MAKALAH BAHASA INGGRIS

Lecturer in Charge:

Mrs. Dewi Wulan Sari,SS.,MSAS

Prepared by:

Bunga Apriliani Hidayati (10522308)

Dian Ardila Novianti (10522402)

Laila Fadhilah (10522784)

DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY

FACULTY OF PSYCHOLOGY

GUNADARMA UNIVERSITY

2023/2024

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 FOREWORD

We give thanks to the presence of Allah SWT. who has bestowed His grace and guidance so
that the author can complete the paper on "Grammatical".

The author also does not forget to thank the sources who have helped in writing this paper. Of
course, you won't be able to maximize your results if you don't get information from various
sources.

As a compiler, the author realizes that there are still shortcomings, both in the preparation and
grammar of the presentation in this paper. Therefore, the author humbly accepts suggestions and
criticism from readers so that we can improve this paper.

The author hopes that this Grammatical paper can provide benefits to readers.

Bekasi, 28 October 2023

Composer

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 DAFTAR ISI

Foreword………………………………………………………………………………..2
Page Of Content………………………………………………………………………...3
Text……………………………………………………………………………………...4
Grammatical 1…………………………………………………………………………..6
Grammatical 2…………………………………………………………………………..15
Grammatical 3…………………………………………………………………………..21
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………….23

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 Free Will

First published Mon Jan 7, 2002; substantive revision Thu Nov 3, 2022

The term “free will” has emerged over the past two millennia as the canonical designator
for a significant kind of control over one’s actions. Questions concerning the nature and existence
of this kind of control (e.g., does it require and do we have the freedom to do otherwise or the
power of self-determination?), and what its true significance is (is it necessary for moral
responsibility or human dignity?) have been taken up in every period of Western philosophy and
by many of the most important philosophical figures, such as Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Aquinas,
Descartes, and Kant. (We cannot undertake here a review of related discussions in other
philosophical traditions. For a start, the reader may consult Marchal and Wenzel 2017 and
Chakrabarti 2017 for overviews of thought on free will, broadly construed, in Chinese and Indian
philosophical traditions, respectively.) In this way, it should be clear that disputes about free will
ineluctably involve disputes about metaphysics and ethics. In ferreting out the kind of control at
stake in free will, we are forced to consider questions about (among others) causation, laws of
nature, time, substance, ontological reduction vs emergence, the relationship of causal and reasons-
based explanations, the nature of motivation and more generally of human persons. In assessing
the significance of free will, we are forced to consider questions about (among others) rightness
and wrongness, good and evil, virtue and vice, blame and praise, reward and punishment, and
desert. The topic of free will also gives rise to purely empirical questions that are beginning to be
explored in the human sciences: do we have it, and to what degree?

Here is an overview of what follows. In Section 1, we acquaint the reader with some central
historical contributions to our understanding of free will. (As nearly every major and minor figure
had something to say about it, we cannot begin to cover them all.) As with contributions to many
other foundational topics, these ideas are not of ‘merely historical interest’: present-day
philosophers continue to find themselves drawn back to certain thinkers as they freshly engage
their contemporaries. In Section 2, we map the complex architecture of the contemporary

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discussion of the nature of free will by dividing it into five subtopics: its relation to moral
responsibility; the proper analysis of the freedom to do otherwise; a powerful, recent argument
that the freedom to do otherwise (at least in one important sense) is not necessary for moral
responsibility; ‘compatibilist’ accounts of sourcehood or self-determination; and ‘incompatibilist’
or ‘libertarian’ accounts of source and self-determination. In Section 3, we consider arguments
from experience, a priori reflection, and various scientific findings and theories for and against the
thesis that human beings have free will, along with the related question of whether it is reasonable
to believe that we have it. Finally, in Section 4, we survey the long-debated questions involving
free will that arise in classical theistic metaphysics.

Retrieved from: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/freewill/

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 GRAMMATICAL 1

CONJUCTION

1. Conjuction

Conjunctions or conjunctions are connecting words, expressions or sentences and so on that have
no other purpose or purpose.

➢ Types of Conjunctions

Conjunctions are divided into two, namely coordinating conjunctions and

subordinating conjunctions. The difference lies in the form of the sentence;
Coordinating conjunctions connect equivalent sentences, which can stand alone if
the conjunction is removed, while subordinating conjunctions connect unequal
sentences, which cannot stand alone.

However, if we look at it based on the syntax in the sentence, conjunctions are

divided into four types, namely coordinating conjunctions, correlative
conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and inter-sentential conjunctions.

1) Coordinating Conjunctions

A coordinating conjunction is a conjunction that connects two or more

elements that are equally important or have the same syntactic status.
Examples of Coordinating Conjunctions and Their Meanings

and: as a marker of additional relationships

or: as a marker of electoral relations

but rather: as a marker of a relationship of resistance

whereas: as a marker of a conflicting relationship

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whereas: as a marker of conflicting relationships

as well as: as a marker of a mentoring relationship

but: as a marker of resistance relations

and/or: as a marker of quantity or choice relationships

2) Correlative Conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions function to connect two words, phrases or clauses

that have the same syntactic status. Correlative conjunctions consist of two
parts that are generally separate from each other.

Examples of Correlative Conjunctions

· Good – or:

· not only – but also:

· not only – but also:

· so – so:

· in such a way – that:

· what(does) – or:

· I don't know:

· Don't even – don't

3) Subordinative Conjunction

A subordinative conjunction is a conjunction that connects two or more

clauses and those clauses do not have the same syntactic status. One of
those clauses is a subordinative clause.

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subordinative conjunctions can be divided into 13 groups. Here is the
division of types of subordinative conjunctions and examples.

a. Time or Temporal Subordinative Conjunction

Temporal conjunction, which is a conjunction that serves to

connect two language elements that have a time relationship, such
as before, after, next.

shows the beginning of events: since, since, since

indicates the beginning of an event marked by another event: so,

so, for, when, while, during, while, while, while, when, when

indicates the beginning of an event preceded by another event:

after, before, after, finished, after, after

indicates the length of an event marked by a particular event:

up to, until

b. Subordinative Conjunction of Terms

Conjunction of terms, which are hyphens used to connect language

elements that have the meaning of requirements, such as if,
provided, if, provided, if, if, when.

c. Presupposition Subordinative Conjunction

A subordinative conjunction of supposition is a hyphen that

indicates the existence of supposition in the sentence. Example:
suppose, if, if, like, suppose.

d. Subordinative Conjunction of Objectives

The subordinative conjunction of purpose is a hyphen whose

characteristics contain the words: for, so that, so that, let.

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e. Subordinative Conjunction Cessive

A consessive conjunction is a hyphen to express the opposite state

of what was described earlier. For example, though, though,
although, although, though, though, though.

f. Subordinative Conjunction of Comparison

A hyphen used to describe a similarity between two words or two

sentences. Examples of comparative conjunctions are than, than,
like, like, as if, as, as, as if, as if, as if,

g. Subordinative Conjunction of Causes

A subordinative conjunction of cause is a conjunction that expresses

the existence of a causal relationship between two clauses or
sentences. The conjunction that includes this conjunction is cause,
because, by cause, and by because.

h. Subordinative Conjunction of Results

A result-subordinative conjunction is a conjunction that states that

one element of a clause or sentence is the result of the previous
clause or sentence. The words that include this conjunction include
so, until(-until), and then(his).

i. Tool Subordinative Conjunction

Tool subordinative conjunction: is a conjunction that states that one

of the clauses or sentences is a tool of the activity or activity
described in the previous clause or sentence. The words of this
conjunction are with (using) and without (using)

j. Subordinative Conjunction Way

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 A way subordinative conjunction is a conjunction that states that a
clause or sentence is a means of an activity described in the previous
clause or sentence. The words that belong to this conjunction are the
same as those in the subordinative conjunction of the tool, that is,
with and without.

k. Subordinative Conjunction Complementation

Complementation subordinative conjunction: is a conjunction that

explains that a clause or sentence is a complement to the previous
clause or sentence. An example of the form of this conjunction is
that.

l. Attributive Subordinative Conjunction

Attributive subordinative conjunction: is a conjunction that connects

a main word or clause with an explanatory clause. An example of
the form of this conjunction is which.

m. comparative subordinative conjunction

A comparative subordinative conjunction is a conjunction that

expresses a relationship, similarity or difference between two
clauses or sentences. As for the words that include this conjunction
is... same... with; ... more... from....

4) Conjunctions between sentences

connecting words that are used to connect two or more sentences

Examples of Conjunctions Between Sentences:

a) Conjunctions between sentences that express contradiction with

the previous sentence

· Even so,

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 · Even so,

· Nevertheless,

· Yet,

· Even so,

· Despite that,

· Nevertheless,

· Even though,

· Eventhough,

· Eventhough,

b) An inter-sentence conjunction that states the continuation of an

event or situation in the previous sentence

· Then,

· After that,

· After that,

· Furthermore,

· Next,

c) Conjunctions between sentences that state the existence of other

things, events or circumstances other than those previously
stated

· Moreover,

· Moreover,

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 · Besides that,

d) A conjunction between sentences that states the opposite of

what was stated previously

· On the contrary,

e) Conjunctions between sentences that state the actual situation

· Truly,

· That

f) Conjunctions between sentences that state strengthen the

situation stated previously

· Rather,

· Even,

g) Conjunctions between sentences that state strengthen the situation

stated previously

· However,

· However,

h) Conjunctions between sentences that express exclusivity and

inclusiveness

· Except that,

· Besides that,

i) Conjunctions between sentences that express consequences

· Therefore,

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 j) Conjunctions between sentences that express consequences

· Therefore,

· Because of that,

5) Conjunctions between paragraphs

Conjunctions between paragraphs can be differentiated based on their

function. Inter-paragraph conjunctions included in this group include:

· A conjunction that expresses addition to something that has

been mentioned previously (in addition, likewise, additionally).

· Conjunctions express opposition to something previously

mentioned (however, otherwise, however).

· Conjunctions that express comparison (as, similarly).

· A connecting word that expresses a consequence or result

(therefore, so as a result).

· Connecting words that express purpose (for that, for that

purpose).

· A conjunction that expresses intensification (in short, in

essence).

· Conjunctions that express time (then, meanwhile).

· Conjunctions that express place (here, next to).

Examples of using conjunctions in sentences:

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● "Questions concerning the nature and existence of this kind of control and what its true
significance is..."
● “...freedom to do otherwise (at least in one important sense) is not necessary for moral
responsibility; ‘compatibilist’ accounts but ‘incompatibilist’ or ‘libertarian’ accounts..."

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 GRAMMATIKAL 2
EFFECTIVE SENTENCES

Effective sentences are sentences that can express ideas as expected by the writer or
speaker. A sentence can be said to be effective if the recipient of the message can convey back the
idea, message, feeling, or notification as intended by the messenger.

In the dictionary, effective sentences also have several meanings, one of which is 'having an effect'.
This means that effective sentences can also be interpreted as sentences that make it easier for
readers or listeners to understand the information conveyed by the messenger.

This type of sentence consists of Subject, Predicate, Object, and Description (SPOK). Usually,
effective sentences are used in scientific texts such as papers, research reports, theses, theses,
dissertations, and the like.

Characteristics and Conditions of Effective Sentences

Although an effective sentence consists of SPOK, it does not mean that the form of the sentence
has to be short. It can be short, but confusing and it can be long, but the information is easy to
understand. For this reason, in order to use effective sentences well, let's learn the characteristics
and requirements of effective sentences.

Characteristics of Effective Sentences

1.Has important or main elements, at least the Subject (S) and Predicate (P) elements.

2.Obey the applicable spelling rules.

3.Using the right diction.

4.Uses equivalence between language structure and a logical and systematic way of thinking.

5.Using the alignment of the form of language used.

6.Emphasizing the main idea.

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7.Refers to the economical use of words.

8.Using a variety of sentence structures.

Conditions for Effective Sentences

There are several conditions or principles for a sentence to be called an effective sentence. What
are they? Here are 8 (eight) requirements for effective sentences along with examples and
improvements.

1. Logicality

A sentence can be understood if the writing used is in accordance with the applicable spelling. In
addition, the elements in the sentence must also have a logical and reasonable relationship.

Here's an example of a sentence:

Ineffective sentence: "To shorten the time, I will take the fastest route."

Effective sentence: "To save time, I will take the fastest route."

2. Assertiveness

● Highlighting emphasizes the main idea of a sentence. There are several ways to create
emphasis in a sentence, namely: Putting the emphasized word at the beginning of the
sentence, for example:"The President expects the people to build the nation with the ability
that exists in each individual." Emphasis: The President expects
● Make logical word order, for example: Ineffective sentence: "Not a thousand, a million, or
a hundred, but millions of rupiah" Effective sentence: "Not a hundred, a thousand, or a
million, but many millions of rupiah."
● Doing repetition, such as:

"I love the smell, I love the beauty."

● Doing opposition to the idea being emphasized, for example:

"Bruno is not a bad and angry boy, but kind and patient."

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 ● Using emphasizing particle, such as:

"Jihan is responsible for this incident."

3. Austerity

Use words sparingly, but do not detract from the meaning or change the information being
conveyed. In constructing effective sentences, unnecessary use of words, phrases or other forms
should be avoided. For example:

1. Avoid repetition of the subject

If there is only one subject in a sentence, there is no need to repeat it. For example:

Ineffective sentence: "Because he was diligent, he won first place."

Effective sentence: "Because he was diligent, he won first place."

2. Avoid synonyms

If there are two words in a sentence that have similar meanings, only use one of them. For example:

Ineffective sentence: "Yarsa exercises diligently to be healthy."

Effective sentence: "Yarsa diligently exercises to be healthy."

3. Pay attention to the plural form of words

If a word already has a plural meaning, then there is no need to add a word that has a plural
meaning. For example:

Ineffective sentence: "Ladies and gentlemen, please stand."

Effective sentence: "Ladies and gentlemen, please rise."

4. Accuracy

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The information to be conveyed in a sentence must be precise (according to the target), so it
requires high accuracy. Some of the things that need to be considered to create sentence precision
are; using the right words, paired words must be appropriate, and avoid the omission of
prepositions.

Here's an example:

Kalimat is ineffective: "Dad's antique watch was sold at a low price."

Kalimat is effective: "Dad's antique watch was sold at a low price."

5. Careful

Effective sentences should not lead to double interpretations/ambiguous sentences. Pay attention
to the use of words or diction. This is because effective sentences only have one meaning, not
distorted or ambiguous.

For example:

"The famous college student received a prize."

The sentence is ambiguous because it does not indicate who is being called famous, is it 'the
student' or 'the college'?

To be effective, the sentence can be changed into one of the following two forms, according to the
intended meaning:

"The famous student received a prize."

"The student from the college received a prize."

6. Coherence

Coherence means that the information is not fragmented or long-winded. There is no need to insert
words like 'than' or 'about' between the predicate verb and the object.

Examples are:

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- Sentence is not effective: "The novel is about friendship at school."

- Sentence effective: "This novel is about friendship at school."

7. Alignment

Effective sentences must have similarity in the form of words or meanings used in the sentence.
Alignment lies in the use of affixes, while in terms of structure, alignment is in the clauses that
make up a compound sentence.

For example:

-Sentence is ineffective: "Junot helped the boy by carrying him to the side of the road."

-Sentence is effective: "Junot helped the boy by carrying him to the side of the road."

8. Equivalence

The structure of an effective sentence must fulfill the grammatical element of SPOK, at least
Subject (S) and Predicate (P).

Example: "Johan studied in class."

The subject of the sentence is 'Johan' and the predicate is 'studying.'

Effective Sentence Examples

Examples of effective sentences and their corrections :

Example of a short effective sentence

● That's a book I've read three times.

I've read that book three times.

● All examinees are expected to arrive on time.

All examinees are expected to be on time.

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 ● We missed the bus, so we arrived a little late.

We missed the bus. Therefore, we arrived a little late.

● Both new students and old students are subject to the same rules.

All students are subject to the same rules

● Our school located behind the West Java Governor's Office

Our school is located behind the West Java Governor's Office

Examples of effective sentences in paragraphs

Ineffective form

Brian is one of the students of the University of Indonesia, it just so happens that at the moment
Brian has a house contract in the area near the hospital so to go to college Brian needs to use public
transportation, namely, the train. Apart from Brian, many other students at the University of
Indonesia who live in the area near the hospital also use the train facility as a means of
transportation used by Brian every time he goes to college.

Effective form

Brian is a student of the University of Indonesia, and he happens to have a house contract in an
area close to the hospital. To get to and from college, Brian only uses public transportation such
as trains. Apart from Brian, there are many students from the University of Indonesia who also
live in the area near the hospital. They also use the same public facilities as Brian, namely using
the train as a means of transportation to and from lecture activities.

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 GRAMMATICAL 3
PRONOUN

Pronoun is a word whose function is to replace an object (noun) or noun phrase (noun phrase),
using pronouns, the sentences we write or speak will not sound monotonous or repetitive,
because the main purpose of using pronouns in english is none other than to avoid repeating the
same noun and noun phrase in one or several sentences.

Various Types Of English Pronouns :

1. Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns are a type of pronoun whose use is to indicate an activity or action
carried out by the subject itself, by using reflexive pronouns, a sentence or utterance will
give the impression of placing emphasison the subject or subject itself, The
characteristics of a reflexia pronoun are the suffix-self for the singular form (myself,
himself, herself, itself), and also the suffix-selves for the plural form (themselves,
ourselves).

2. Possessive Pronoun
Proses in english means to have. So, possessive pronoun that belongs to, in terms of
terms, a possessive pronoun can be interpreted as a pronoun whose purpose is to show
ownership of something by a person or group, possessive pronouns themselves are
divided into teo types, namely dependent pronouns and independent pronouns. If the
independent pronoun is placed before the noun, then the independent pronoun is usually
placed after the verb, those included in dependent pronouns include my, your, her, his,
our, their, and its. Meanwhile, independent pronouns include mine, yours, hers, his, ours,
theirs, and its.

3. Personal Pronoun
Person if translated into indonesian is a person, so, we can interpet personal pronouns as
personal pronouns, the function of this type of pronoun is of course to replace a subject or

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 object in the form of a person, or sometimes it can also be an object, to replace the
subject, the personal pronouns used are, I, you, he, she, we, thet, and it, meanwhile, to
replace the object, the personal pronoun changes to me, you, him, her, us them, and it.

4. Interrogative Pronoun
An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun that asks about a subject or object, examples of
interrogative pronouns are what, why, who, which, whom, whose.

5. Demonstrative Pronoun
Demonstrative pronouns are a type of pronoun that functions to point to something that is
being discussed, to refer to something close, you can use the words this and these, while
to refer to something far away, you can use the words that and those.

6. Indefinite Pronoun
Indefinite pronouns are usually used to refer to an uncertain subject, object, or
information, for example, somebody, something, someone, everyone, and so on.

7. Relative Pronoun
A relative pronoun is a pronoun that functions to connect a noun or noun phrase with an
explanatory clause. relative pronouns include who, which, whom, whose, and also that.

Example Of Sentence:
“Questions concerning the nature and existence of this kind of control (e.g., does it
require and do we have the freedom to do otherwise or the power of self-determination?),
and what its true significance is (is it necessary for moral responsibility or human
dignity?) have been taken up in every period of Western philosophy”

Explanation:
The pronoun "it" Refers to "free will", namely the control discussed in the sentence. The
pronoun "we" refers to philosophers or researchers who are considering these questions,
and "we" again refers to individuals involved in philosophical discussions about free will

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 DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Hidayah, Nurul.2023;Macam-macam Konjungsi, Ciri, dan Contoh Kalimatnya.Diakses 27

oktober 2023 dari https://www.brainacademy.id/blog/jenis-dan-contoh-konjungsi

Ahsa.2018.Kalimat Efektif: Pengertian, Ciri-Ciri, Syarat, Contoh. [Daring]. Tautan:dari

Diakses 6 Juni 2022 dari https://www.materibindo.com/2018/07/kalimat-efektif.html.

Aninsi, Niken.2021.Contoh, Syarat dan Ciri-ciri Kalimat Efektif dalam Bahasa

Indonesia. [Daring].Diakses 6 Juni 2022 Tautan: dari
https://katadata.co.id/safrezi/berita/61a88a78b8c8b/contoh-syarat-dan-ciri-ciri-kalimat-
efektif-dalam-bahasa-indonesia.

Kampungingris.2015. Macam-Macam Pronoun Bahasa Inggris.Diakses 28 oktober

202.dari https://www.kampunginggris.id/macam-macam-pronoun-bahasa-inggris

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