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INDEX

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Sr. No. Task Page No. Remarks

1. Computer Anatomy- Memory, Ports, 1,5

Motherboard and add-on cards.

2. Dismantling and assembling PC. 6,16

3. Introduction to 8085 kit. 17,18

4. Addition of two 8 bit numbers, sum 8 bit. 19,20

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Task 1: Computer Anatomy- Memory, Ports, Motherboard

and add-on cards.

Introduction to computer system

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A computer can be defined as an electronic device capable of processing the data

and producing the information.
Mainly computer system consists of three parts, that are central processing unit
(CPU) , Input devices and Output devices.
A large amount of data is stored in the computer memory with the help of
primary and secondary storage devices. The CPU is like the heart/brain of the
computer. The user does not get the desired output, without the necessary option
taken by the CPU. The Central processing unit (CPU) is responsible for the
processing of all the instructions which are given by the user to the computer
system.

➢ Block Diagram of computer system

The data is entered through input devices such as the keyboard, mouse, etc. This
set of instruction is processed by the CPU after getting the input by the user, and
then the computer system produces the output. The computer can show the
output with the help of output devices to the user, such as monitor, printer, etc.

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➢ Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The computer system is nothing without the Central processing Unit so, it
is also known as the brain or heat of computer. The CPU is an electronic
hardware device which can perform different types of operations such as
arithmetic and logical operation.

The CPU contains two parts: the arithmetic logic unit and control unit. We
have discussed briefly the arithmetic and logical unit, and control unit which
are given below:
• Control Unit

The control unit (CU) controls all the activities or operations which are
performed inside the computer system. It receives instructions or
information directly from the main memory of the computer.
When the control unit receives an instruction set or information, it
converts the instruction set to control signals then; these signals are sent
to the central processor for further processing. The control unit
understands which operation to execute, accurately, and in which order.

• Arithmetic and Logical Unit

The arithmetic and logical unit is the combinational digital electronic

circuit that can perform arithmetic operations on integer binary

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numbers.It presents the arithmetic and logical operation. The outputs of

ALU will change asynchronously in response to the input. The basic
arithmetic and bitwise logic functions are supported by ALU.

Components of Computer System:

The hardware and software exist on the computer. The information

which is stored through the device is known as computer software. The
hardware components of the computer system are related to electronic
and mechanical parts, and the software component is related to data and
computer programs. Many elements are connected to the main circuit
board of the computer system called a “motherboard.”

These are mainly five components of the computer system. The computer
hardware, computer software, and liveware exist in the element of the
computer system.

• Processor:

The processor is an electric circuitry within the computer system. The

Central processing unit is the central processor or main processor of the
computer system. The processor carries out the instructions of the

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computer program with the help of basic arithmetic and logic,

input/output operations.

• Main Memory:

The Random Access Memory is the main memory of the computer

system, which is known as RAM. The main memory can store the
operating system software, application software, and other information.
The Ram is one of the fastest memory, and it allows the data to be
readable and writeable.

• Secondary memory:

We can store the data and programs on a long-term basis in the

secondary memory. The hard disks and the optical disks are the common
secondary devices. It is slow and cheap memory as compare to primary
memory. This memory is not connected to the processor directly.
It has a large capacity to store the data. The hard disk has a capacity of
500 gigabytes. The data and programs on the hard disk are organized into
files, and the file is the collection of data on the disk. The secondary
storage is direct access by the CPU; that’s why it is different from the
primary storage.
The hard disk is about 100 times the capacity of the main memory. The
main difference between primary and secondary storage is speed and
capacity. There are several large blocks of data which are copied from the
hard disk into the main memory.

• Input Devices
The user provides the set of instruction or information to the computer
system with the help of input devices such as the keyboard, mouse,
scanner, etc. The data representation to the computer system is in the
form of binary language after that the processor processes the converted
data. The input unit implements the data which is instructed by the user to
the system.
We can enter the data from the outside world into the primary storage as
the input through input devices. The input devices are the medium of
communication between the outside world and the computer system.
There are some important features of input devices which are given
below:
1. The input devices receive or accept the data or instruction from the user,
who exist in the outside world.

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2. These devices convert the data or instruction into the machine-readable

form for further processing.
3. The input device performs like the connection between the outside world
and our computer system.
4. The keyboard and mouse are common examples of input devices.
5. When the whole procedure is finished, we get the desired output from the
output devices such as monitor, printer, etc.

• Output Devices:

The output devices produce or generate the desired result according to

our input, such as a printer, monitor, etc. These devices convert the data
into a human-readable form from binary code.
The computer system is linked or connected to the outside world with the
help of output devices. The primary examples of output devices are a
printer, projector, etc.
These devices have various features which are given below:
1. These devices receive or accept the data in the binary form.
2. The output devices convert the binary code into the human-readable
form.
3. These devices produce the converted result and show to the user.

Task 2: Dismantling and assembling PC.

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• Part-1 : How to assemble a CPU step by step

Following are the steps to assemble CPU:

1. Take inventory
2. Make space and time
3. Prepare your CPU case
4. Install motherboard
5. Install the processor
6. Install the processor heat sink
7. Intsall the RAM
8. Install SMPS
9. Install the HDD
10.Install CD/DVD drive
11.Connect Expansion cards
12.Install SYS/Rear cooling fan
13.Bus cable connection
14.Power cable connection
15.Front panel connector connection

➢ Take inventory:
Before you start, take inventory of your parts. Make sure you have the
following components and tools with you:

• Case/ Tower/Cabinet
• Motherboard
• Processor
• HeatSink and CPU Fan
• SMPS
• Hard disk drive
• CD/ DVD drive
• RAM
• CMOS Battery
• A good screwdriver sets

➢ Make Space, Make Time:

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Building a PC takes space. You can use your dining room table to build your
PC. So, make sure you have plenty of working space and a few hours to
proceed with minimal interruption. You must work on a flat, stable tabletop
surface or bare floor, where you have room to lay out all of the items, to
begin with, assemble.

➢ Prepare your CPU case:

Now it is time to prepare the case. Remove the case cover from the CPU
cabinet.
You need to check Screw brass standoffs are perfectly placed or not. If it is
not in a proper position, in that case, you need to position them accurately.
(always check the manual and follow their instructions)

➢ Install motherboard:

Fig: motherboard and Back panel cover

You must take great care, especially when installing the motherboard. First,
remove the motherboard of its packaging and put it on top of the antistatic
bag it came in. Remember, you always want to safeguard your components
from potentially hazardous static electricity.

• You need to secure the motherboard onto the PC case/chassis and inspect
carefully for any visible defects.

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• Next, review the motherboard handbook, to make sure you are familiar
with the motherboard layout and understand which socket is which.
Manuals are immensely helpful, usually easy to read, and include
illustrations instructions.
• Check the layout of the sockets on the motherboard. And confirm that the
ports on your motherboard’s back panel match the holes on the case’s
Input/output (I/O) shield installed in your case. If it is necessary, then
remove the old I/O shield by tapping it firmly a few times with the thicker
end of a screwdriver. And then replace it with the shield that came with
the new motherboard.
• You need carefully position the motherboard on top of the brass standoffs.
After that line up all the holes, use the screws that accompanied the case
to fasten down the motherboard.
• Don’t forget to place the CMOS in the proper position.

➢ Install the processor:

Fig: CPU placement

• Use the unlocking mechanism to open the CPU socket which is, usually a
lever.
• Carefully line up the pins and place the chip in its socket; it will fit only
when oriented correctly. An arrow or a missing pin on one corner of the
chip will show you how to line things up.

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• Align with the triangular symbol with the processor and socket key
marks, as shown in the Figure.
• Lower the lever to lock the CPU into place.

➢ Install the processor heat sink:

You should follow the manufacturer instructions to install the heat sink and
the cooling fan. If you bought an OEM CPU and a separate heat sink, then
you need to spread a thin layer of the thermal grease over the chip. The
thermal grease ensures proper transfer of heat.

There are some heat sinks that come with this grease already applied. In that
case, you don’t need to use thermal grease over the chip.
• Attach the clip that holds the heat sink in place, keeping in mind that it
may require a fair amount of force. Again, follow the instructions that
came with the heat sink. They will show you how to fit it correctly. If you
are in doubt, you can visit the manufacturer’s website for more
information.
• Plug the CPU fan’s power connector into the proper connector on the
motherboard.

➢ Intsall the RAM:

• Unlock the two tabs from both ends of the RAM slot.
• To install the RAM, insert them into the proper sockets and push down
firmly but evenly until the clips on both sides of the socket pop into

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place. If your motherboard supports dual-channel memory, consult the

user manual to determine which pairs of RAM sockets you should use.

➢ Install SMPS:

Install Power supply unit (SMPS)

• Place the SMPS inside the CPU cabinet in the proper position. If you are
not able to find the correct location, then check the manual.
• Final steps, to install SMPS, you need to tighten the screw to secure the
SMPS to the case.

➢ To Install the HDD:

You can see a 3.5 inch bay inside the CPU cabinet. If you are unable to find
it, then check the manual of the case to identify the bay location.
Place the HDD inside the bay properly and tighten the screw.

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Install drives

➢ To install CD/DVD:
You can see a 5.25 inch bay inside the CPU cabinet. If you are unable to find
it, check the manual of the case to identify the bay location.
Place the CD/DVD inside the CPU cabinet to align with the 5.25-inch bay.
And, finally, you need to tighten all the screws to hold firmly.

➢ Install Expansion cards:

Expansion cards help to increase the functionality of your computer. You

can place Expansion cards on the motherboard.

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PCI compatible expansion cards can place on the PCI slots of the
motherboard.

PCI-e compatible expansion cards can place on the PCI-e slots of the
motherboard.

Video cards or graphics cards can place on the AGP slot of the motherboard.
You must know about various parts of a motherboard such that, you can
effortlessly identify the different connectors.

➢ Install Sys/Rear cooling fan:

Find the location where you can place the Sys/Rear cooling Fan. Generally,
SYS/Rear cooling can place below the SMPS.

Cooling fans

➢ Bus cable connection:

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Amazingly, bus cable or data cable connections are prime connections. Bus
cable helps to share information or data between the storage device and
motherboard.

If your motherboard has a SATA Bus connector, then you need to use SATA
cables. AND if your motherboard has a PATA Bus connector, then you can
use PATA cable or IDE cable.
In general, two bus cables need to connect inside the CPU. First, Bus cable
connects the HDD and motherboard. And the second Bus cable connects the
CD/DVD drive and motherboard.

➢ Power Cable connection:

Cable connection
This one is the final step of assembling a CPU. You need to provide power
to the different parts of the CPU. Plug the ATX power connector from your
power supply into the matching port on your motherboard.
• You can find a 20/24 pins ATX power connector port on the motherboard.
The 20/24 pins ATX power connector cable coming from SMPS needs to
connect here. Check the lock system in both ends of the connector and the

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port, and place it properly. As always, refer to your motherboard’s

manual for the exact locations.
• There is another 4-pins ATX power connector port, you can find on the
motherboard. You can locate this port near the processor socket. You
must connect the 4-pins power connector in this port properly.

➢ Front Panel connector connection:

Use your motherboard user manual and find the description of front-panel
connectors.

First, Attach each of the tiny leads from the power and reset switches. After
that, the hard-disk activity lights, the PC speaker, and any front-panel USB
to the corresponding pin on your motherboard.

• Part2: How to assemble PC

This one is the final part of assembling a computer system.
• Check your keyboard connector port. If it is a USB connector, then
connect your keyboard into the proper USB port. And if it is a PS/2
connector, then connect to the correct, PS/2 port.
• Same steps you need to follow to connect your mouse into the proper
port.
• You require a VGA (Video Graphic Array) cable to connect the monitor
and CPU. Find the 15 pins male connector on the backside of the CPU
cabinet and your monitor. Use the VGA cable to connect the CPU cabinet
and the monitor. Finally, you need to tighten the lock screws.
• If you have a speaker, you can connect the speaker on the backside of
your CPU cabinet. To get sound from the speaker, you need to plug the
speaker’s cable with the Aux port.
• And if you have a printer, you can connect the printer on the backside of
your CPU cabinet. These days, you can connect your speaker BUS cable
on the USB port.
• Finally, connects power to the various parts of your computer. You have
to connect the power cable with the CPU case, monitor, speaker, and
printer.
Check your PC Set-Up:
It is time to turn on your system and check your PC set up. Make sure the
keyboard, mouse, and monitor are all plugged into the appropriate ports on the
back of the PC. Plug the power cord back in, and turn the machine on.

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To boot a computer you need hardware and software.

Steps for disassembling a PC:
Generally, people want to know both assemble and disassemble steps of a
computer. Therefore I am sharing my ideas to help you to assemble and
disassemble a computer system.
1. Unplugged the AC power supply to the PC from the wall socket
2. Remove the Cover or chassis or case.
3. Unplugged bus cables and ATX power cables
4. Remove Adapter Cards if any
5. Now Remove the processor and the heatsink and fan
6. Remove hard disk and CD/ DVD drives
7. Next, remove the Memory Modules
8. Remove the Power Supply (SMPS)
9. Finally, Remove the Motherboard

➢ Unplugged the AC power supply to the PC from the wall socket:

This one is the first step to begin a PC disassemble process. Always
remember first disconnect all the power supply connected to your computer
system before starting to remove parts.

➢ Remove the Cover or chassis or case:

Loose the screws and remove the case covering to access the inside parts of
the CPU cabinet case.

➢ Unplugged bus cables and ATX power cables:

Disconnect all the cables one by one inside the CPU case. First, disconnect
ATX power cables from the motherboard. After that, disconnect power
supply cables, bus cables from the HDD/SSD, and motherboard.

➢ Remove Adapter Cards if any:

If any adapter is connected then, disconnect the card from the motherboard.

➢ Now Remove the processor and the heatsink and fan:

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Now its time to remove the heatsink from the motherboard. Generally, the
CPU fan and the heatsink attach together. If it is separated in that case, you
need to remove the fan first after that, you can remove the CPU heatsink.

In the final step, unlock the processor socket and remove the processor from
the motherboard carefully.

➢ Remove hard disk and CD/ DVD drives:

Its time to remove the other parts of the computer system. Remove the Hard
disk drive or SSD from the motherboard. You can also remove the CD/DVD
drive from the CPU case.

Sometimes, to remove CD/DVD drive from the CPU case, you need to
remove the front cover of the CPU cabinet case first. After that, you can
remove the ROM drives.

➢ Next, remove the Memory Modules:

In this process, you do remove the RAM from the motherboard. First, unlock
the RAM from both ends and pull the RAM carefully.

➢ Remove the Power Supply (SMPS):

Already you know, SMPS supplies power to the various parts of the
computer system. Here you need to remove the SMPS from the CPU cabinet
case.

➢ Finally, Remove the Motherboard:

The final step of the PC disassemble process is this one. Carefully remove
the motherboard from the CPU cabinet case.

Note: Remember, bolts or screws are the very essential things. They help to
make rigid, all the parts used inside the computer.

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Task 3: Introduction to 8085 kit.

Apparatus Following apparatus is required to perform the practical of 8085
microprocessor: 1. 8085 Microprocessor Kit 2. Power Supply 3. Instruction
Manual 4. Opcode Table Description of 8085 Microprocessor Kit The Intel
8085 microprocessor is an NMOS 8-bit device. It has a 16-bit address bus and
an 8- bit data bus. The total addressable memory size of 8085 microprocessor is
64 KB. It has a set of registers which contribute to the effective and efficient
working of the microprocessor.
To view the overall working of the 8085 microprocessor, a kit has been
designed so that the programming on this microprocessor can be best
understood by the students. The kit consists of the following components:
• A 6-byte display screen which is further divided into two parts, one
containing 4-byte displaying the address and the remaining 2-bytes which
are used to display the data.
• A keypad which is used to operate the kit.
• A 40-pin 8085 microprocessor.
• A 20-pin address latch used to manage the address transfer from the AD bus.
• A memory unit which consists of three 28-pin IC’s which are used to
provide memory to the processor. • A 24-pin timer controller which is used to
control the clock frequency.
• A 40-pin I/O Lines which are used to provide input to the microprocessor
and to store the output from the microprocessor.
• A 40-pin KB/Display controller used to control the display.
Steps to Execute the Program on 8085 Microprocessor Kit Follow the steps
given below in order to execute the program on 8085 Microprocessor Kit:
1. Enter Program
2. Enter Data
3. Execute Program
4. Check Result :

1. Enter Program
• Press RESET

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• Press EXAMINE MEMORY (EXMEM)

• Enter starting address of the program
• Press NEXT
• Start entering the opcodes
• Press NEXT
2. Enter Data
• Press RESET
• Press EXAMINE MEMORY (EXMEM)
• Enter the address of operand
• Press NEXT
• Enter data
• Press FILL
3. Execute Program
• Press RESET
• Press GO
• Enter starting address of the program
• Press FILL
4. Check Result
• Press RESET
• Press EXAMINE MEMORY (EXMEM)
• Enter address of result
• Press NEXT

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Task 4: Addition of two 8 bit numbers, sum 8 bit.

Problem – Write an assembly language program to add two 8 bit numbers
stored at address 2050 and address 2051 in 8085 microprocessor. The starting
address of the program is taken as 2000.

Example :–

Algorithm :
1. Load the first number from memory location 2050 to accumualtor.
2. Move the content of accumulator to register H.
3. Load the second number from memory location 2051 to accumaltor.
4. Then add the content of register H and accumulator using “ADD”
instruction and storing result at 3050

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5. The carry generated is recovered using “ADC” command and is stored at

memory location 3051

Program :
Memory Address Mnemonics Comment

2000 LDA 2050 A<-[2050]

2003 MOV H, A H<-A

2004 LDA 2051 A<-[2051]

2007 ADD H A<-A+H

2008 MOV L, A L←A

2009 MVI A 00 A←00

200B ADC A A←A+A+carry

200C MOV H, A H←A

200D SHLD 3050 H→3051, L→3050

2010 HLT

Explanation :
1. LDA 2050 moves the contents of 2050 memory location to the
accumulator.
2. MOV H, A copies contents of Accumulator to register H to A
3. LDA 2051 moves the contents of 2051 memory location to the
accumulator.
4. ADD H adds contents of A (Accumulator) and H register (F9). The
result is stored in A itself. For all arithmetic instructions A is by default
an operand and A stores the result as well
5. MOV L, A copies contents of A (34) to L
6. MVI A 00 moves immediate data (i.e., 00) to A

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7. ADC A adds contents of A(00), contents of register specified (i.e A) and

carry (1). As ADC is also an arithmetic operation, A is by default an
operand and A stores the result as well
8. MOV H, A copies contents of A (01) to H
9. SHLD 3050 moves the contents of L register (34) in 3050 memory
location and contents of H register (01) in 3051 memory location
10. HLT stops executing the program and halts any further execution

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