REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

BICOL UNIVERSITY
LEGAZPI CITY

Name: JAMIL A. MENCIAS

College: BU College of Engineering
Course: BS ME 4B
School Year: 2023 – 2024 1st Semester
Subject: Control Engineering Laboratory
Teacher: Engr. Mary Joy Mandane-Ortiz

List of Control Engineering Equipment

Equipment Function How to Use

1. PLC (Programmable Logic A PLC is a small PLCs monitor inputs

Controller) computer that from sensors and
receives data through user interfaces,
inputs and controls a process data with
system's functions their internal logic,
using internal logic. and control outputs
It's widely used for like switches and
automating processes motors accordingly.
in various industries, They're adaptable
replacing manual and can be
control systems. PLCs interconnected for
take inputs from more complex
sensors or switches, systems. PLCs come
use programmed logic in compact or
to decide on output modular units,
changes, and can making them
control equipment versatile for different
like motors and valves. applications.

2. DCS (Distributed Control A DCS is an To use a DCS

System) automated industrial effectively, operators
control system and engineers
designed to enhance configure it at an
safety, cost- engineering
effectiveness, and workstation, control
process reliability. Its and monitor
main role is to processes at an
regulate and monitor operating station,
control loops collect data from
distributed field devices, apply
throughout a factory control logic for
or plant, optimizing decision-making,
industrial processes actuate devices for
for efficiency and control actions, and
resilience. ensure system
functionality during
commissioning.
Operators interact
with the DCS at the
engineering station
 to fine-tune and
optimize processes.

3. SCADA (Supervisory Control SCADA is software SCADA combines

and Data Acquisition) used to efficiently hardware and
oversee and control software to remotely
industrial processes by monitor and control
gathering real-time processes. Sensors
data from remote collect data, field
locations. Its main controllers send it to
function is to enable SCADA supervisory
data-driven decisions, computers, and
process optimization Human-Machine
and enhanced safety Interfaces (HMIs)
and reliability in display and process
industrial settings. the information.
SCADA is used across
industries like
electricity, oil,
telecommunications,
and manufacturing.
It has evolved from
legacy systems to
modern, scalable,
and interoperable
solutions, offering
benefits such as
better support and
improved
communication.

4. Sensors and Transducers Sensors and To utilize sensors

transducers serve the and transducers
fundamental function effectively, one must
of enabling electronic select the
circuits and systems to appropriate type
interact with and based on the specific
respond to the real- physical quantity
world environment. being measured or
Sensors, as input controlled. For
devices, detect various instance, passive
physical quantities sensors generate an
like temperature, output signal in
pressure, and response to external
movement, and then stimuli without
convert these into requiring additional
electrical signals. power, while active
Transducers, acting as sensors rely on an
output devices, external power
perform the opposite source and often
function by incorporate signal
transforming amplification. Digital
electrical signals into sensors produce
actions or changes in discrete binary
 the environment, such output signals (e.g.,
as activating motors logic "1" or "0"),
or producing sound. whereas analog
In essence, these sensors generate
components bridge continuous output
the gap between the signals proportional
digital world of to the measured
electronic systems and quantity. To
the physical world, condition the output
allowing electronic signals for further
systems to sense, processing,
monitor, and control amplification,
external processes and filtering, and noise
phenomena. reduction techniques
may be applied using
operational
amplifiers or filters.

5. Actuators An actuator converts To use an actuator

energy (e.g., electrical, effectively, consider
hydraulic, pneumatic) factors like the type
into controlled of movement needed
mechanical motion, (linear or rotary), the
making it a versatile energy source (e.g.,
device with a pivotal electrical, hydraulic),
role in various required precision,
systems. Actuators load capacity, stroke
enable precise length, speed,
movements in operating
applications ranging environment, and
from industrial mounting style.
automation to home These considerations
appliances, such as ensure the actuator
robotic arms and suits the application's
engine regulation in specific
vehicles or automated requirements,
furniture adjustments. making it an integral
component in
various projects and
systems.

6. Control Panels An electrical control Using an electrical

panel serves as an control panel
enclosure that houses involves following
critical electrical safety procedures
components, enabling and guidelines.
the control and Access should be
monitoring of restricted to trained
mechanical processes personnel due to
in industrial settings. electrical hazards.
Its primary role is to Understanding the
provide a secure panel's layout,
environment for including circuit
equipment while breakers and power
facilitating operator distribution systems,
interaction for process is crucial to avoid
control and accidents. Safe entry
monitoring, including requires adherence
 tasks like pressure and to established
flow regulation. It is policies and training,
essential for such as Control Panel
maintaining safety, Entry courses, which
ensuring equipment equip individuals to
integrity, and identify and manage
supporting electrical risks while
uninterrupted working within
operations. panels, ensuring
safety and
compliance with
regulations.

7. Control Valves Control valves are Proper use of control

essential for managing valves involves sizing
liquid or gas flow, them based on flow
enabling precise conditions rather
control over than pipe diameter,
temperature, selecting suitable
pressure, or liquid actuators, and
levels within adopting energy-
industrial processes. efficient electro-
They modulate flow in pneumatic designs.
response to signals Interchangeable
from actuators, valve seats, correct
ensuring accurate seal materials,
control for enhanced calibration
process efficiency and procedures, and fail-
product quality. safe mechanisms
contribute to reliable
valve operation.
Collaboration with
experts helps
optimize valve
selection for long-
term reliability and
safety. Maintaining
valves and using
clean instrument air
extends service life in
challenging
environments.

8. PID Controller A PID controller, or To use a PID controller

Proportional Integral effectively:
Derivative controller, 1. Input the desired
is a key instrument in setpoint.
2. Tune the
industrial control. Its
controller's
primary function is to parameters (Kp, Ti,
maintain a process Td) for optimal
variable, such as performance.
temperature or flow 3. Establish a feedback
rate, close to a desired loop between the
 setpoint. This is controller, sensor,
achieved by and process.
continuously 4. The proportional
comparing the actual term (P) corrects
immediate errors,
variable with the
the integral term (I)
setpoint and making eliminates long-
real-time adjustments term errors, and the
to control elements derivative term (D)
(like heaters or reduces overshoot.
valves). The PID 5. The controller
controller uses three continuously
components – adjusts the control
proportional, integral, output, which, in
and derivative – to turn, regulates the
process variable.
calculate the control
6. This dynamic
action. Proportional control loop ensures
responds to current that the variable
errors, integral stays close to the
corrects past errors, setpoint, making
and derivative PID controllers
anticipates future essential for precise
errors, resulting in and stable control in
accurate and stable industrial
control of various applications.
industrial processes.

9. Data Acquisition System A Data Acquisition To use a DAQ system

(DAQ) system is effectively, start by
designed to gather selecting suitable
and convert analog sensors and
data from sensors into transducers that
digital form for match measurement
computer-based requirements. These
analysis and control. It sensors feed analog
acts as a vital link signals into the DAQ
between the physical system, which may
world and digital require signal
systems, facilitating conditioning to
accurate data enhance accuracy.
acquisition for various The DAQ hardware
applications, from then digitizes the
manufacturing to signals and
scientific research. communicates them
to a computer, where
specialized DAQ
software processes
and presents the
data, enabling in-
depth analysis and
control. Careful
consideration of
sensor compatibility,
signal conditioning,
and hardware choice
ensures precise data
acquisition tailored
to specific
 applications.
Different DAQ
system types, like
wireless, serial, USB,
or plug-in boards,
offer flexibility to
meet diverse needs.

10. Human-Machine Interface (HMI) An HMI serves as an HMIs find

interface connecting applications across
people to machines, various industries,
especially in industrial including energy,
contexts. Its primary manufacturing, and
function is to visually transportation.
display data, track Operators and
production metrics, control system
oversee key engineers utilize
performance HMIs to monitor
indicators (KPIs), and processes, make real-
monitor machine time decisions, and
operations. It enables respond to alarms.
operators and These interfaces
engineers to interact communicate with
with and optimize Programmable Logic
industrial processes, Controllers (PLCs)
enhancing efficiency. and sensors,
displaying critical
information via
graphs, charts, and
dashboards. They
eliminate manual
data collection,
improving accuracy
and reducing errors.
With advancements
like high-
performance HMIs
and mobile-friendly
interfaces, users have
faster and more
efficient ways to
control and optimize
processes, even
remotely.