through music intervention; the second

group, which included 25 children, received treatment through music and motoric

movement intervention; and the third group, which included 25 students, served as the

control group. The findings indicated that subjects in the control group had decreased
attention (MD = -0443, p<0.05), whereas subjects in group 1 had significantly

increased attention (MD = -1321, p<0.05), and group 2 did not significantly enhance

attention (MD = -0280; p> 0.05). While music and motoric movement interventions

only slightly improved attention (by 0.5%), respondents in the control group saw a

considerable drop in attention (by 13%). Music intervention was able to raise attention

by 11.7%. This conclusion is remarkably original and might support the idea that, while

"two heads are not always better than one," they are unquestionably better than

nothing. Based on this research, it is known that the supply of music and motoric

movement improvement intervention study attention may be considered significant.

Specifically, music-based interventions have been shown to enhance learning

attention by 11.7%. A noteworthy 13% reduction in attention was observed in the

control group, which did not receive any intervention. Further research should be used

screening procedure before intervention to control individual characteristics (i.e.

intelligence level) to match control group and the experimental group.

Furthermore, Chraif, Mitrofanb, Goluc, et al. (2013) highlighted the influence of

relaxation music on correct and incorrect visual memory retrieval process using

abstract figures. The participants were 68 undergraduate psychology students at the

University of Bucharest, ranging in age from 19 to 23 (M=20.54; S.D.= 1.14). the

Vienna Tests System's (NVLT) 2012 exam. The results show that the experimental

group exposed to relaxing music had a statistically significant reduced sum of

incorrect "yes" replies than the control group (p<0.05). Therefore, in visual abstract

forms memory recall, listening to relaxing music significantly increases the number of

correct abstract form identification stimuli. Listening relaxation music does not have a
significant effect in increasing the number of incorrect abstract form recognition stimuli

in visual abstract forms memory retrieval as difference between the correct and

incorrect answers/scores. In this way, we can conclude that relaxation music has an

important effect in increasing the correct answers to stimuli in visual recognition and

could be important stimuli for increasing performances in in all the activities based on

abstract visual memory recognition tasks during abstract forms retrieval process.

Sullivan (2016) discovered in his research paper "The Effects of Music in

Kindergarten Lessons on Student Engagement and Student Learning" that the

inclusion of music in kindergarten activities greatly increases student engagement and

has a positive impact on the learning of those kindergarteners.

According to Balogun, Monteiro, and Teseletso (2013), students' choice of

music genre and language for study may have a big influence on how well they

complete a task. Students may be instructed to select songs carefully on their music

devices in order to promote the best possible levels of arousal, attention, and mood for

improved performance. Performance was affected, predictably, by the genre and

language of the song. Even while performance was often poor, pop music seemed to

encourage better performance. Certain types of background music have been shown

in other studies to improve performance in specific populations, such as emotionally

and behaviorally troubled youngsters. The question then becomes what kind of music,

or the optimal arousal hypothesis, offers the right amount of stimulation while

minimizing distraction interference for the work at hand.

Most people's personal lives revolve around music, and when a child enters a

school, all too frequently that music is switched off. Contrary to what we already know
from firsthand experience, music has a profoundly positive impact on and enriches our

life. Why then turn it off as soon as the kids arrive at school? It is our duty as

educators to make the most of music's ability to improve student learning. The findings

of this study suggest that elementary school instructors now working in these settings

place a high value on the inclusion of music in the regular classroom. I gathered this

information using surveys, interviews, and observations. Furthermore, it became

evident to me after devoting a considerable amount of time to looking through and

analyzing a range of scholarly materials on this subject that there are numerous ways

in which music is utilized productively in the classroom. These ideas of musical

integration have been condensed into four themes that stood out as being the most

prominent. The first theme is about how music can be used to teach traditional

subjects like language arts and arithmetic in the classroom. The second theme, which

is connected to the first, is about using music as a tool for creativity and self-

expression. The use of music to change the atmosphere in classrooms is the subject

of the third theme. Finally, the fourth theme centers on how classroom cohesiveness

and classroom management can be enhanced with the use of music-related activities

(DiDomenico, 2017).

Furthermore, Silveira, Xavier, Perez and et al. (2021) conducted a case study

wherein they describe a dynamic-model as a strategy to teach DNA transcription and

translation in an active way. This activity aims to provide learning beyond

memorization through the simulation of molecular processes, stimulating the

elaboration of questions and hypotheses by students. The four steps in the dynamic

are as follows: first, several problem scenarios that offer motivation and a setting for
the activity are presented. The following steps relate these issues to DNA transcription

and translation, and they call for students' active involvement in creating a model that

simulates these processes using an iron board, magnets, and representations of

genetic sequences, cellular structures, and enzymes. Pre- and post-questionnaire

findings indicate that understanding of DNA transcription and translation has improved

and certain prior misunderstandings have been resolved.

Complex ideas in genetics might be hard to visualize, but AR can help make

them come to life. It can also improve comprehension by enabling the visualization of

objects in 3D that are typically only shown in 2D textbooks. We created an augmented

reality (AR) mobile phone/tablet application (app) and guidebook to teach the

fundamentals of genetics. While the user can engage with 3D graphics and animations

and take a quiz to test their understanding, the booklet offers explanations and 2D

images of the dogma. A team of employees and students studying biological sciences

examined the app in a study that was approved by ethics. 90% of participants said our

software was simple to use, even though most had never used augmented reality.

Every user of the booklet and app expressed gratitude and remarked that learning

occurs through play. Many participants said that the app is a good way to introduce

the subject and that, with more work, it could be made available to teach kids at

various skill levels about genetics and genetic illnesses. Furthermore, we have

reached out to various nonprofit organizations including the NHS West of Scotland

Genetics Service to see how this technology could be utilized to improve public

awareness of genetic disorders. (McQuilken, Smith & Hector, 2018).

 The comprehension of the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology constitutes the

fundamental basis of genetics. These concepts are fundamental to the field, but they

are notoriously hard to comprehend and picture. Although simulation-based

instructional resources have been proven to enhance the science teaching-learning

process, there hasn't been much research done on how well they educate and help

students understand the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology principles. Accordingly,

their investigation revealed that the students' understanding of the Central Dogma of

Molecular Biology ranged from nearing competency to advanced mastery. Additionally,

it was shown that the mean mastery level scores of the students on the Central

Dogma of Molecular Biology topics before and after the study's conduct differed

significantly (p<0.05). Through the utilization of simulation-based instructional

resources, the students were involved in experiential learning (Cano, Olvis, Disca, et

al. 2022).

Khairiyah, Faizah, and Dewi (2022) assessed how well students learn the

fundamentals of science, particularly the topic of dynamic electricity, by utilizing the

Phet Simulation application, which is based on STEM (Science, Technology,

Engineering, and Mathematics) and PBL (Problem Based Learning). 35 first-semester

students from one of the PTKIS in Lamongan who were teaching the fundamental

scientific concepts course for the 2022–2023 academic year were the subjects of this

study. The type of research used is quasi-experimental with a One Group Pretest-

Posttest research design. The data collection techniques as the main data are pretest

and posttest to find out the increase in mastery of the concept. The hypothesis testing

in this study used the Paired Sample t Test using the SPSS 25 application. Based on
the data obtained sig.2 tailed 0.000 <0.05, it can be concluded that the use of the Phet

Simulation application based on STEM-PBL is effective in increasing students'

understanding of concepts.

Ananayo (2022) examined how students' knowledge of science 9 learning

competencies was affected by employing interactive e-books. Results showed that

students' mastery level has increased dramatically as a result of using e-books.

Furthermore, there are no discernible learning differences between the use of e-books

and the two-way radio-guided modular distance learning modality, suggesting that

both approaches are equally successful. The improvement in the mastery level of the

students could be attributed to the positive feedback of the users on the interactive e-

books, which include user satisfaction, clarity of multimedia, playability of e-books, and

benefits of using e-books. However, some students have experienced minor difficulty

with the installation of e-books.

Peregrino, Javillonar, Caballes, et al. (2022) assessed the students' degree of

mastery and noted the difficulties they faced while learning evolution. This information

served as a foundation for creating a program that raised the students' mastery level.

This study established that grouping pupils based on gender results in different

degrees of mastery for those students. This suggests that their degrees of

understanding of evolution principles are related to their gender. Students still had

difficulties understanding evolution despite a variety of instructional strategies. These

difficulties included problems with their learning preferences, aptitudes, and interest, a

lack of educational resources and materials, and a lack of understanding of the

theories and concepts behind evolution. These difficulties affect their learning, so
creating a curriculum that best meets the needs of the students is necessary to raise

their level of mastery.

Definition of Terms

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Music. Refers to the emergent technology created

with artificial intelligence algorithms that mimic music tracks’ exact tempo, pitch, and
range to create new songs (Mattoo, 2023). Operationally, this refers to the music that

will be integrated in the classroom to determine its impacts to the mastery level of the

students.

Mastery. Refers to comprehensive knowledge or skill in a subject or

accomplishment (Oxford Languages, 2023). Operationally, it refers to having a great

knowledge and understanding of the Central Dogma.

Central Dogma. Refers to a theory stating that genetic information flows only in

one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein (National Human

Genome Research Institute, 2023). Operationally, it is one of the science topics of

Grade 11 STEM students, and we will discover if the integration of AI music affects their

mastery level in the said topic.

STEM. Refers to the abbreviation for four closely connected areas of study:

science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (Gustavsen, 2023). Operationally, it

is a strand in the senior high school program where one of the focused topics is Central

Dogma.

STEM Students. Refers to the students who are exposed to more complex

mathematics and science concepts (Reedley International School, 2022). Operationally,

it refers to senior high school students, the respondents of this study, who have Central

Dogma as one of their science topics.

Hypotheses
 The null hypotheses below will be tested at the 0.05 level of significance:

1. There is no significant difference on the mastery level of the students before and after

the conduct of the study.

2. There is no significant difference in the pretest scores of the experimental group and

the control group.

3. There is no significant difference in the posttest scores of the experimental group and

control group.

4. There is no significant difference in the pretest and posttest scores of the

experimental group.

5. There is no significant difference in the pretest and posttest scores of the control

group.

6. There is no significant difference in the mean gain scores between the experimental

group and control group.

Research Gap
 Many of the authors mentioned above concluded that the integration of AI music

as a teaching technique had a positive impact on the mastery level of students. Also,

the studies above focused on different scope and topics in different fields. Thus, the

current study aims to find out the effects of the integration of AI music in class

discussion on the mastery level of Grade 11 STEM students in Central Dogma at

Fatima National High School.

Conceptual Framework

AI has been used in music applications and music education over the

past few years and how significantly it has advanced. Artificial intelligence (AI) has the

capacity to effectively pull in the course, stratify intricate, lengthy musical pieces or

portions, simplify instruction, enhance students' comprehension of music, resolve

difficult student problems in the classroom, and lighten the workload of educators

(Cheng & Xia, 2022). In the study conducted by Köksala, Yağışan and Çekiç (2013),

they determined that teaching English vocabulary to fifth-graders in primary schools

via music helped the students retain the new words easier and more meaningfully. It is

believed that including musical activities into English lessons appropriate for younger

kids will be advantageous. Using another intelligence domain, such as musical

intelligence, to develop an area of intelligence will be beneficial, as the Multiple

Intelligence Theory also emphasizes.

Moreover, most people's personal lives revolve around music, and when a child

enters a school, all too frequently that music is switched off. Contrary to what we
already know from firsthand experience, music has a profoundly positive impact on

and enriches our life (DiDomenico, 2017). Dewi, Rusmawati, and Ratnaningsih (2014)

said that while music and motoric movement interventions only slightly improved

attention (by 0.5%), respondents in the control group saw a considerable drop in

attention (by 13%). Music intervention was able to raise attention by 11.7%. Also,

Sullivan (2016) discovered in his research paper "The Effects of Music in Kindergarten

Lessons on Student Engagement and Student Learning" that the inclusion of music in

kindergarten activities greatly increases student engagement and has a positive

impact on the learning of those kindergarteners.

BUTANG DIRI ANG FIGURE SA CONCEPTUAL

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