50 .

NET Interview Questions and Answers by

Subham Jaiswal

1. What is .NET Framework?

NET Framework is a software development platform developed
by Microsoft. It provides a runtime and a set of libraries that
allow developers to build and run applications for Windows,
web, mobile, and more.
2. What is the difference between .NET Core and .NET Framework?
.NET Framework is the original platform for building Windows
desktop applications and ASP.NET web applications. .NET
Core is a cross-platform, open-source framework that can be
used to build modern, cloud-based web applications,
microservices, and more.
3. What is CLR?
CLR stands for Common Language Runtime. It is the heart of
the .NET Framework and provides the execution environment
for all .NET code. It handles memory management, garbage
collection, and more.
4. What is CTS?
– CTS stands for Common Type System. It ensures that data
types defined in two different languages get compiled to a
common data type, ensuring interoperability between
languages.
5. What is JIT?
JIT stands for Just-In-Time compiler. It converts Intermediate
Language (IL) code into machine code just before the
application runs.
6. What is ASP.NET?
ASP.NET is a web application framework developed by
Microsoft that allows developers to build dynamic web
applications, web services, and web pages using .NET
languages.
 7. What is the difference between Response.Redirect and
Server.Transfer?
Response.Redirect redirects the user to another page or site
and performs a trip to the client. Server.Transfer transfers the
user to another page on the same server without making a
round trip to the client.
8. What is the difference between a value type and a reference
type?
Value types store the actual data, while reference types store a
reference to the data's memory location. Value types are stored
on the stack, while reference types are stored on the heap.

9. What is Garbage Collection in .NET?

Garbage Collection (GC) is a process by which the .NET runtime
automatically reclaims memory that is no longer in use by the
application. It frees up memory that is occupied by objects that are no
longer referenced.
10. What is the difference between Finalize and Dispose methods?
The Finalize method is used to free unmanaged resources before an
object is garbage collected, while the Dispose method is used to free
both managed and unmanaged resources manually.
11. What is Boxing and Unboxing in .NET?
Boxing is the process of converting a value type to a reference type
(object). Unboxing is the reverse process, converting a reference type
back to a value type.
12. What is a Delegate?
A delegate is a type-safe function pointer that can reference a
method with a specific signature. It allows methods to be passed as
parameters.
13. What are Lambda Expressions?
Lambda expressions are a concise way to represent anonymous
methods (methods without a name). They can be used primarily to
define inline methods.
14. What is LINQ?
LINQ stands for Language Integrated Query. It provides a consistent
model for querying data across various kinds of data sources and
formats.
15. What is Entity Framework?
Entity Framework (EF) is an ORM (Object-Relational Mapping)
framework that allows developers to work with relational databases
using .NET objects. It eliminates the need for most of the data-access
code developers usually need to write.
16. What is the difference between IEnumerable and IQueryable?
IEnumerable is used for in-memory collections, while IQueryable is
used for out-of-memory (like querying a database) collections.
IQueryable is a subset of IEnumerable and allows LINQ-to-SQL,
enabling deferred execution.
17. What is the difference between MVC and Web API in ASP.NET?
MVC is a design pattern used to separate an application into three
interconnected components: Model, View, and Controller. ASP.NET
MVC is used to create web applications that return both views and
data. Web API, on the other hand, is a framework for building HTTP
services that can be accessed from any client, including browsers
and mobile devices. It returns only data.
18. What is Dependency Injection?
Dependency Injection (DI) is a design pattern that allows an object to
receive its dependencies from outside rather than creating them
internally. It promotes the principle of inversion of control and makes
the system more modular and testable.

19. What is the Global Assembly Cache (GAC)?

The GAC is a machine-wide cache of assemblies that allows .NET
applications to share libraries. Assemblies in the GAC are globally
available to all .NET applications on the machine.
20. What is the difference between Task and Thread?
A Thread represents an actual OS-level thread, with its own stack
and kernel resources. A Task is a higher-level way to represent
asynchronous operations, backed by a thread-pool thread. Tasks
provide easier ways to handle concurrency and parallelism.
21. What is the AppDomain in .NET?
An AppDomain is a logical container within a process where .NET
applications run. It provides a layer of isolation, allowing multiple
.NET applications to run within a single process without interfering
with each other.
22. What is Reflection in .NET?
Reflection is the ability of the .NET runtime to inspect the metadata of
assemblies, modules, and types. It allows developers to get
information about assemblies, classes, methods, and other types at
runtime and also to create instances of types, invoke methods, and
access fields and properties dynamically.
23. What is the difference between const, readonly, and static in C#?
const: Represents a compile-time constant. Its value cannot be
changed after declaration.
readonly: Represents a runtime constant. Its value can be set only in
the constructor and cannot be changed afterward.
static: Represents a value or method that belongs to the type rather
than an instance of the type.
24. What is the using statement in C#?
The using statement is used to ensure that an object, which
implements the IDisposable interface, gets disposed of properly when
it is no longer needed. It ensures that resources are released,
reducing the risk of resource leaks.
25. What is the difference between struct and class in C#?
struct: Represents a value type, stored on the stack, and has a
default value of zero or null. It does not support inheritance (except
from System.ValueType).
class: Represents a reference type, stored on the heap, and has a
default value of null. It supports inheritance.
26. What is the virtual keyword in C#?
The virtual keyword is used to declare a method, property, indexer, or
event that can be overridden in derived classes.
27. What is the difference between abstract and interface in C#?

abstract: Represents a base class that cannot be instantiated and

may contain both abstract (without implementation) and non-abstract
members.

interface: Represents a contract that classes or structs can

implement. It can only contain method signatures, properties, events,
and indexers without any implementation.
28. What is the volatile keyword in C#?

The volatile keyword indicates that a field can be modified by multiple

threads simultaneously. It ensures that the most up-to-date value is
present in the field at all times.
29. What is the dynamic keyword in C#?
The dynamic keyword is used to bypass compile-time type checking.
It allows variables to store any type of value and call any method or
access any properties without compile-time checking.
30. What is the difference between throw and throw ex in exception
handling?

throw: Re-throws the caught exception, preserving the original stack

trace.
throw ex: Throws the exception but resets the stack trace to the
current call.

31. What is an Attribute in .NET?

An attribute is a declarative tag that provides metadata about the
program elements it describes (like classes, methods, properties,
etc.). Attributes are used to add additional information to the program
elements at compile time.
32. What is the purpose of the Main method in C#?
The Main method is the entry point of a C# application. When the
application is started, the Main method is the first method that gets
executed.
33. What is the difference between == and Equals method in C#?
== is an operator used for comparing the references of two objects,
while the Equals method is used to compare the content of two
objects.
34. What is the as keyword in C#?
The as keyword is used for type casting. If the conversion is not
possible, it returns null instead of throwing an exception.
35. What is the difference between early binding and late binding?
Early binding (or static binding) occurs at compile time, where the
type of the object is known. Late binding (or dynamic binding) occurs
at runtime, where the type of the object is determined dynamically.
36. What is the out keyword in C#?
The out keyword is used in method parameters to indicate that the
method will return a value through that parameter. It is useful when a
method needs to return multiple values.
37. What is Polymorphism?
Polymorphism is a fundamental concept in object-oriented
programming that allows objects of different types to be treated as if
they were objects of the same type. It provides the ability to redefine
methods in derived classes.
38. What is the difference between System.String and
System.Text.StringBuilder classes?
System.String is immutable, meaning its value cannot be changed
once created. Every time you modify a string, a new instance is
created. System.Text.StringBuilder is mutable and allows for efficient
string concatenation and manipulation without creating multiple string
instances.
39. What is the ‘is’ keyword in C#?
The ‘is’ keyword is used to check if an object is of a specific type. It
returns true if the object is of the specified type, otherwise false.
40. What is the purpose of the Dispose method in .NET?
The Dispose method is used to release unmanaged resources like
files, database connections, etc. It is a part of the IDisposable
interface, which provides a mechanism to clean up resources
explicitly.
41. What is the sealed keyword in C#?
The sealed keyword is used to prevent a class from being inherited. It
can also be used to prevent method overriding by marking methods
in a class as sealed.
42. What is the difference between static and singleton classes?
A static class cannot be instantiated and its members can be
accessed directly without creating an object. A singleton class allows
only one instance of itself to be created and provides a global point of
access to that instance.
43. What is the params keyword in C#?
The params keyword allows a method to accept a variable number of
arguments. The arguments are passed as an array to the method.
44. What is the difference between explicit and implicit type
casting?
Explicit casting (type casting) requires the user to specify the target
data type, and there's a risk of data loss. Implicit casting is done
automatically by the compiler when there's no risk of data loss.
45. What is the lock keyword in C#?
The lock keyword ensures that one thread does not enter a critical
section of code while another thread is in the critical section. It's used
to ensure thread safety.
46. What is the difference between stack and heap memory?
Stack memory is used for static memory allocation, and variables
stored in the stack are known at compile time. Heap memory is used
for dynamic memory allocation, and variables stored in the heap are
determined at runtime.
47. What is the partial keyword in C#?
The partial keyword allows a class, struct, or interface to be split into
multiple files. All parts are combined during compilation to form a
single class, struct, or interface.
48. What is the yield keyword in C#?
The yield keyword is used in an iterator block to provide a value to
the enumerator object or to signal the end of iteration.
49. What is the purpose of the ~ (tilde) operator in C#?
The ~ operator is a bitwise complement operator. It inverts the bits of
its operand.
50. What is the checked and unchecked keyword in C#?
• The checked keyword is used to explicitly enable overflow checking
for integral-type arithmetic operations and conversions. The
unchecked keyword is used to explicitly disable overflow checking.