Number System

(1)Natural Numbers: Numbers starting from 1, 2, 3 and so

on so forth are counted as
Natural numbers. They are 1, 2, 3, 4...
Exceptions: Zero, negative and decimal numbers are not
counted in this list.

(2)Whole numbers: Zero and all other natural numbers are

known as natural numbers.
They are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4...
(3)Integers: They are the numbers which include all the whole
numbers and their negatives.
They are ...-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4....

(4)Rational Numbers: All the numbers which are terminating,

repeating and can be written in the form p/q, where p and q
are integers and q should not be equal to 0 are termed as
rational numbers.
Example: 0.12121212....

(5)Irrational Numbers: All the numbers which are non-

terminating, non-repeating and cannot be written in the form
p/q, where p and q are integers and q should not be equal to 0
are termed as irrational numbers.
Example: pie, e
(6)Real numbers: All the numbers existing on the number line
are real numbers. The group is made up of all rational and
irrational numbers.

(7)Imaginary Numbers: Imaginary numbers are the numbers

formed by the product of real numbers and imaginary unit 'i'.
This imaginary unit is defined as the following:
I2 = -1, multiplication of this 'i' is calculated according to the
above value. Example: 8i

(8)Complex Number: The numbers formed by the combination

of real numbers and imaginary numbers are called the complex
number. Every complex number is written in the following form:
A+iB, where A is the real part of the number and B is the
imaginary part.
(9)Prime numbers: All the numbers having only two divisors, 1
and the number itself is called a prime number. Hence, a prime
number can be written as the product of the number itself and 1.
Example : 2, 3, 5, 7 etc.

(10)Composite Numbers: All the numbers which are not prime

are called composite numbers. This number has factors other
than one and itself.
(11)Even & Odd Numbers: All the numbers divided by 2 are
even numbers. Whereas the ones not divisible by 2 are odd
numbers.
Example: 4, 6, 64, 100, 10004 etc are all even numbers.
3, 7, 11, 91, 99, 1003 are all odd numbers.

(12)Relative Prime Numbers/Co-prime Numbers: Numbers

which do not have any common factor other than 1 are called
co-prime numbers.
Example: 5 and 17 are co-primes.
(13)Perfect Numbers: All the numbers are called perfect
numbers if the sum of all the factors of that number, excluding
the number itself and including 1, equalizes to the
number itself then the number is termed as a perfect number.

Example:6 is a perfect number. As the factors of 6= 2 and 3.

As per the rule of perfect numbers, sum= 2+3+1 = 6. Hence, 6
is a perfect number.
Some important properties of Numbers:
1. The number 1 is neither prime nor composite.

2. The only prime number which is even is 2.

3. All the prime numbers greater than 3 can be written in the

form of (6k+1) or (6k-1) where k is an integer.

4. The tens digit of every perfect square is even unless the

square is ending in 6 in which case the tens digit is odd.

5. The product of n consecutive natural numbers is always

divisible by n!, where n!= 1X2X3X4X….Xn (known as factorial
n).
To test whether a given number is prime
number or not
If you want to test whether any number is a prime number or
not, take an integer larger than the approximate square root of
that number. Let it be ‘x’. test the divisibility of the given
number by every prime number less than ‘x’. if it not divisible
by any of them then it is prime number; otherwise it is a
composite number (other than prime).
Example: Is 349 a prime number?
Solution:
The square root of 349 is approximate 19. The prime numbers
less than 19 are 2, 3, 5, 7,11, 13, 17.
Clearly, 349 is not divisible by any of them. Therefore, 349 is a
prime number.
Is 823 a prime number?

As (28)2 = 784 and 784<823 so we will not consider 28.

(29)2 = 841<823, so n = 29
Prime numbers less than 29 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23
We find that 823 is not divisible by any of these prime
numbers so it is a prime number.
 Formulas

1. Sum of all the first n natural numbers =

For example: 1+ 2 +3 +…..+105=

2. Sum of first n odd numbers =

For example: 1+3+5+7= 4^2=16(as there are four odd
numbers)

3. Sum of first n even numbers = n (n+1)

For example : 2+4+6+8+….+100 (or 50th even number) =
50×(50+1)= 2550
4. Sum of squares of first n natural numbers =

For example:

5. Sum of cubes of first n naturals numbers =

(1) What is the total of all the even numbers from 1 to 400?
Solution:
From 1 to 400, there are 400 numbers. So, there are 400/2=
200 even numbers.
Hence, sum = 200(200+1) = 40200 (From Rule III)

(2)What is the total of all the even numbers from 1 to

361?
Solution:
From 1 to 361, there are 361, there are 361 numbers; so
there are even numbers.

Thus, sum = 180(180+1)=32580

(3) What is the total of all the odd numbers from 1 to 180?
Solution: There are180/2 = 90 odd numbers between the
given range So, the sum = 90^2 = 8100

(4) What is the total of all the odd numbers from 1 to 51?
Solution
There are odd numbers between the given range.

So, the sum = 26^2 = 676

(5) Find the sum of all the odd numbers from 20 to 101.
Solution:
The required sum = Sum of all the odd numbers from 1 to 101 -
Sum of all the odd numbers from 1 to 20

= Sum of first 51 odd numbers – Sum of first 10 odd numbers

=
(6) The product of 4 consecutive even numbers is always
divisible by A. What is A?

Sol. The smallest possible 4 consecutive even numbers are:

2, 4, 6 and 8. The product of these four numbers is 2 × 4 × 6 ×
8 = 384. So, any 4 consecutive numbers will always be
divisible by 384.

(7) The sum of two numbers is 42. What could be the

maximum possible product of those 2 numbers?
When the sum of two numbers is constant, then product of
those two numbers is maximum, when those two numbers are
as close to each other. As 21 + 21 = 42, so answer will be 21
× 21 = 441.
(8) There are two numbers, such that one number is 6 more
than the other number. If the total of two numbers is 18, find
the product of those numbers.

x + x + 6 = 18, so x = 6, x + 6 = 12, product will be 6 × 12 = 72.

(9) A piece of road is 3 km in length and we have to supply

the lamp post, one post at each end and the difference
between two consecutive lamp posts is 100 m. Find the total
number of lampposts required.

As one lamppost is required at each end, so number of posts =

(3000/100) + 1 = 31. One extra is added as there is one lamp
post at the beginning as well as at the end.
(10) In a class, every student shakes hand with every other
student. If, the total number of students is 40, find the total
number of handshakes that took place in the class.
The first student shakes hand with 39 other students, second
student shake with 38 and so on. So, the total number of
handshakes = 39 + 38 + 37........ + 1 =((39 × 40) / 2 ) =780
(11)A gardener planted trees in rows and columns such
that number of rows is five more than number of columns.
If the total number of rows and column is 105, find the
number of trees.
Let the number of columns = x. Number of rows = x + 5.
According to the question, x + x + 5 = 105. So, 2x + 5 = 105 ⇒ x
= 50. So, the number of columns = 50. Hence, the number of
rows = 50 + 5 = 55. Hence, the number of trees = 55 × 50 =
2750.
Rules of Divisibility

Any number N which on division by a divisor d gives

no remainder (or ‘0’ remainder) is completely divisible by d. In
other words, d completely divides N.

Divisibility test
Divisibility by 2
Any number which ends with 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8, in other words, is
an even number, is divisible by 2.

Divisibility by 3
A number whose digital root or sum of all digits is divisible by 3
is divisible by 3. For example, 65178 is divisible by 3 and has a
digital sum of 6 + 1 + 5 + 7 + 8 = 27 = 2 + 7 = 9, which is
divisible by 3.
Divisibility by 4
A number whose last two digits are divisible by 4 is divisible by
4. For example, 83764 is divisible by 4 as 64 is divisible by 4.

Divisibility by 5
All numbers ending with either 0 or 5 are divisible by 5. For
example, 45, 1890, 8475 and 939340 are all divisible by 5.

Divisibility by 6
As 6 = 3 x 2 Numbers divisible by 3 and 2 are divisible by 6. In
other words, all even numbers which are divisible by 3 are
divisible by 6.
Divisibility by 7
Method 1

Progressively subtract two times the last digit from the remaining
number. If the result is divisible by 7, then the number is divisible
by 7 as well.
For example,
3563119 → 356311 - 18 = 35693 → 3569 - 6 = 3563 → 356 - 6 =
350 which is divisible by 7.
Divisibility by 7
Method 2
This method is applicable for very large digits. Assume a
number abcdefghij. In this method, the number is divided into
blocks of 3 digits each beginning from the right, i.e. a | bcd |
efg | hij and alternate blocks are added to give two number N1
= a + efg and N2 = bcd + hij. If the difference of the numbers
N1 and N2, i.e. N1 - N2 is divisible by 7, then the number
abcdefghij is divisible by 7 too.
For example, 6517739025 → 6 | 517 | 739 | 025 → N1 = 745
and N2 = 542 → N1 - N2 = 203 which is divisible by 7.
This property exists as 7 is a factor of 1001. 1001 = 7 x 11 x
13. Therefore, this property is shown by 11 and 13 as well.
Divisibility by 8

A number whose last three digits are divisible by 8 is divisible by

8. For example, 83864 is divisible by 8 as 864 is divisible by 8.

Divisibility by 9

A number whose digital root or sum of all digits is divisible by 9

is divisible by 9. For example, 65178 is divisible by 9 and has a
digital sum of 6 + 1 + 5 + 7 + 8 = 27 = 2 + 7 = 9,

Divisibility by 10

Any number which ends in a 0 is divisible by 10.

Divisibility by 11

To check for divisibility by 11, the difference between the sum

of alternate digits of the number must be divisible by 11.
Assume a number abcdefghij. Let N1 = a + c + e + g + i and
N2 = b + d + f + h + j. If N1 - N2 is divisible by 11, then
abcdefghij is divisible by 11. For example, for 1738456038, N1
= 1 + 3 + 4 + 6 + 3 = 17 and N2 = 7 + 8 + 5 + 0 + 8 = 28. As N1
- N2 are divisible by 11,1738456038 is divisible by 11.
Divisibility by 12
All numbers which are divisible by 3 and 4 are divisible by 12.

Divisibility by 13
Divisibility of 13 is similar to the method 2 mentioned in divisibility
of 7. Assume a number abcdefghij. In this method, the number is
divided into blocks of 3 digits each beginning from the right, i.e. a |
bcd | efg | hij and alternate blocks are added to give two number
N1 = a + efg and N2 = bcd + hij. If the difference of the numbers
N1 and N2, i.e. N1 - N2 is divisible by 13, then the
number abcdefghij is divisible by 13 too.
For example, 6517739020 → 6 | 517 | 739 | 020 → N1 = 745 and
N2 = 537 → N1 - N2 = 208 which is divisible by 13.
Divisibility by 14
All even numbers which are divisible by 7 are divisible by 14.

Divisibility by 15
Any number ending in 0 or 5 which is also divisible by 3 is
divisible by 15.

Divisibility by 16
All numbers in which the number formed by the last 4 digits is
divisible by 16 are divisible by 16.
1. What is the smallest number that should be added to 27452 to
make it exactly divisible by 9?
a)1 b)2 c)7 d)8 e)9
Answer : C
Explanation:
If a number is divisible by 9, then the sum of its digits must be a
multiple of 9.
Here, 2+7+4+5+2=20, the next multiple of 9 is 27.
7 must be added to 27452 to make it divisible by 9.
2. If 522x is a three-digit number with as a digit x. If the number is
divisible by 6, What is the value of the digit x is?
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e)6
Answer: E
Explanation:
If a number is divisible by 6, it must be divisible by both 2 and 3
In 522x, to this number be divisible by 2, the value of x must be even.
So it can be 2,4 or 6 from given options
552x is divisible by 3, If the sum of its digits is a multiple of 3.
5+5+2+x =12+x ,
If put x =2 , 12+2=14 not a multiple of 3
If put x =4 , 12+6=18 is a multiple of 3
If put x =6 , 12+2=14 not a multiple of 3
The value of x is 6.
3. What is the least value of x such that 7648x is divisible by 11?
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e)5

Answer : c
Explanation:
A number is divisible by 11 when the difference between the sum of
digits at even places and at odd places is 0 or multiple of 11.
The given number is 7648x.
(Sum of digits at EVEN places) – (sum of digits at ODD places)=0
(6 + 8 ) - ( X + 7 + 4 ) = 0
14 - ( X + 11 ) = 0
Here the value of x must be 3.
So, the least value of x is 3.
4. If M183 is divisible by 11, find the value of the smallest natural
number M?
a) 5 b) 6 c) 7 d) 9 e)8
Answer : C
Explanation:
In aptitude tests, we get questions on divisibility by 11.
A number is divisible by 11 when the difference between the sum of
digits at even places and at odd places is 0 or multiple of 11
The given number is M183.
(Sum of digits at EVEN places) – (sum of digits at ODD places)=0
(8 + M )- (3+1)= 0
(8 + M ) - 4 = 0
Here the value of M must be 7.
5. What least whole number should be added to 532869 to make it
divisible by 9?
a)2 b)1 c)3 d)4 e)5

Answer : C
Explanation:
If a number is divisible by 9, the sum of its digits must be a multiple
of 9.
Here, 5+3+2+8+6+9=33, the next multiple of 9 is 36.
3 must be added to 532869 to make it divisible by 9.
6. Find the least value of ‘x’ so that the number 73818x4 is divisible
by 8
a)1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e)6

Answer : B
Explanation:
A number is exactly divisible by 8, then the last 3 digits of the
numbers must be divided by 83
Here the last 3 digits are 8x4.
Put each value in given options in the place of x and check whether it
is divisible by 8 or not.
Option b, 824 which is exactly divisible by 8.
So the answer is option b.
7. Find the least of the value of ‘*’ so that the number 37*124 is
divisible by 9?
a)1 b) 10 c) 2 d) 3 e)4

Answer : A
Explanation:
if a number is divisible by 9, the sum of its digits must be a multiple
of 9.
Here, 3+7+*+1+2+4=17+*
Here the value of * must be 1 because the next multiple of 9 is 18.
8. For a number to be divisible by 88 it should be:
a) Divisible by 8.
b) Divisible by 8 and 22.
c) Divisible by 8 and 11.
d) Divisible by 4,22
e) can’t say
Answer: C
Explanation:
For a number to be divisible by 88, the number must be divisible by 8
and 11.
Write 88 as a product of two factors: 22 ,4 11 ,8 44,2
Of these pairs, 11 and 8 are co primes.
So the number must be divisible by 8 and 11.
9. What is the smallest number which must be added to 8261955 so
as to obtain a sum which is divisible by 11?
a) 1 b)2 c)3 d)4 e)5
Answer : B
Explanation:
For divisibility by 11, the difference of sums of digits at even and odd
places must be either zero or divisible by 11.
For 8261955, Difference =(8+6+9+5) -(2+1+5)=28-8=20.
The units digit is at odd place. So we add 2 to the number
=> 8261955 +2 = 8261957
Now , (8+6+9+7) -(2+1+5)=30-8=22 => 22 is a multiple of 11 and
hence 8261957 is also divisible by 11.
11. What is the missing digit which makes the number 9724* exactly
divisible by 6?
a) 2 b) 4 c)5 d)6 e)8
Answer : A
Explanation:
Divisibility by 6 requires that the number be divisible by 2 as well as
3, i.e., the following 2 conditions must be met
i) Unit digit be Zero or even ii) Sum of digits be divisible by 3
The given number is 9724*
Sum of the digits = (9 +7 +2 +4 +*) =22+*
The digit which on being added to 22 will give the sum divisible by 3
are (22+2) =24 and (22 +5) =27.
2 and 5 satisfy the condition ii. The blank space is at unit's place. So
the missing digit must satisfy the condition (i) also Out of 2 and 5,
only 2 is even.
11. A number is formed by writing first 67 natural numbers in front
of each other as 1234567891011....What is the remainder when this
number is divided by 8?
a)7 b)6 c)3 d) 1 e)0
Correct Option: c
Explanation:
If the number formed by the last three digits of the number is
divisible by 8, then the number is divisible by 8.
We apply the same rule to find the remainder when a number is
divided by 8.
Now the last 3 digits in the number formed by first 67 natural
numbers is 667.
Therefore, the remainder when 667 is divisible by 8 is 3
Rules of Simplification

(i) In simplifying an expression, first of all vinculum or bar

must be removed. For example:
we have known that – 8 – 10 = -18
But, = - (-2) = 2
(ii) After removing the bar, the brackets must be removed,
strictly in the order (), {} and [].
(iii) After removing the brackets, we must use the
following operations strictly in the order
given below. (a) of (b) division (c) multiplication (d) addition
and (e) subtraction.
Note: The rule is also known as the rule of ‘VBODMAS’
where V, B, O, D, M, A and S stand
for Vinculum, Brackets, Of, Division, Multiplication, Addition
and Subtraction respectively.
Example: Simplify

Solution:
1. Simplify 8 + 8 of 8 ‚ 8 - 34/5

Sol: 8 + 64 ‚ 8 - (34/5) (Note: ‘of’ must be solved before ‘‚’)

= 8 + 8 - (34/5) ⇒ 16 - (34/5) = 46/5

2. Simplify the expression: 18 – [6 – {4 – (8 – 6 + 3 )}]

Sol: This is an example where brackets are given. Brackets are

solved after Bar. The order of Solving the brackets is (), {}
and [] respectively. So, the solution of above examples is as
follows.
= 18 – [6 - {4 – (8 – 9)}] ⇒ 18 – [6 – {4 – (- 1)}]
= 18 – [6 - {4 + 1}] ⇒ 18 – [ 6 – 5] => 18 – [ 1] = 18 – 1 = 17
Unit digit
The unit digit is the ones place digit of a number.

Rule for 0, 1, 5, and 6: The integers that end in digits 0, 1, 5,

and 6 have the same unit digit, e.g. 0,1,5,6 respectively,
irrespective of the positive integer exponent.
For example: The unit digit of 1564 = 6
Similarly, the unit digit of 1311783663797 =1

Rule for integer that end in 4:

The unit digit of 41= 4
The unit digit of 42 = 16
The unit digit of 43 = 64
The unit digit of 44 = 256
It shows if the power of 4 is even, the unit digit is 6, and if the
power is an odd number, the unit digit is 4.
Rule for 9:
91 = 9 92 = 81 93 = 729
94= 6561
It shows if the power of 9 is even, the unit digit is 1, and if the
power is an odd number, the unit digit is 9.

Rule for 2, 3, 7, and 8: These numbers have a power cycle

of 4 different numbers as show below:
21 =2 22 =4 23 = 8 24 = 16
25 = 32 26 = 64 27 = 128 28 = 256
It follows a pattern: 2,4,8,6, 2,4,8,6 and so on.
So, the possible unit digit of 2 has 4 different numbers 2, 4, 8,
and 6.
31 =3 32 =9 33 = 27
34 = 81 35 = 243 36 =729
37 = 2187 38 = 6561

It follows a pattern: 3, 9, 7, 1, 3, 9, 7,1and so on.

So, the possible unit digit of 3 has 4 different numbers 3, 9,
7, and 1.

Same logic for 7 and 8: The numbers have 4 possible different

numbers as their possible unit digits. The 7 has 7, 9, 3, 1 and 8
has 8, 4, 2, 6 respectively.
What will be unit digit in (3157)754?
A- 8
B-9
C-7
D-6
Answer - B

Explanation
unit digit in (3157)754 = unit digit in (7)754
= unit digit in (74)188 x 72 = unit digit in (1 x 49) = 9

Thus Unit digit in (3157)754 is 9.

What will be unit digit in 658 x 539 x 436 x 312?

Multiply unit digits of each number.

Unit digit in 658 x 539 x 436 x 312 = Unit digit in 8 x 9 x 6 x 2.

= Unit digit in 864. = 4.
What will be unit digit in 357 x 641 x 763?
Explanation

357 = (34)14 x 3 So Unit digit in 357 = Unit digit in 1 x 3 = 3

641 = (64)10 x 6 So Unit digit in 641 = Unit digit in 6 x 6 = 6
763 = (74)15 x 73 So Unit digit in 761 = Unit digit in 1 x 343 = 3

So Unit digit in 357 x 641 x 763 = Unit digit in 3 x 6 x 3 = 4

Basic Formulas:

These are the basic formulae:

(a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
(a - b)2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab
(a + b)2 - (a - b)2 = 4ab
(a + b)2 + (a - b)2 = 2(a2 + b2)
(a2 - b2) = (a + b)(a - b)
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
(a3 + b3) = (a + b)(a2 - ab + b2)
(a3 - b3) = (a - b)(a2 + ab + b2)
(a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc) = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2
- ab - bc - ca)
1. Which of the following is the output of 6894 x 99 ?
A - 685506 B - 682506 C - 683506 D - 684506
Answer - B
Explanation
6894 x 99 = 6894 x (100 - 1) = 6894 x 100 - 6894 x 1 =
689400 - 6894 = 682506

2. Which of the following is the output of 685798 x 125 ?

A - 85724750 B - 84025750 C - 85250950
D - 82247600
Answer - A
Explanation
685798 x 125 = 685798 x 53 = 685798 x (10/2)3 = (685798 x
103) / 23 = 685798000 / 8 = 85724750
3. Which of the following is the output of 43986 x 625 ?
A - 27491450 B - 27491350
C - 27491250 D - 27491750
Answer - C
Explanation
43986 x 625 = 43986 x 54 = 43986 x (10/2)4 = (43986 x 104) /
24 = 439860000 / 16 = 27491250

4. Which of the following is the output of 869 x 738 + 869 x

262 ?
A - 262000 B - 738000 C - 969000 D - 869000
Answer - D
Explanation
869 x 738 + 869 x 262 = 869 x (738 + 262) = 869 x 1000 =
869000
5. Which of the following is the output of 936 x 587 - 936 x
487 ?
A - 93600 B - 58700 C - 48700 D - 100
Answer - A
Explanation
936 x 587 - 936 x 487 = 936 x (587 - 487) = 936 x 100 = 93600

6.Which of the following is the output of 1496 x 1496 ?

A - 3338016 B - 2238016 C - 2248016 D - 2258016
Answer - B
Explanation
1496 x 1496 = 14962 = (1500-4)2 = 15002 + 42 - 2 x 1500 x 4 =
2250000 + 16 - 12000 = 2238016
7. Which of the following is the output of 1607 x 1607 ?
A - 2581449 B - 2583449 C - 2582449 D - 2584449
Answer - C
Explanation
1607 x 1607 = 16072 = (1600+7)2 = 16002 + 72 + 2 x 1600 x 7
= 2560000 + 49 +22400 = 2582449
8. Which of the following is the output of 596 x 596 - 104 x
104 ?
A - 377700 B - 366600 C - 355500 D - 344400
Answer - D
Explanation
596 x 596 - 104 x 104 = 5962 - 1042 = (596 + 104) x (596 -
104) = 700 x 492 = 344400
8. Which of the following is the output of 57 x 57 + 43 x 43
+ 2 x 57 x 43 ?
A - 10000 B - 5700 C - 4300 D - 1000
Answer - A
Explanation
57 x 57 + 43 x 43 + 2 x 57 x 43 = (57 + 43)2 = (100)2 = 10000

9. Which of the following is the output of 93 x 93 + 73 x 73

- 2 x 93 x 73 ?
A - 200 B - 400 C - 300 D - 100
Answer - B
Explanation
93 x 93 + 73 x 73 - 2 x 93 x 73 = (93 - 73)2 = (20)2 = 400
10. Which of the following is the output of (578 x 578 x 578 +
432 x 432 x 432) / (578 x 578 - 578 x 432 + 432 x 432) ?
A - 2000 B - 4000 C - 1000 D - 1010
Answer - D
Explanation
(578 x 578 x 578 + 432 x 432 x 432) / (578 x 578 - 578 x 432 +
432 x 432) Let's have a = 578, b = 432
Now expression is (a3 + b3) / (a2 - ab + b2) = a + b = 578 + 432 =
1010
11. Which of the following is the output of (141 x 141 x 141 -
58 x 58 x 58) / (141 x 141 + 141 x 58 + 58 x 58) ?
A - 83 B - 100 C - 90 D - 73
Answer - A
Explanation
(141 x 141 x 141 - 58 x 58 x 58) / (141 x 141 + 141 x 58 + 58 x
58) Let's have a = 141, b = 58 Now expression is (a3 - b3) / (a2 +
ab + b2) = a - b = 141 - 58 = 83
12. Which of the following is the output of 213 x 213 + 187
x 187 ?
A - 50338 B - 80338 C - 90338 D - 70338
Answer - B
Explanation
213 x 213 + 187 x 187 Let's have a = 213, b = 187 Now

expression is a2 + b2 Using following formula,

(a + b)2 + (a - b)2 = 2 x (a2 + b2)

2 x ( 213 x 213 + 187 x 187) = (213 + 187)2 + (213 - 187)2

2 x ( 213 x 213 + 187 x 187) = 4002 + 262
2 x ( 213 x 213 + 187 x 187) = 160000 + 676
213 x 213 + 187 x 187 = 160676 / 2 = 80338
13. Which of the following is the output of ((637 + 478)2 -
(637 - 478)2) /(637 x 478) ?
A- 4 B-6 C-8 D - 24
Answer - C
Explanation

((637 + 478)2 - (637 - 478)2)/(637 x 478)

Let's have a = 637, b = 478
Now expression is ((a + b)2 - (a - b)2) / ab =
(a2 + b2 + 2ab - (a2 + b2 - 2ab)) / ab = (a2 + b2 + 2ab - a2 - b2 +
2ab) / ab = 4ab / ab = 4
14. Which of the following is the output of ((964 + 578)2 +
(964 - 578)2) /(964 x 964 + 578 x 578) ?
A- 4 B-6 C-8 D-2
Answer - D
Explanation
((964 + 578)2 + (964 - 578)2) /(964 x 964 + 578 x 578)
Let's have a = 964, b = 578
Now expression is ((a + b)2 + (a - b)2) / (a2 + b2)
= (a2 + b2 + 2ab + (a2 + b2 - 2ab)) / (a2 + b2)
= (a2 + b2 + 2ab + a2 + b2 - 2ab) / (a2 + b2)
= 2(a2 + b2) / (a2 + b2) = 2
Ascending or Descending Order in Rational
Numbers

Rule 1: When the numerator and the denominator of the

fractions increase by a constant value, the last fraction is
the biggest.

Example: Which of the following fractions is the greatest?

Solution:
We see that the numerators as well as denominators of the
above fraction increase by 1, so the last fraction, i.e.
is the greatest fraction.
Rule 2: The fraction whose numerator after cross-
multiplication given the greater value is greater.
Example: Which is greater :

Solution:
Students generally solve these questions by changing the
fractions into decimal values or by
equating the denominators. But, we suggest you a better
method for getting the answer more quickly.
Step 1: Cross –multiply the two given fractions.
We have, 5 × 14 = 70 and 8 ×9 =72

Step II. As 72 is grater than 70 and the numerator

involved with the greater value is 9, the fraction
is the greater of the two.
Example: Which is greater:

Solution:
Step I: 4 ×23 > 15 ×6

Step II: As the greater value has the numerator 4 involved

with it, is greater.
Example: Arrange the following in ascending order.

Solution: Method I
The LCM of 7,5,9,2,5, is 630.
Now, to equate the denominators, we divide the LCM by the
denominators and multiply the
quotient by the respectively numerators.
Like for , 630 ‚ 7 = 90, so, multiply 3 by 90.
Thus, the fractions change to
The fraction which has larger numerator is naturally larger. So,
Method II:
Change the fractions into decimals like

= 0.428, = 0.8, = 0.777, = 0.5,

= 0.6

Clearly,
Method III:
Rule of CM (cross-multiplication)
Step I: Take the first two fractions. Find the greater one by
the rule of CM.

3 × 5< 7×4
Step II: Take the third fraction. Apply CM with the third
fraction and the larger value obtained in step I.

4×9>5×7
Step III: With similar applications, we get the final result as:
Division Problems:

1. In a division sum, we have four quantities – Dividend,

Divisor, Quotient and Remainder.
These are connected by the relation.
Dividend = (Divisor × Quotient) + Remainder

2. When the division is exact, the remainder is zero (0). In this

case, the above relation
becomes
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient
Example: The quotient arising from the divisor of 24446 by
a certain number is 79 and the remainder is 35; what is the
divisor?

Solution:
Divisor × Quotient = Dividend - Remainder
79×Divisor = 24446 -35 =24411
Divisor = 24411 ‚ 79 = 309.
Thank You