Chapter One

Introduction
1.1 . Back Ground of the Study
Urbanization is the process of concentration of people in an area where non- agricultural
economic activities are dominant. Nowadays, the issue of urbanization has got serious
attention as urban regions are centers of socio-economic, political and cultural lives of the
society. Urban areas are also sources where different job creating and development
opportunities that support life in and around the surrounding community emanate. Yet, this
development can only be brought about only when urban centers grow in line with the
development plan of the town (land use planning). Hence, guiding the newly emerging
municipalities to grow in a planned and structured manner will have of paramount
importance rather than leaving them grow in unplanned manner. The town was established
since 1952 E.C.
The town is bounded with Hadiya Zone of east Badawacho Woreda and Hamburse Mountain to
the North, Kindo kysha, offa,workicha and Echero Kalacha mountain to the south, Oromiya
region, Bilate River and Gefersa Mountain to the East, and Edo kindo keble , Charake river and
Abitesa/limu/ mountain to the west.
The town is found at 67k.m away from zonal capital, Soddo, 31 kms from the worda capital,
Bittana and 152 kms away from regional capital, Hawassa.
The town has population of 3107. The study town has a total area of 256 hectares. It has two
administrative kebeles known as Koysha and Offa. Agro-ecologically the town is qolla, which
ranges from 1000 – 1500 m above sea level (Source survey results of the area).
The town has got growing municipality status according to urban hierarchy of the region in 2000
E.C. in line with the rule and regulation to establish municipality.
The need for guiding towns’ development by urban plan has become the urgent issue and this
idea was claimed by the residents of Holeta town and presented in the form of petition for
Wolayta Zone Urban Development Department and Duguna Fango woreda administration to
take initiative to prepare the basic plan for the town. Consequently, the local socio- economic
development, physical and environmental studies have been carried out as counter part of the
preparation of the basic plan of Hollota Genet town.

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1.2 Vision
Holota Genet will become planned, conductive, residential, commercial and agro industrial
center, which facilitates the development of the region by creating favorable linkage with
surrounding rural and urban land with in the coming ten years.
1.3. Objectives of the study
- To guide a town with basic plan and well distributed infrastructure
- To have efficient utilization of town resource and to bring sustainable development.
- To guide the socio- economic and spatial development of the town
- To make the town play its role in promoting development to its surrounding region.
- To promote urban rural linkage for mutual benefits
- To promote efficient land supply for various urban services.
- To make the municipality play a pivotal role in providing municipal services.
1.4 Methodology of the study
The study was conducted based on the data collected using structured and unstructured socio –
economy related interviews, questionnaires and observation methods. Then the eligible
respondents were selected with regard to some criteria such as age, eligibility, and residents of
the city etc. The study team had conducted primary data collection using questionnaires and face
–to-face interview with the concerned bodies, field observation. The study team also reviewed
CSA data and Duguna Fango Woreda, unpublished and published socio- economic profiles etc to
get secondary data. The collected data was arranged in orderly manner. Both quantitative and
qualitative data was differentiated for data analysis and interpretation. In quantitative data
statistical analysis like ratio, percentage, average, etc was conducted. In addition to this,
description of some phenomena for qualitative data has been conducted. The spatial data had
been analyzed using AUTO CAD soft ware. The study team adopted participatory approach from
the data collection to formulating proposal. The team was composed of urban planner, surveyors,
and drafts man for plan preparation and economists and geographers for socio economic study.
The study was carried out by consulting all the stake holders at each stage of the community
such as representatives of businessmen, religious leaders, community based organizations, and
elders of community. Finally, worth white document was produced.

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1.5 The scope of the study
This study mainly focuses on detail analysis of the socio- economic and spatial aspect of the
town under study, Holeta Genet. It also tries to asses the socio- economic and special aspect of
the study region (Woreda) which will have inevitable influence on the over all development of
the town.
The scope of the study is limited in terms of content and geographical /spatial coverage.
Accordingly, this study is undertaken mainly to prepare the basic plan of HolotaGenet town.

The major focus area of the study is therefore;

 The environmental assessment of the influence area & the project town;

 The physical characteristics /features of the influence area and the town;

 Existing land use characteristics of the influence area;

 The condition of the physical infrastructure of the town;

 Municipal service and capacity of the town; and

 The condition of Social services and economic activities of the town;

1.6 Organization of the study

The study had been composed of nine main parts. The introductory part was integrated from the
back ground of the study, the vision, and objectives of the study, methodology, scope of the
study and organization of the study. Chapter two deals with historical over view of Hollota town.
Chapter three examines the physical infrastructure characteristics, and municipal services and
demography of the town. Chapter four explains the demographic characteristics and social
services of the town. The fifth chapter discussed economic development of the area. Chapter six
presented institutional set up of the municipality. Chapter seven, deals with the present and
future potential economic resources, investment, and opportunities of the town. Finally, chapter
eight presented the issues of town planning and recommendations respectively.

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Experts who participated in the preparation of Holeta Genet town Basic Plan

A. Base Map Preparation (Surveying) team

 Brehanu Asha- From Zonal Urban Organization Plan Preparation & Monitoring Process.

B.Socio Economic Study Team

1. Paulos Asfaw: conducted the socio economic analysis part
C. Land use Planning Team
1. Feleke Dache – Conducted land use and road network planning

D. CAD team

 Woinabeba Adinew

E. Text Edition and Compilations

 Teshome Matusala

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Chapter Two
Physical Characteristics of the Study Region
2.1 Location
Duguna Fango woreda is one of 12 woredas in Wolaita Zone of SNNPRS. It is bordered with
Hadiya Zone in the North and West, Oromiya Regional State in the North East, Sidama Zone in
the east and Damote woyde woreda of Wolayta Zone in the south.
Bitana, the capital town of Duguna Fango Woreda is found 49.5 kms away from zonal capital,
Soddo and 86kms from regional capital, Hawassa. Astronomically, the study region is located
6.77- 7.050 N to 37.96- 38.130 E.

2.2 Topography
The study region is characterized with a diversified topographical appearance. The dominant
physical feature of the study region comprises plains, hills, mounts, valleys, and Gorges. The
altitude ranges in between (1000 - 2500 meters above sea level). The low land area in the study
region is found along the rift-valley sides that run from north east to south west in the country.
Agro-ecologically, the woreda experiences varied climatic conditions (Dega, WoinaDega, and
qolla).

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2.3 Hydrological Analysis /Drainage/
Duguna Fango woreda is rich enough in hydrology or drainage system. The region is drained by
many small and large perennial rivers such as Charake, Bisare, and Billate. The Charake and
Bisare rivers flow into Billate River that drains into Lake Abaya. Though these rivers are
irrigable in nature, the effort made to utilize them is insignificant. If there be effective water
management practices, the potential to maximize agricultural output is high. The presence of
diversified topography made the study region liable to high run-off and erosion problems.
On the contrary, the presence of many rivers can negatively affect the development of physical
infrastructures by increasing the cost of construction and subsequently hinder easy
communication between places
2.4 Climate
Climate has a great impact on spatial distribution of phenomena. It can affect the spatial
distribution of its elements like, (temperature, rainfall), soil type, vegetation cover, productivity
etc. According to Duguna Fango woreda Agricultural and Rural Development Office, the climate
of study region is categorized into three major agro-ecological Zones, namely Kolla, Woynadega
and Dega. The total annual rainfall amount the region receives ranges between (800mm to
1200mm and the mean annual temperature distribution of the region ranges in between (17.6 0c to
22.50c).
Table 2.1.Agro Ecological Zones of Duguna Fango
Agro Ecological Temperature
Woreda Zones altitude In oc
Kolla 500 -1500 m a.s.l
Duguna Fango WoynaDega 1500- 2500 m a.s.l
Dega 2500-3500 m a.s.l
Source: - woreda Duguna Fango Agricultural and Rural Development Office
2.4.1 Temperature
The distribution of temperature over an area can largely be determined by the nature of its
altitude. So that with change in altitude the amount of temperature varies. As it is the dominant
element of climate, it results in the corresponding changes of the other elements of climate.
Temperature influences every human activity negatively or positively .The effect of it could be
serious on extreme situation. According to the information obtained from Duguna Fango

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Woreda Agricultural & Rural Development Office, the annual average temperature of the
Woreda is in between 17.60c to 22.50c.
2.4.2 Rain Fall
Rainfall is the other important element of weather and climate that determined by the direction
and type of winds occur. Consequently, the study area gains various amount of rainfall during
different seasons. The study area agricultural production is highly depends on rainfall since it can
influence human activities. The region receives high amount of rainfall during summer season
(June, July, and August). The second important rainy season is spring (March, April & May).
According to the information obtained from DugunaFango Woreda Agricultural & Rural
Development Office, the lowest & highest annual rainfall of the study region reaches 800mm to
1200mm respectively. This shows that, the region receives low amount of rainfall that cannot
support the production of a variety of crops.
2.5 Vegetation
The diverse ago ecology of the region allow the growth of different tree species. Among them
the main ones include, zigiba, Tikur inchet, Tid, Woira, Grayville, Wanza and Eucalyptus tree
etc. There are also Low land tree species (Acacia /Girar, sholla, shrubs), and mountain vegetation
types grown in the study region. The cover of vegetation now in the region is highly affected due
to continuous exploitation and low environmental protection awareness.
With regard to deforestation, the study region suffers from uncontrolled cutting of trees.
The major causes of cutting trees are:
- Expansion of agricultural land
- High demand for the construction of houses
- Charcoal production
- High demand for fuel wood, etc.
The remedial measures that should be taken to alleviate the problem include community based
awareness creation and afforestation practices.
2.6 The Soils of the Study Region
Soil provides the foundation for plants, animals and human life (biodiversity). Examining the
type of soil helps for agricultural activities, engineering activities in the urban as well as any
activity on it. The study region, Duguna Fango, has different types of soils.
These include; Red Basaltic soil, Lithotomic soil, Fluvisols soil, Andosols etc.

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Fluvisols soils = River deposited soil (Fertile soil)
Andosols soils = soil developed from volcanic products, used for grazing.
Lighosols soils = developed in recent lava and young quaternary sediments, found in rugged
topography & slopes.
Black Basaltic soils = clay content, sticky and has poor drainage and water logging nature
Source: - from Wolaita zone and Duguna Fango Woreda Agricultural offices.
Due to the dominance of undulating landscape, soil erosion is serious in the study region.
According to the information collected from Duguna Fango Woreda Agriculture & Rural
Development Office, the volume of soil eroded in the Woreda varies from place to place & the
type of activities practiced on the land. Due to the presence of up & down nature of the land, the
rate of soil erosion is aggravated when cultivation takes place on it. In order to reverse this
problem, the Woreda Agriculture & Rural Development Office in integration with other sectors
is taking conservation measures like construction of terrace on sloppy area, water shade
management & intensive awareness creation activities to the community
2.7 Energy Sources
In the study region /woreda/, there are different energy sources such as water energy, fuel wood,
solar energy & Wind energy, etc. Fuel wood and charcoal are most used energy sources than
others. Water energy is economically utilized as a source of electricity, home consumption and
agricultural activities. In the urban areas of the region, hydro-electric power energy is used.
Wood energy is used for the purpose of construction and production of charcoal for house
consumption (fuel).
2.8 / Regional Urban System
Compared to other woreda administrations, Duguna Fango woreda is fast growing in municipal
establishment. Thus, Hollota-Genet is one of growing municipality town in Duguna-Fango
woreda. The Woreda urban centers growth is the most important in speeding-up local
development.
According to the data obtained from Wolayta Zone Finance & Economic Development
Department, demographic and Socio economic report of 2003, the total population of
DugunaFango Woreda is 106,857. From this, urban population size is about 25,566 which
accounts for 24 % of the total population of the Woreda.

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 The study woreda has six growing municipal towns. The table below shows each of them with
detail.
Table2.2 urban center & emerging urban settlements in DugunaFango Woreda
No Name of Woreda Population % of Function Distance from Remark
urban center size population Woreda center
Rural
1 Dimtu D/Fango 4802 18.7 market 18 km
center
Rural
2 Bitana D/Fango 4651 18.2 market Woreda center
center

Rural
3 Karchache D/Fango 4876 19 market 12 km
center

Rural Emerging
4 Hollota- D/Fango 3107 12.1 market 26KM urban
Genet center center
Rural
5 Edo D/Fango 3800 14.8 market 20KM
center
Rural
6 Anka-Robe D/Fango 4330 16.9 market 15 km
center

Source: - Duguna Fango Woreda Finance & Economy Development Office, 2004EC

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Chapter Three
3. Rural Economy of the Study Region
3.1. Rural Land Use of the Study Region
The rural land of Duguna fango woreda is used to produce different types of crops & vegetables.
The high land parts in the region usually dominated by subsistence farming whereas; the low
land parts in some areas practicing mechanized farming system.
According to the information obtained from Duguna Fango woreda, the rural land use situation
of Duguna Fango Woreda is analyzed as its economic linkage is relatively strong with the
planning town and it is the immediate neighbor of the town.
Table: 3.1 Rural land Use of Duguna Fango Woreda, 2004EC
Total area
Woreda in ha. Land use type
Cultivated Cultivable Grazing Forest & Irrigable Other
land land land bush land land land use

Duguna
Fango 31,340 15862.4 1227 1672.5 2129 1213.6 9235.5

% 100 50.6 4 5.3 6.7 3.8 29.4

Source: Duguna Fango Woreda Agricultural Development Office, 2004 EC

As it is shown on the table above, 50.6%, 5.3% and 6.7% of land area of the Woreda is under
cultivated, forest and bush land and grazing land respectively. Therefore, the greatest land is
used for the production of different crops. In the woreda, the smallest proportion is accounted by
currently irrigated land which is only 3.8 % of the total area.
3.2 Area of Land Used for the Cultivation of Major Crops types
The types of crops produced in the study region indicate the dominant food crops supplied to the
planning town. If important food crops are not produced in the influence region, the dependence
of the study town on other region is easily understood.

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Table: 3.2 Land allocated for the cultivation of major crops in Duguna Fango Woreda, 2004EC
Total area Cultivated land for crops ( ha)
Woreda covered by Teff Cereals Maize Sorghum
Vegetable
major crops
s & fruits
(ha.)
Duguna 16010 4320 1220 980 6290 3200
Fango
% 100 27 7.6 6 39 20

Source: duguna fango woreda agricultural development office, 2004 E.C

As indicated on the table above, the largest cultivated land in the Woreda is devoted for the
production of Maize (39%) followed by Teff (27%) and Sorghum (20%).
The fluctuation in volume of agricultural productivity of the influence area affects the degree of
sustainability of food crops supplied to the town under consideration and the urban - rural
linkage.
3.3 Urban-Rural, Rural-Urban and Urban-Urban Economic Linkage
The interaction of people with one another strengthens their mutual benefits socially,
economically, politically as well as culturally. Similarly the interaction between urban-rural and
urban-urban eases the linkage between people there by facilitating the exchange and flow of
ideas and commodities. It also helps to identify and analyze the major constraints that hinder the
linkage and proposes the way how the interaction is strengthened. As it can be observed from the
data obtained, the study region has strong tie with, the surrounding rural parts. The exchanges of
different commodities mainly primary agricultural products on market days are more important
in linking the surrounding rural areas with the urban centers. In addition to this; the surrounding
areas supply the urban centers with fuel wood, charcoal, construction materials etc. This in turn
strengthens the two way economic interaction and facilitates the development of both rural and
urban centers.

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Table: 3.4 Origin of Major agricultural products supplied to urban centers, 2004EC
No Type of Source/Origin No Type of Product Source/Origin
Product
1 Teff Influence area 11 Red pepper Influence area
2 Maize Wolayta 12 Spices Wolayta
3 Wheat ,, 13 Honey ,,
4 Barley ,, 14 Butter ,,
5 coffee ,, 15 Fruit ,,
6 Carrot ,, 16 Chat ,,
7 Cabbage ,, 17 Live animal ,,
8 Green pepper ,, 18 Pea ,,
9 Tomato ,, 19 Sheep ,,
10 Onion ,, 20 Goat ,,
Source: The survey result, 2004 EC

Concerning the urban - urban economic linkage, the study region was supplied more with
manufactured commodities from wolayita Soddo, and Awassa towns than any other towns in the
region. It is not to mean that the other towns have no interaction, but they contribute less when
compared to the two towns mentioned above. This is mainly due to the existence of weak
economic linkage with urban centers found in Wolayta Zone. The low commercial activities
prevailing in the urban centers of the Zone affected the economic linkage of the planning town
with the surrounding urban centers. Therefore, to enhance the economic linkage of the planning
town physical infrastructure provision, investment and business promotion should be undertaken.
3.4 Livestock Rising
As part of economic activity, livestock rising supports the lives of the population in and around
the town under planning. It has great economic contribution for the existence of the region as
being part of the items supplied to the local market from the influence areas. The number of
livestock population brought to the planning town on the market day is high adding the
municipality’s revenue greatly and increasing the financial capacity of the planning town.

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Table: 3.4 Major types of livestock population of Duguna Fango Woreda, 2004EC
Woreda Total livestock Types of livestock
population
Cattle Sheep Goat Chicken Equines
Duguna 9269 4357 1854 2317 464 277
Fango

% 100 47 20 25 5 3
Source: Duguna Fango Woreda Agricultural Development Office, 2004 EC
As it can be shown from table above that from all types of livestock, cattle population takes the
largest share (47%) followed by goat (25%) and sheep (20%). The population of equines is the
smallest (3%) in the Woreda. This indicates livestock population and its product plays great role
in supporting the economy in the planning town. Additionally, it can create high opportunity for
establishing industries (dairy farming) using cattle products and byproducts in the planning town
that further creates job opportunities.

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Chapter Four
Historical Overview of Hollota town
4.1 Pre-Foundation History
Before the establishment of the town, the area currently known as Holleta was not occupied by
settled people and was considered to be a desert. There were few nomadic people of different
ethnic groups lived in the area. These people were not settled permanently in the area due to
security problem. The area even was considered as center of continuous robbery of people who
passing via Holleta Genet to Wolayta and Oromia regions.
It was during the reign of Emperor Haile Silassie I (in 1952 E.C), the area has come to be center
of settlement aimed at ensuring security to the area. Then after, people began settling in the area.
Through time the settlement has shown continuous progress and led the town achieve municipal
status in 2000 E.C.

4.2 Naming of the Town

The study area is bordered with Hadiya and Sidama Zones of SNNPRS, Oromia regional state
and other kebeles in Wolayta zone. From the very beginning, these people had been continuous
interacting with each other in socio economic affairs. However, the interactions sometimes cause
conflict and war over the use and control of resources like pasture ground and water available
around border areas.
The conflicts sometimes end up with serious damage and bloody wars. The belligerent groups
consider fighting and becoming victorious in the area as a source of courage. The aggressors,
particularly the indigenous people who repeatedly won over the war, claim the higher status and
feel proud. The local people had great fear for the area where frequent attacks and fighting
occurs. And later on, they gave a nick name for the area called ‘’Holla’’ i.e. to mean submission
or surrender to indicate their powerfulness and victory over the enemies, in wolayta language.
4.3 Development Trend of the Municipality
The pastoralists who established a settled mode of living in the area continued living and
practiced diversified economic activities. And these people had grown up in number and
attracted many people to the area. This could have given birth for the further expansion and
development of the study town. Gradually, one primary school and other social institutions like
administrative centers were opened following the growing number of inhabitants.

14
The process of urbanization has continued and many houses constructed from corrugated iron
sheet were emerged in the area. Following this, schools and health post were built. When one
village becomes town based on its activities and population, it needs institution to govern the
town. Thus, the study town needs to have the status of municipality to administer all the
activities. Some of them include; maintaining the planned growth of the town, the development
and expansion of infrastructures, managing the socio-economic condition of the community.

The following are the major reasons behind the foundation of as an urban center:

 The presence of suitable pasture and farm lands;

 Its relatively comfortable topography and climate;

 The presence of social infrastructures like schools, health posts

4.4. The Establishment of municipality

The need for guiding town’s development by urban plan has become the urgent issue and the
idea has been initiated by zonal urban development department and Duguna Fango woreda
administration to take initiative to prepare the basic plan.
The town has got a municipality status at the beginning of 2000 E.C. The different municipal
services like tax collection, boundary dispute resolution, etc. are started to be rendered for the
community in a formal way. Following this, the town has got telecommunication, electricity,
education, Health, Potable water services etc.

In addition to this, there are natural heritages and historical sites around the study town which are
not yet considered due to lack of promotion works and physical infrastructure facilities mainly
roads. If they are facilitated allowed to visit by people found in the nearby area and distant
places, their contribution for the development of the town will be significant. Therefore, the
concerned bodies should create ways by which they are utilized and become significant for the
town.

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Chapter Five
5. Physical Characteristics
5.1. Location, Area and Shape of the Study Town
Hollota Genet town is found in Wolayta zone Duguna Fango woreda in Southern Nations
Nationalities and People’s Regional State. Relatively, it is located bounded by Oromia Region at
junctions of Bilate and Charake rivers in the north, Attesa Mountains and Hadiya zone in the
west, and Dendo workicha kebele in the south and east. It is 12 kms away from the woreda
capital, town Bitana and 32 kms far from zonal capital, Soddo. It has a total area of 256 hectare.
The town has somewhat oval shape that stretches north to south in between the two rivers. It has
four out let roots towards (Bitana, the woreda capital, the main asphalt road (Addis Ababa-
Wolayta Soddo), Oromiya & Hadya, and Dendo workicha kebeles). Thus, a town has great
opportunity of making communication with people in and around if the major urban
infrastructures like road networks are available.
5.2 Topography & Drainage
5.2.1. Topography
The terrain nature of the town understudy is almost plain and relatively sloppy towards west.
Therefore, it would be highly suitable for urban development, particularly for infrastructures
provisions such as urban streets, communication lines, water supply, etc. Generally the town is
located at an altitude ranging 1000-1500m) above mean seal level (MSl).
5.2.2. Drainage system of the town
Hollota Genet town is characterized by plain, gentle slope and steep slope along river side. The
study town is dominated by plain and gentle slope towards West. There are two perennial rivers
bounded the town, Namely, Charake and Billate. The town is located with in the rift-valley
drainage basin. River Charake flows south to north drained into Billate River. Then, Billate river
flows north-to-south to Lake Abaya. The rivers have potential advantages for Irrigation of urban
agriculture knowing the drainage system of the study town helps to stretch infrastructures such as
ditch building, road networking, communication lines, water supply lines etc.

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5.3. Climate
Climate is one of the key issues considered in urban planning. It has direct and indirect impact on
urban land use planning. The impact of climate can be expressed in terms of its elements like,
temperature, rain fall and wind.
5.3.1. Temperature
The town has average annual temperature of about 26c o, which represents a tropical or "kola"
climate condition. However the mean maximum and minimum temperatures varies from 15 c o to
33 co (Ethiopian meteorological service, 1979; meteorological maps of Ethiopia) June, July and
august are cool months while November, December and January are hot months.
Generally the town experiences a tropical "kola" agro- ecological climate. Therefore, it has
impact on land use planning, housing, & spacing.
5.3.2. Rain Fall
Rainfall is one of the elements of climate. It plays a vital role in preparation of urban plan. The
mean annual rain fall of the area ranges from 1200 cm to 1500 mm. The amount of rainfall
received in an urban center determines the intensity of run-off on the surface. Hence, the rainfall
information in combination with other physical factors is used to design adequate type and size
of drainage canals to manage the resultant damage from erosion. As the survey result indicated
that the annual average rainfall of Hollota Genet town is 800mm. The months with the highest
rainfall are June, July & august which is summer /kiremt/ for the woreda and the study town.
The Months with little amount of rainfall distribution are December, January, & February
which represents winter to the northern hemisphere / Bega/ season in the region.
Generally, if the annual distribution of rainfall is low, the flood run-off of the town will be low
and which reduces the canal/ditch constructions cost.
5.3.3. Wind Direction
As there is no meteorological station that records the amount of rainfall, temperature, wind
speed, and wind direction, in the town, it is difficult to get the exact figure regarding the
temperature, rainfall and wind direction that blows over the area. According to, the assumption
of local dwellers the prevailing wind over the area (town) can be classified in to two based on the
intensity of the wind as major and minor wind direction;

17
The major wind direction could be from North East part of the town to south west parts mainly
during bega (winter) season. Whereas, the minor wind direction in the area concentrate on the
opposite side of the major wind direction in the northern hemisphere summer.
Though, the town is established on plain topography, the effect of wind erosion is less significant
due to the presence of different forest trees in the area which serves as a shelter belt.
5.4. Soil type
The analysis of soil type of the town has of a paramount importance. It helps for the
establishment of engineering structure, ditch building and construction works.
The study town is dominantly covered by fluvial soil type i.e. river deposited soil (fertile soil).
This soil type has good agricultural potential and uniform profile all over the town. However,
during rainy season such soil types easily washed away and lose fertility.

5.5. Urban Greenery

Vegetation cover of an area significantly reflects the climatic condition. Natural vegetation has a
significant contribution for the environment. Some of these include;

 It balances the local climate

 It reduce dust problem
 It has scenic value for the area
In the study area there are few trees planted by people of the area and few remains of forest
species are available but it was endangered. On contrary to this, in the existing land use there
were no green areas left for the purpose of urban green areas. Thus, the forest area of the town
must be reserved to control the climate of the area. Besides this, within the planning boundary
green areas also need to be reserved for blocks, and land preservation tasks should be tackled by
the concerned body.

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5.6. Physical Expansion of the Town
The availability and access to social infrastructures made urban centers more preferable than
rural parts. Due to this factor, the rate of urbanization remains high in any urban center including
the town under study. This happens mainly seeking for living better life. The main aim of urban
planning is to prepare appropriate and adequate urban expansion area. There are certain elements
that should be considered in the selection of expansion area. Some of them include people’s
preference, topography, climate, proximity to the physical infrastructures such as telephone,
electricity, water, etc.

In terms of the above criteria, the study town could expand in all directions. However, the major
expansion directions are;

 It can expand to the North direction towards the river side

 It can also expand to south, south-east and north east directions. Today the town is
expanding in all directions.
5.7. Municipal Services
The municipality provides services such as open market, livestock market, slaughter house, solid
waste removal, bus station, fire Brigade, Public Bathes, Toilets, playground, etc.
5.7.1. The Condition of Open Market
The analysis of Market situation is necessary to identify the major constraints that hinder
efficient utilization of market resources.
According to the research conducted by the study team, the existing market of Hollota Genet
town is found at the center of the town. It is scattered and in unplanned manner. Cattle market is
found together with main market. The market place is small and does not accommodate all
attendants. Hence proposing modern market place in planned manner to solve accommodation
problem is vital.
There fore, the planner should examine:-
- The major spatial problems
- Situational analysis for land uses
- The settlement pattern of market
- Efficient allocation of market place for different types of items
- The site to construct public toilet
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 - The direction for market expansion and basic market plan site should consider physically,
socially and economically.
5.7.2. Live Stock Market
In Hollota Genet, the market days are held in Tuesday and Saturday with in a week. The main
market day is on Tuesday.
Due to the market accessibility and centrality large number of people come from Hadiya,
Oromiya, Sidama and wolaita of different woredas, to exchange commodities. The number of
market attendants reaches its peak in Tuesday. It is estimated to reach 4000 - 5000 peoples.
As survey result indicated that different types of items such as cattle (cow, ox, goat, sheep, etc.) ,
Mule, donkey, horse, crops like Maize fruits, cereals and industrial products are exchanged in the
market. But the following problems identified for market places
- Congestion in main market day
- Lack of stores and shade structure for both market places.
- Lack of separate livestock Market
- Absence of public toilet (construct public toilet)
- Absence of solid disposal container and place for both market
- Absence of ditch line to water flood at rainy season (construct ditch canal)
 Suggested Solutions for the problems.
- Solving market congestion in the new plan
- Constructing store and shade structure in the market legally.
5.7.3. Abattoir Service
Even though, Abattoir service has of paramount significance for the entire population of the
town, the service is not available before. As a result, the residents were forced to slough with in
their home, on the open space and everywhere in the town which in turn has multiple problems
on the society’s health condition. Generally, uncontrolled slaughter and poor sanitation would
pave the way for different health problems and other related cases .Thus, planning solution is
needed in that the new land use plan should have to incorporate a space for abattoir services.
Hence, the alternative site for this service should be sited in relation to the direction of the
prevailing wind in the town not to pollute the environment.

20
5.7.4. Municipal Cemetery

As it is one the most significant land issue in any town, there is no municipal cemetery in Hollota
Genet. The municipality provides this service for the poor, helpless, new comers with no
relatives, etc. Hence, land for municipal cemetery is must but practically the service has not been
given to anyone. Since, such request is an incident the place for municipal cemetery is must.
Therefore, in the new plan a place for municipal cemetery needs to be reserved.

5.7.5. Bus-Terminals
Hollota Genet town has no Bus-Terminals. The road network was not stretched using standard
but people move from place to place by motor cycle, horse carts. To solve this problems standard
road-network should be constructed /stretched/ from woreda and other neighboring zones and
regions. Bridge should also be constructed on charake and Billate Rivers to perennially join the
area with the surrounding districts.
5.7.6 Solid Waste Management
Solid waste management is one of the social services given by municipalities to town people.
Solid wastes such as trash, garbage, food scropes, appliances, paint etc.
According to WHO/1991-1993/ ISSUes, the sources of solid waste are classified into:-
a) domestic waste disposals from
. Single family dwelling
. Multiple family dwelling
. Low, medium and high size apartments
b) Commercial waste disposals from
- Shops
- Restaurants
- Office building
- Hotel & motels
- Institutions
c) Industrial waste disposals from
- Fabrication
- Light and heavy manufacturing
- Refineries
21
 - Chemical plants
- Mining
- Power generation
d) Construction and demolition waste disposals from include soils, stones, concrete, bricks,
plaster timber, plastic, piping and electrical components.
In the case of Hollota Genet town solid wastes are plastic /pestal/ animal dung, paper, chat
remains, Garbs, bone /carcasses/, food scraps, household trash, wood scraps wood remains,
broken glass and hair.
Most of the solid waste generated in the Hollota Genet town is:-
a) bio-degradable
b) non-bio degradable
Bio-degradable waste can be used for making compost organic fertilizer. These includes food
scraps, household crashes, grain remains meat and its products, wood scraps and animal dung
c) non-bio degradable solid wastes such as hair, paper, broken glass and ceramic, plastic
/pestals/ bones which are not used to compost organic. These non-bio degradable solid
wastes should be burned in incarnation of planned place.

22
Chapter Six
6. Urban Infrastructure
The expansion and building of new urban infrastructure determines the growth and development
of urban centers. The introduction of electric power supply, road networks, transport and
telecommunication networks, and other social service infrastructure, etc. to the new areas of the
town facilitates the growth of a town.
6.1. Electric Power Supply and Demand
The town understudy has no electric power supply, though the installation of new electric power
supply to the area is almost completed. It also needs the installation of transformers and also
need the additional transformers to capacitate the potential use of electric power. Moreover, the
street light service should be introduced into the dwelling areas along major and minor arterial
roads & business areas.
6.2 communication system
6.2.1 Telecommunication services
The availability of telecommunication facility contributes a lot for the development and
integration of urban centers. An efficient and reliable communication service is very important in
carrying out efficient administrative & business activities since it provides a fast effective &
consistent flow of information.
More over, its role in promoting, modernization in all sectors of development including urban
sector and making easy communication between people is also considerable.
Generally, in a country like Ethiopia, where there is difficult topography and low economic
status, the construction & expansion of transport facilities is challenging. This is also the
problem of the study area too. The presence of telephone service at every urban center obviously
facilitates urban-urban and urban-rural economic and social linkages however, there is no
telephone services in the town because the network cover is low and communication became
insufficient. Therefore the service needs to be opened, improved and network for mobile
telephone need to be upgraded during the planning period.

23
6.2.2 Postal Service
It is also another means of communication with significant importance. The project town has no
postal service, though the potential demand of the service remains high. There fore, the project
town should have at least a post office agent in the town to collect and deliver letters & Parcels.
Thus, the place for post office should be reserved at an appropriate area.
6.3 Road Networks
The availability of road networks allow easy access and interaction of people with one another
thereby facilitating the socio-economic interaction and development of people.
The roads of the study town were made of local materials (gravels roads). Thus, they are usually
strong and not easily constructed. They were narrow and low graded. There are different arterial
roads which are connected with different localities in the area. These include: - Holleta-Shone,
Holleta - Kercheche, Holleta-Horephe, Holleta- Alem tena,and Holleta-Dimtu. Besides these, it
is connected with the zonal capital, Soddo in different directions. Among these options the
following three are the main ones.
1. The way from Soddo-Karchache- Edo – Holleta which is 67 kms long
2. The way from Soddo – Gacheno – Edo – Holleta 48mks away from soddo
3. The way from Soddo – Shone (Hadiya) – Korga (Hadiya zone) Holleta this has 68 kms
long.
Table6.1 Roads connected with Holleta by destination & length.
No Source Destination Length in km
1 Hollota Shone /Badawacho 31km
2 ; Kerchache 20km
3 ; Horephe (oromiya) 18km
4 ; Alem tena (oromiya) 25km
5 ; Dimitu 30km

The above table indicates that there is high traffic flow in the area.
Generally, most of the roads are old and poor in quality and design. Therefore, they are not in a
position to satisfy the high traffic congestion which would occur in the future and the high
resource potential of the area.

24
In addition to this, the study town needs the construction of bridges over the two rivers bounded
the town. They can promote the rapid growth of road network in the area.
6.4 Traffic Flow
The traffic in flow and out flow of Holetta town can be summarized below in the following
tables.

Table 6.2 Traffic flow of the study town

No Source Destination Length in km

1 Hollota Shone /Badawacho 31km
2 ; Kerchache 20km
3 ; Horephe (oromiya) 18km
4 ; Alem tena (oromiya) 25km
5 ; Dimitu 30km
Source: Duguna Fango Woreda transport department

In addition to the above mentioned towns, the study town is linked with different other emerging
urban settlements in different directions. The absence of pedestrian walkways and absence of
road side traffic signs are the main causes of traffic accidents in the town. It is witnessed during
the study time that, on the main market day (Monday), vehicles which give public transport
service use road side area adjacent to the municipality temporary compound.

On the daily basis, the town is crossed by more than 2or 3 vehicles of different sizes. Even
though the level of traffic accident in the town is currently low, those factors which aggravate the
accident like the standard of roads, absence of road side traffic signs, bus terminal and pedestrian
walkways should be adequately designed. Actually, there is no infra urban transport in the
planning town. What is observing in the town during the planning period is motorized and non-
motorized mode of transports like motor cycle, walking, carts. The study town has no organized
streets & pedestrian walk ways. There fore, due attention should be given to pedestrian roads
construction. These are also another mode of transport in the study town, though their role is no
more significant. These include Horse drawn carts and bicycle transports.

25
6.5 Potable Water Supply
The sources of potable water for the residents of the town are pipes and bore holes. These are
main sources of potable water in the study area. The hydrological feature of the town shows that
there is a relatively good water potential .However the percentage of population who get clear
water is still under question. In the town only one Bono that distribute water to the residences but
the coverage is not adequate

The following are problems related to water supply of the town:

 Decreasing in the volume of spring water during dry season

 The supply is not balanced with the ever increasing water demand of the residents;

 The presence of limited number of public taps

Generally, the municipality in collaboration with the Woreda Administration Office is

expected to make the above plans practical which will solve the shortage of potable water
supply of the town.

26
Chapter Seven
7 Demographic Characteristics of Holeta town
Analysis of population size and related data is very crucial for the preparation of urban basic
plan. In this regard comparing the existing population size with that of the anticipated population
size of the planning period is important to determine the size of social service available in the
future. Demographic characteristics include; population size and growth, age, and sex structure,
ethnic and religious composition, population distribution, population projection and the like, are
considered and different social services are proposed on the study town for the coming ten years
planning period (2004-2014 E.C).

7.1 Population Size and growth

Population size, growth, population projection and other demographic features of the town is
calculated based on the house to house survey made for the land use planning purposes of the
town. Accordingly, the total population size of Holota Genet town was 3107 in the year 2004.
Among the total population males found to be 1634 and the rest 1473 were females. Hence, sex
ratio was 1:1.11.This means there were 100 females for every111 males showing that males out
number females. See the table bellow
Table 7.1 population Data presentation of male – female composition
Male Female Total
1634 1473 3107
Source: - survey result of the study town
7.1.1 Age-sex composition
Based on the age sex distribution result, the age structure of the town clearly manifests a similar
age structure pattern with those of many developing countries i.e. wider base at the bottom and
narrow and narrower as it grows to the top. The ratio of female to male is almost the same i.e.
1:1.11.

27
Table 7.2 Age - sex composition of Hollota Genet town population

No Age interval Male population Female population Total population

1. 1–4 139 125 264
2. 5–9 147 133 280
3. 10 – 14 163 147 310
4. 15 – 19 155 140 295
5. 20 – 24 160 144 304
6. 25 – 29 179 162 341
7. 30 – 34 164 147 311
8. 35 – 39 139 125 264
9. 40 – 44 131 118 249
10. 45 – 49 77 51 128
11. 50 – 54 52 47 99
12. 55 – 59 49 44 93
13. 60 – 64 51 37 88
14. 65 – 69 24 29 53
15. 70 – 74 4 24 28
Total 1634 1473 3107
Source: - survey results of the study team. 2004 E.C
7.1.2 Population projection
To forecast the population size of a given study area for the coming ten planning years (2004 to
2014), we need to project by using available projection methodology. In this study, a simple
mathematical function (exponential) is used to project the population size of the study town.

In the absence of the necessary population data of the town, calculating the growth rate of the
population is impossible. Therefore, it is possible to use the regional urban growth rate i.e. 2.96
percent to project the population of the town for the next ten planning year period.

Based on the population data collected in house to house survey, a total of 520 households of
which 389 are male households and 131 are females. Hence, taking the regional growth rate
2.96 a ten years (2004 -2014 E.C) population projection was made.

28
Table: 7.3 projected population of Hollota Gent town.
Projected Projection
Year in G.C 2011/2012 population growth rate Remark
no 2011/2012 3107 2.9% Base year
1 2013 3197 ›› 1st year
2 2014 3290 ›› 2nd year
3 2015 3385 ›› 3rd year
4 2016 3483 ›› 4th year
5 2017 3584 ›› 5th year
6 2018 3688 ›› 6th year
7 2019 3795 ›› 7th year
8 2020 3905 ›› 8th year
9 2021 4018 ›› 9th year
10 2022 4135 ›› 10th year
Source: - own computed
Population projection formula
Pt = Po ert = po =ert
Ln(pt) = lnert
po

Ln(pt) = rt
po
Pt = po (1tr)t

Pt = population at the end of planning period of the town

po = Current population
r = natural growth rate
t = time of planning period
given po = 3107 r=2.9% t= 10 years
By the year 2012 total population po =3107
By the year 2017 after five years the total population would be
Pt = 3107 (1+0.029) 5 Pt = 3584
By the year 2022 after ten years total population would be

29
 Pt = 3107 (1+0.029) 10
= 4135
7.1.3 Dependency ratio
Dependency ratio is the ratio of every dependent population over 100 independent populations.
Hence, the age groups below fifteen years and above sixty five years are grouped under
dependent population and that of the age between fifteen and sixty five years are grouped under
independent population. Studying dependency ratio is important in understanding the burden the
independent population has because of the dependent (unproductive) population.

Thus Dependency ratio = age < 15 and age > 65 x 100

Age between 15 and 65
Hence, the dependency ration of Hollota town is calculated as given
 Under 15 years old population = 854
 above 65 years old population = 81
 population b/n 15 years and 64 years population = 2172
854+81 X 100 ≈ 43
2172
Generally, the dependency ratio for Holeta town is 43. This means that there are 43 dependent
peoples on every 100 independent peoples.

7.2. Ethnic composition

There are different ethnic groups living in wolaiyta zone. In the study town the dominant ethnic
type is Wolaita ethnic which is a native people in the area. However, there are very few people
other than the wolaiyta people. The number of other nationalities is insignificant except few
Sidama, Hadiya and Oromo origins. The ethnic composition of the town is expected to increase
in the future as its socio economic development undergoes change.

7.3. Religion composition

Urban centers are places where different types of beliefs, customs, and norms prevail since there
are profound peoples with different socio economic back ground. The analysis of religious

30
composition of the town is important to know the potential need of worshiping places.
Accordingly, different types of religions found in the study town are stated as follows.

Table: 7.4 Religious Compositions in Holota Genet, 2004

Holota No of Their own Their own Remark

Adherents worshiping place cemetery

Worshiping
Genet

Sites
No Religion

No. of
Have Do not Have Do not
have have

1 Muslim √ - 4 √ √

2 Orthodox √ 1 44 √ √

3 protestant √ 3 2521 √ √

4 Catholic √ 1 537 √ √

5 Others √ 1 1 √ √

Source: From the survey conducted by the study team, 2004

7.4. Worshipping and Cemetery Places

Currently there are different kinds of religion that exist in the town and followers of each of them
became increasing from time to time. At the same time each of them requires their own
worshiping and cemetery place in the town. Based on the observation and information from the
municipality, Orthodox Christianity, Catholic, and Protestant religious sectors with their
believers are found dispersed in the town. Beside this, all of them do not require their own burial
site. As it can be seen from the table above almost all protestant followers possesses no cemetery
site in the town. Therefore, the new plan should allocate sufficient land for cemetery site, the
celebration of different Religion holidays and undertaking of religion conferences to every
religion at one appropriate site/Public square /.

31
Chapter Eight
8. Social Services Distribution

Municipality is one of governmental organizations which provide social services to town

communities. It constructs houses, road, ditch, slaughtering place, fulfill facilities for it and
control the performance, stretching electricity and water pipe line.
Besides this, the municipality provides land and other necessary facilities for the establishment
of this service. The Holota-Genet town has long history; it was established in 1952 E.C. The
town was not recognized under Feudal and Dergue regimes. But, the FDRE government has
given especial attention to the development of the town’s social services.
8.1 Education Service
Education is a base for the civilization of any society and it is a tool to create and develop all
rounded personality that think critically, act morally, and behave socially. In the study town,
there was one Primary School (1 - 4) in operation, which was established in 1987 E.C by the
participation of the community. There were no Secondary and kindergarten schools. All schools
were established by the government. The following table states educational service distribution
of the study town.
Table: - 8.1. Schools by level of education and ownership
Ownership
School level Government Private Total
Kindergarten - - -
Primary(1-4) 1 - 1
High School ( 9 –10) - - -
Total 1 - 1
Source: Survey data 2004 E.C
As can be seen on the table above there was no private school in the town except one primary
government school available at present.
The number of class rooms, teachers and students, that are available currently in Hollota Genet
town from (grade 1-4) were 6, 6 and 755 respectively.

32
8.2 The Class rooms to Students, School to Number of
Class rooms and Teacher to Students Ratio
8.2.1 The Class Rooms to Students Ratio
The Class rooms to Students ratio as to the MOE standard for kindergarten and high schools is
1: 40 and for primary schools 1:50. In the case of the study town there were no students enrolled
for kindergarten, because there was no formally structured kindergarten school. The Class rooms
to Students ratio of primary School were 1:126. This indicated the average number of students
learning in a class room was much higher than the standard set by the Ministry Of Education. In
such condition it was difficult to exercise suitable teaching learning methodology. Thus, it needs
the construction of additional thirteen class rooms to meet the intended academic achievement
and the standard set by the Ministry of Education.
8.2.2Teacher to Students Ratio
As to the data obtained, the Teacher-Student Ratio of the study town schools indicates the
requirement of additional teachers. The ratio for primary school is 1:126. As the ratio goes
higher, the contact between teachers and students becomes insignificant. This may in turn make
the class room not manageable so that the teacher could not handle his/her students effectively
and provide relevant support individually.
Table:-8.2. Class rooms to Students, School to Number of Class rooms
and Teacher to Students Ratio in the year 2004 E.C
No Class room to Teacher to School
students ratio students to class
School Number of :
ratio room
Level ratio
School Students Class teachers Exist standa Exis Stan Existing
rooms
ing rd ting d
1 KG - - - - - 1:40 - 1:4o -
2 First 1 756 6 32 1:93 1:50 1:76 1:50 1:11
cycle
Primary
3 High - - - - - 1:40 - 1:4o -
school
Source: - own computed 2004 E.C

The number of class rooms for Primary School from Grade 1-8 is 11 and, the secondary school
serves from grade 9-10 in a common place has 7 class rooms. This show in both schools, there

33
were limited number of class rooms which can not sufficiently support the teaching learning
activities.

Table 8.2.1Teacher by Sex and Qualifications

Qualification
School Un certified Certificate Diploma Degree total
- M F M F M F
Primary - 15 1 10 4 2 - 32

Table 8.2.2 The Hollota-Genet town Male-Female Composition of the student from grade
1-4
No Sex Grade 1-4 Total
1 M 105 94 87 87 373
2 F 107 88 91 97 383
Total 212 182 178 184 756

8.3 Students Enrollment Trend

The trend of school age enrollment remains high for the town in the last three consecutive
academic years as the record revealed. The number of children coming to the school from time to
time showed a tremendous increment. As a result, it exerted heavy pressure on the existing
school’s teaching-learning process. This implies the necessity of the construction of many
additional classes to cope up with the growing demand.
The following table shows students enrollment trend in the last 3 consecutive academic years.

Table 8.3 student’s enrollment trend in the last 3 consecutive academic years

School levels Total Number of Students

2002E.C 2003E.C 2004 E.C
M F T M F T M F T
Kindergarten - - - - - - - - -

Primary 267 170 437 242 188 430 210 161 371
Schools
Secondary - - - - - - - - -
School
Grand total 267 170 437 242 188 430 210 161 371

34
Source: - DugunaFango Woreda Education Office

8.4. School Age Population (SAP)

The school age population size of Holeta town can be computed based on the data collected by
the study team. Accordingly, using the given formula based on three consecutive academic
year’s records student enrollment projection is calculated. Based on the Existing Enrolment
trend, MOE Standards and results obtained from student age populations, the present gap and
future requirements of school services is analyzed.

The following table shows present gap and future requirements of school services.

School age population (SAP)

School age population calculated by using
Karup kings formula:-
P7-14=0.072P0-4 +0.524P5-9 +P10-14
School age population, (SAP)
In 2002 E.C the school age population 413
In 2003 E.C the school age population 426
In 2004 E.C the 438
Table 8.4 showing SAP, Enrollment and Participation rate
Academic Kindergarten Primary Secondary
Year in
E.C SAP En % SAP En % SAP En %

2004 - - - 413 563 136% - - -

2009 - - - 426 632 148% - - -

2014 - - - 438 755 172% - - -

Source: - Own Computed

As shown in the above table the SAP Enrollment increased from year to year, school age
population increased slowly whereas enrollment increased in large number.

35
One of the main factors for higher participation was that the existing schools are serving not only
the town’s population, but also the surrounding peasant associations (rural kebeles). Generally,
there was high flow of pupils from the surrounding rural sides.

Issue related to Education services

 During the coming ten years planning period (2004-2014 EC), two new KG schools at
different parts of the town need to be constructed. Thus, land should be reserved for these
purposes.
 During the first five planning years primary school (1-8) need to be constructed .In addition
to this, expanding the existing school would be mandatory in the place where it had been
located. Therefore, the constructions of additional classes seem necessary owing to the high
flow of students from the surrounding rural parts.

 There was no Secondary school in the study ton. Therefore, considering the growing need to
establish Secondary and Preparatory School, the construction of one School seem necessary
during the planning periods. Thus, land should be reserved for the building of new school.

8.2 Health Service

Health is one of the basic social services that is important to be fulfilled and indicates the
society’s stage of development. As the data obtained from study area shoaled that Hollota Genet
town has three private clinics. The town has no-governmental health institutions. According to
health policy of government, the curative and preventive health service has not given to town
people. As a result of this, there is no
- Out patient services
- In patient services
- No Family planning
- pre and postnatal examination
- delivery services
- immunization program
- medical services for HIV/AIDS victims

36
It is difficult to identify the top diseases, usually occur in the town by conducting voluntary
counseling and blood test (VCT). According to the respondents, the town dwellers usually suffer
from communicable diseases such as malaria, HIV/AIDS, and parasites etc.
From millennium development goal and world health organizations (WHO) point of view,
people live every where must have primary health care at nearby location. Thus, Human being
should have access and afford health services with reasonable price.
Also according to Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry Of Health policy, primary
health care should be given for every individual as needed. For this matter, the standard was set
to have one health post for every 5000 people in the area.
The surrounding area has densely populated. In which many people seeking for standard health
care. So the town needs especial attention. Thus, the establishment of health post and health
center is highly required
8.3 Housing Condition and Its need
Housing is one of the basic necessities of human being. The major objective of town planning is,
to have exhaustive analysis of housing and solving house related problems in the town. Due to
this reason, in the process of plan preparation for the town under study the housing condition
analyses are made extensively. As survey results revealed, there were 520 households, and 67
social service delivering house units, total of 587 house units.
Most of the house units in the town were poor in quality as they were built from mud and wood.
The floor is made of mud. The town has bounded by two rivers Charake and Bilate, produce
large enough sands. Also the surrounding area of the town has rich in construction materials.
Hence to construct standard houses and to have proper utilization of the land and other resources
in the town, legally bounded town plan was prepared. Therefore, the future demand of housing
predicted and responded by the town municipality.
The following are problems observed during the planning year related with housing condition;

 Shortage of residential housing units observed

 Presence of houses used for mixed use i.e. dwellings and commercial purposes
 Old and shanty houses

37
Issues Related With Housing Requirements

According to the house to house survey conducted in planning year 2004 there were 3107
peoples including those who are incorporated in the new survey/Planning/ boundaries of the
town. Thus, a total of 520 households were found. The average house hold size is 5.2. Therefore,
based on this, the existing housing need and future housing requirements are presented here.
According to the data, there are a total of 587 housing units. This indicates that the total number
of housing units exceeding the total number of households. The houses are used for residence
and mixed use; i.e., for both commerce and residence. Regarding the quality of housing units in
the town, most houses are raw houses and detached in that most housing owners construct raw
house/services/ considering the cost of construction and its immediate benefit. Most of the
houses do not have any kinds of ceiling, whereas the floor material of most housing stocks is
earth or mud.
According to the municipality, many applicants for residential houses were in waiting list for
land provision. This implies that households did not own residences in that they demand plots of
land for constructing own residence.
 As the house to house survey revealed, the existing house need of the study town was
remain high even during the planning year. Therefore, it requires the construction of
additional 40 housing units to meet the existing house need.
 At the end of the first five planning years, in 2009, the total number of population of the
study town would be 3584 and the total house units would be 689. Number of additional
houses required would be 111.
 At 2014 total number of population would be 4135 and the total number house unit
would be795 Number of additional houses required would be 208.

Accordingly, during the ten planning years a total of 248 housings are required. Hence,
additional housing might be needed. Thus, the planner should reserve plots for residence
according to the assumptions the socio economist considered.
8.4 Sport Field and Recreational Centers
The study town has no formally organized recreational centers to spend the time except in the
school compounds. As it was observed during the planning time youths of the town do not have
option to spend their time. As a result they were exposed for addiction since the town has no

38
other recreational areas (sport fields, public libraries,). Therefore, the spatial plan should
consider reserving places for sports and recreational facilities like;
1. Play Grounds
2. Public libraries
3. Youth centre and other recreational centres
4. Green space
5. Playing loots
6. Cinema house
7. Public hall

39
Chapter Nine
9. Urban Economy
9.1. The Economic Activity of Holota Genet Town
The study town had been a rural center till it acquires growing municipality status and stayed in
agrarian economy from which almost all the surrounding and the town residents mainly earn
their living. According to the Socio-Economic survey studied in 2004, majority of the
populations were engaged in agriculture. The rest are occupied in trade, employees of
government and private organizations. So, the largest employment share in the town was found
to be agriculture.

There are agriculturally productive and naturally endowed attractive areas in and around the
town. However, the sector supports less in the economic development of the town. Weak
commercial activities and high number of unemployment in the town is the indicators for low
socio-economic development.

The following table illustrates the major economic activities in the town.

Table 9.1 Economic activities in Holota Genet Town

No Major economic sectors % of people Engaged

1 Agriculture 73%

2 Commerce 19%

3 Employees 4%

4 Daily Laborers 2%

5 Others 2%

Total 100

Source: Holeta Genet Town Municipality 2004

40
9.1.1. Commercial Activities of the Town

Trade is the most dominant economic activities in the study town next to agricultural
sector. But, in the town all types of commercial activities are taking place in unmanageable
lesser in activity. It absorbs about more than 19% people in both formal and informal way. These
include service trade, retail trade and informal trades that are being exercised in the town. They
are briefly analyzed below with its related problems and proposed solutions.

9.1.1.1. Retail Trade Establishments

As the survey revealed, the number of retail trades are 8 and 4 in types where general
commodities take the largest proportion. This trade does not meet the demand of consumers.
Important retail trades that a town should include are either not available or few in number.
Construction materials, pharmacy, house & office furniture, butter and honey are among retail
trades available in the town. Most of the retail and service trade establishments are located
following the main road around the central part of the town. This indicated commercial
establishments are not fairly distributed. Therefore, land allocation should consider these
activities in active areas especially on the main roads where the service are easily accessible for
customers.

9.1.1.2. Service Rendering Establishments

Urban centers are expected to provide various social and economic services for the community.
Accordingly, in the study town there are 31 service rendering establishments with 8 types. The
number and types of services available do not match with the demand of the residents and the
surrounding hinterland. Besides this, there is no service rendering establishments that directly
contribute for the development of the town. These include: garage, computer service and training
centers, Typing training centers, fuel station, laundry, Hotels, Bar, pension, Café, …etc.

To solve problems related to these establishments, land should be reserved on the main roads of
the town so as to bring these establishments accessible for customers.

So far no land is separately allocated for these establishments. Most of the services rendering
firms are giving their services in their residential houses.

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 Table 9.2 service giving activities

No Name of the Service Giving Number Remark

Establishment
1 Restaurant 6 Non formal
2 Transport service 3 -
3 Tea House 9 -
4 Private clinic 3 -
5 Tailor 2 Non formal
6 Barber 5 male
7 Beauty salon 1 female
8 Photo Center 2 Non formal
Total 31
Source: Holeta Genet Town Municipality 2004

9.1.1.3. Informal Trade

Informal trade refers trades and manufacturing establishments that involve a few people with
lesser capital. It is one of the important sectors to absorb urban employment in most urban
centers of the country and in some large towns it is still a leading sector in employment
creation. This sector do not pay tax due to this their activity can affect the formal trades. The
number of informal trade might exceed beyond as it was assessed and recorded during the
survey. The dominant informal trades that are observed in the town are:

 Fruits and vegetables

 Shoe polishing
 Small shops
 ‘Tella’ and ‘Arakie’ sellers
 ‘Tej’ and ‘Berth’ houses
 Maintenance services of motor cycles
Most of the activities described above are informal trades. An increase in such activities may
harm the revenue of the town. In addition, it initiates tax payers to refuse tax paying.

To solve problems related to informal trades:

42
  The business runners should be organized and provided with land and loan;

 They should be provided with training and technical advice;

 Create awareness about entrepreneurship;

 Awareness creation about the advantage of tax paying.

Thus; to solve problems related with informal trade the spatial plan should reserve land for
different Economic activities, strengthening the establishment of financial institutions, roads
and transportation services should be improved.

9.2. Handicrafts and Small Scale Manufacturing

The handicrafts and small scale manufacturing activities are the initial point to begin the
transformation from agricultural based economy system to industrial based economic system.
These activities dominantly take place in urban centers due to the availability of encouraging
conditions like market, in urban centers.
There is few number of manufacturing activities observed in the study town. Among them the
major manufacturing activities include; three Grain Mills, two Wood works etc.

There is no small scale manufacturing’s in the following establishments such as; Metal and
Wood Work Shops, Coffee Processing, Modern type of wooden and metal manufacturing, and
some others.

In addition to this, the town is surrounded by influence areas where cash crops production Coffee
and Livestock product is high.

Generally, commercial activity in all trade types is high, but they are similar and concentrated
only around the center of the town. Land for commercial purpose that will last for the next ten
planning years is compulsory.

Thus, the planner should reserve land on appropriate areas for different types of trade activities
9.3. Ware House and Storage

43
Agricultural products like Maize, Teff, Sorgham, are highly exported to the surrounding
including Wolayta Sodo town from the respective towns. However, in the town there is no
formal warehouse and freight terminals .Only few Business men’s found around the market areas
with limited and small ware houses but no place has been prepared and delivered for the
construction of ware house so far in the town . Thus, during land use planning land for
Warehouse and Storage purposes need to be allocated.

9.4. Financial Institutions

9.4.1. Bank and Insurance Service

Financial Institutions are very limited in type and number in the study region to render service
for economically active business establishments. There is no private as well as government bank
in the town except one Micro Finance governmental institution that established recently. Thus,
the planner should reserve land on an appropriate area for different government financial
institutions.

9.4.2. Micro Finance Institutions

The role of Micro Finance in alleviating poverty and generating employment opportunity for the
poor and low income category is undeniable fact. Many have changed their life through the
credit support offered by micro finance institutions. This institution is serving the entire poor
society reside in the town and neighboring rural kebele’s.

It has given different services and played a vital role in alleviating poverty and solving
unemployment problems but it does not have adequate place to accommodate its customers and
it is also organized in a way to support the whole customers easily. In Holeta Genet town there
was no formally organized and functional financial institution except the Omo Micro Finance
Agent that serving the public to promote saving and providing micro loan service centering in
Woreda level. Thus, the planner should reserve land for this financial institution in an
appropriate area where the customers are easily accessed.

9.4.3. Micro and Small Scale Enterprises (MSSEs)

44
MSSEs are an Enterprise which plays an important role for poverty alleviation and minimizing
unemployment and poverty in the town under consideration. There is no office for MSSEs in the
town. No beneficiaries of MSSE are found in the town .Those low income and unemployed
youth are not benefited from enterprise development program. Small scales enterprises have plan
to establish office and facilitate different job opportunities in the coming years in the town
however, no distinguished working and demonstrating places which the municipality prepared to
facilitate a good working environment. In addition to this, there are so many people who want to
embrace by MSSE program in the town. For MSSE operators established following the land use
of plan of the town the planner should reserve Land both for work and demonstrations.

9.5. Investment Climate of the town

Investment activity of Holota Genet town is limited and insignificant to the economic growth of
the town. Although, the town endowed with many investment potentials and have possessed a
good investment opportunities, the entire contribution of the sector for the economic
development of the town is insignificant. Even if, the town possess excess land for investment it
did not attempted to transfer for the rich who want to invest his/her capital and did not also
identified the investment potentials of the town so as to attract the rich to the sector. Beside this,
due to the lack of land use plan investors did not take the risk of establishing business activities
in the town. According to the Municipality, those investors who want to invest in the town
should have a better opportunity to get access to plots in that the presence of many vacant place
at the forefront side of the town would be a big opportunity to invite many investors to the town.

Major investment potential of the town

 Hotel industry
 Dairy farming
 Poultry,etc.

9.6. Urban Agriculture

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Urban agriculture is an economic sector that supplies agricultural products for the urban
dwellers. It is possible to practice urban agriculture and maximize production in the study town
using its fertile river deposited soils and the irrigable rivers. The sector can support the town
with specific amount of products such as food crops, fruits, and cash crops like chat as well as
vegetables.

However, traditional type of agriculture is dominant rather than modern in the area. This type of
agriculture is an important source of income for significant number of families. Businessmen and
town residents have their own farm lands and they are actively participating in agricultural
production mainly in the production of maize.

In addition to the production of cash crops, animals breeding such as cows, bulls, goats and
sheep have been practiced in the town.

Table 9.3 Crops Produced in and Around the Town

No Crop Types Grown

1 Grains Maize, ‘teff’, sorghum
2 Perennial crops ‘chat’
3 Fruits &Vegetables Cabbage, tomato, carrot, green pepper, onion
4 Root crops Potato,
Source: Town Municipality

In general, due to the availability of good topography and suitable climatic condition urban
agriculture can be carried possible in and round the study town. However, the main problem of
the urban agriculture in the town is the absence of formally reserved area for urban agriculture.
Hence, urban agriculture is put into effect in every section of the town which decreases the
attractiveness of the urban environment. Land has to be prepared for urban agriculture in the
newly proposed land use plan; i.e. there should be restricted land in the newly prepared basic
plan of the town for urban agriculture.

9.7.1 The Municipal Human Resources

46
Hollota Genet town was designated the status of a growing municipality in wolayta zone urban
development department in 2004 E.C. The town has 1 kebeles administrative and the
municipality is accountable for Duguna Fango woreda administrative council.
Table 9.4 man power of Hollota-Genet town municipality
Name of departments Required Currently existing Vacant Remark
No M F T
1 Head manager 1 1 1 - Manager
2 Lend administration 1
3 Human resource 1
administration
4 Supportive worker 1
5 Town infrastructure 1
administration
Contract workers 8 5 3 8
Source: - Municipality of Holota town

To achieve the planned objective of the institution, the presence of sufficient trained human
resource is vital to guide and manage the town development. Out of the l required 8 man power,
the municipality has currently 1 employer (manager) i.e. 12.5% of the total required manpower
in the study town. The remaining 7 are contract workers. Thus, the existing professional
occupation and educational status is inadequate to full management of the municipality. In
addition to this, trained and technical manpower persons related to engineering need to be
considered to deliver the service.

9.7.2. Financial Capacity of the municipality and Service Delivery

47
Towns are the places where essential public services are provided to the residents. The revenue
of the municipality is the major income by which it delivers public services and builds urban
infrastructure. A town which collects large amount of revenue can ensure both economic and
social development of the town.

Among those tasks, the major ones include collection of revenue from different economic and
social activities.

To increase the revenue of the town, good management and effective budgeting system should
be applied. The municipality should work together with the Woreda Administration and the
residents of the town.

9.7.3. Assets of the municipality

An asset of municipality is a base that can facilitate the performance of expertise that enables to
render efficient and effective services to customers. The asset of the Holota municipality
includes fixed assets and equipment’s that are owned by the municipality. In order to implement
the basic plan and provide efficient service the municipality should have to possess different
equipment’s. Especially plan implementation needs computer and its accessories and surveying
equipments thus fulfilling the materials needed helps to facilitate a good ground for the land use
plan implementations.

Table:-9.5. Assets of the municipality 2004

S.N Type of Assets Number Current condition

1 Office Building 1 Functional
2 Table 4 Functional
3 Box 1 Functional
5 Chair 8 Functional
6 Wireless telephone 1 Functional
7 Meter 1 Functional
Source: - Holota Town Municipality Office 2004 EC

It can be understood from the table that the municipality lacks basic materials like surveying
equipments and computers which are not considered as luxury for any town to perform its daily
activities. Generally, much is expected from the municipality and other stakeholders in
facilitating and fulfilling engineering equipment and other necessary materials for the
municipality.
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Recommendation

 The municipality has to widen its revenue by forming new revenue titles through
establishing a revenue enhancement plan
 More revenue collectors should be employed by the municipality.
 The Municipality should have to propose yearly revenue collecting and expenditure plan
which can help to identify the urban development tasks accomplished by the
municipality.
 The municipality of the town has to make informal trade establishments formal so that
they can pay tax.

9.7.4. Economic (SWOT) Analysis of Holota Town

In order to know the economic potential and the constraints that the town has SWOT analysis
was made. Accordingly, bellow are stated the major Strength, weakness, Opportunity and threat
that the town endowed.

STRENGTH
 Active participation of the administrative and governmental bodies in development
programs.
 The implementation of frequent supervision and evaluation of the municipality by the
woreda
 Good relation of the community with the municipality.

Weakness
 Weak integration of the Woreda administration With the Municipality
 Weak organizational structure of the Municipality
 Limited revenue sources
 Failure to identify their potential
 Poor infrastructure
 Shortage of man power in the municipality
 the lack of proper solid waste disposal site, like landfill and transfer stations
 some part of the city is thoroughly affected by flood during summer
 There are no other housing delivery systems than the self-help scheme.
 Lack of skilled man power
 Unauthorized developments and illegal land subdivisions
 Shortage of basic infrastructures.
 Inefficient resource allocation system

49
  Absence of important office materials in the municipality
 Lack of Technical Materials
 Poor tax collection system
 Poor Data handling system of the Municipality
 Limited know how in how to manage land resources
 Absence of sufficient financial institutions
 Less Attention given for MSSE establishments

OPPORTUNITY

 Good Topography , for Hotels ,lodges and other purposes

 Presence of productive agricultural land
 The Availability of livestock products in the area
Relatively better road that connect the town with other neighboring towns like shone

THREATS
 Climatic change
 Presence of Malaria in the area
 Weak Economic linkage with neighbor hoods
 Globalization
 Flood problem in the town

CORE PROBLEMS
 Absence of skilled manpower that can give training to the MSSE operators.
 Absence of land provision that are needed for different purposes
 Weak performance of municipality
 Absence of land use plan
 Presence of excessive land holdings
 Absence of basic social services like Hotel ,Restaurant and Bars
 Prevalence of informal trade in the area both retails and whole sale except few are
informal
 Existence of Poor and dilapidated residence
 Poor solid waste management techniques
 Prevalence of plan violations Lack of Working areas for MSSEs/ particularly those
organized under tourist guide/
 Absence of technical engineering materials
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  The prevalence of flood
 Shortage of budget to carryout infrastructure maintenance
 Absence of skill Training on how to improve municipal revenue… etc.
PROPOSED SOLUTIONS
 Providing Municipal workers with frequent training on Municipal revenue enhancement
and Growth and transformation plan.
 Preparing and providing Land for MSE operators both for production and demonstration.
The production site can be on the out skirt of the town where as the demonstration site
should be on the central part of the town.
 Offering a regular training for members of MSSE Operators and office workers
 Fulfilling Technical engineering materials
 Constructing Ditches ,culverts and drainage storms in the areas where it is prune to flood
 Upgrading the internal part of the town by demolishing the old ugly slum areas
 Implementing the new plan as per the rule and regulations of Urban Planning
 By enhancing the Municipal revenue improving the weak infrastructural; condition of the
town.
 Assigning the right persons to the right positions Based on the principles of BPR.
 Assign appropriate working and demonstrating site for MSSE operators particularly for
those who were organized in tourism guide and selling cultural ornaments for tourists.
 Allocate sufficient land for cultural museum of the wolayta peoples

Chapter Ten
10. SITIUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF EXISTING LAND USES
10.1 Existing Spatial Situation of HolotaGenet Town

51
HolotaGenet town has four main gates. The main earthen road which bisects the town in to north
east and south connects the town with the zonal capital Sodo and other Kebeles at the south.
The existing settlement pattern of the town is dispersed. However, around the old market and
there is compact settlement where the first settlement had took place. The Predominant
expansion direction is towards all direction.
10.2 Major spatial problems
The land uses of HolotaGenet town have several problems which hinders its development.
Among these problems the major one are:
 Lack of planned road network
 Poor Urban land use development and management/poor urban land use plan;
 Weak financial capacity of the local administration to develop the infrastructure and
social service in the town
 Lack of adequate and properly planned open market and cattle market.
 Poor transportation system including bus station.
 Lack of properly planned service provision such as abattoir and municipal cemetery.

No Land use categories Area (ha)

1 Residence Pure 31.2
Mixed 6.4
Sub total 37.6
2 Administration 1.13
3 Commerce 3.6
4 Manufacturing and storage 1.7
5 Service 11.6
6 Transportation and Road 16.6
7 Recreation -
Built up Area
8 Urban Agriculture 183.77
7 Formal and informal -
Green

52
 10 Special function -

Non - built up -

Total 256
Source: - Calculated based on the existing land use Map of the town
10.3. Residence
Under residential land uses, there are pure and mixed residences in the town. The total area
currently occupied by pure and mixed residence is 37.6 hectare which constitutes about 14.7% of
the total area.
The residential areas are dispersed in difference parts of the town. The characteristic of
residential land use in the town is not well planned and characterized by inaccessible roads and
social services.
10.3.1. Administration
The total land covered by this function is 1.13 hectare which is about 0.41% of built up area.
10.3.2. Commerce
The total area currently occupied by commercial land uses is 3.6 hectare which is about 1.4% of
that total area.
10.3. 3. Services
Service land use category consists of education, health facilities, Social well fare, utilities and
Religion institutions. The total area occupied by this land use is 11.6 hectare and which is about
4.5 % of the total area.
10.3. 4. Road network and Transportation
The existing road network connects one part of the town with other parts as well as with other
towns and rural areas. The road network is not well defined and planned. Beside this it is only
earthen road.
The encroachment and physical deterioration /substandard curvature of the roads are dusty
during dry and muddy during raining seasons. These problems decrease the quality and condition
of the roads.
In addition to these, the lack of bus station, garage, and other transport facilities make the traffic
movement uncomfortable the total area occupied by Road network and Transportation 16.6
hectares which correspond to 6.4% of the built up area.
10.3. 5. Manufacturing and Storage

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In the town, there is no large scale manufacturing but few numbers of small scales manufacturing
like grain mills are all located in existing residential areas. Therefore, it requires additional
proposal in different parts of the town.
10.3.6. Recreation
In the planning town, there is no area to be noted as a recreation area.
10.3.7. Urban Agriculture
In this town, there are formally occupied agricultural lands owned by private farmers at the
expansion area which will be changed in to other urban land uses in the future proposal land
use.

Chapter Eleven
11. Proposed Land Uses
11.1 Planning Issues

54
11.1.1. Existing Land Use Planning Problems (issues) of the HolotaGenet
From the analysis of the existing land use of the town and its surrounding, current situational
analysis of spatial and socio economic challenges ,the potential and constraints for the
development of the town the following major issues have been identified :-
 The need to cater for backlogs of basic infrastructure and services as well as the
requirements of additional population which is estimated to reach 3282 at the end of the
planning period;
 Poor liquid and solid waste management system;
 Inadequacy of social services, physical infrastructure and commercial services;
 Inconvenient Physical layout of land;
 Absence of open space, recreation, green area and Public Park;
 Uneven distribution and nearness of services
 The need to conserve/control the formation of gullies by rainfall erosion;
 Poor construction control system; and
 The presence of uneconomic land use /large holdings in the centre as well as in the
periphery of town.
 Absence of planned green area
 Inadequate open market that is merged with cattle market
 Lack of bus station
 Absence of abattoir
 Absence of planned cemetery site

11.2 Intervention Area

Table: 11.1 Strategic Intervention Areas on Existing Land Use
S.N

55
 Intervention Area Existing situation Planning option
1 Road network -Most of the road network is found to be -Preparing planned road network at
unplanned every corner of the town

2 Open market Inadequate, merged with cattle market, Proposing adequate and separated
found to be on the side of pass road land with that of cattle market
3 Cattle market - established against main livestock entry -Proposing at Western direction
direction and merged with open market

4 Bus station - merged with open market Relocating and providing appropriate
place at the entrance of the town
5 Excessive land holding - Reduce permeability and accessibility - Develop standard for
system and large - Uneconomical land uses land allocation
blocks - Rectify the existing
large holding based
on the standards
8 Inadequate open - Deceases city attractiveness - Reserving, protecting and
spaces, recreational - reduce permeability developing adequate number
areas, green and public of green area, open space
parks and public park
9 Narrow width of road - unsafe for traffic movement - keep the consistence of
network - cause traffic accident the road width
- provide access roads where
large blocks exist

11.3. Conceptual Frame Work

The Concept of plan is the result of:-
 Public participation in planning process;
 Standards and norms;
 a different sect oral analysis and incorporate findings that have spatial dimension; and
 Government policy and strategies
Accordingly, a conceptual framework that has served a guiding principle in elaborating the
proposal plan has been derived based on a rough analysis and synthesis of the various sect oral
issues identified by the various sect oral studies.

56
The basic principles which are envisaged to establish the fundamental concepts that will guide
more detailed planning activities are:-
 Selecting area suitable for the town’s future expansion with a view of achieving a
compact urban form;
 Developing a system of sub centre with a view of achieving an equitable distribution of
infrastructure, service and facilities;
 Creating a well structured town with a view of achieving a harmonious development
between the existing and future proposed settlement; and
 Establishing a flexible zoning system for each land use class in general appropriate
location for those environmentally, economically and socially sensitive functions.
Some of the specific proposals that have emanated from the conceptual Frame work
Include:-
 Integrating all parts of the town by introducing newly proposal roads;
 Ensuring a balanced distribution of activities within the town by creating sub centre that
has already developed in the centre of the existing built up area and envisaging other sub-
centers within the proposed expansion area; and
 Resolving the problems associated with incompatible activities by way of relocating
some of the activities or providing for buffer zones.
11.4 Growth Trend and Planning Boundary
The expansion of urban settlement on the adjacent agricultural land is a major problem and still
continuous in the attempt to meet limitless demand of population. The growth rate of the regional
urban population is 2.96% per annum. Accordingly, each year, the increasing population has no
other means but settle on agricultural land. Considering this, on the prepared Basic Plan of a
Gulgula town, because of existing planning boundary sufficient, no additional land is proposed
for the coming 10 planning years. The demand of land for housing, infrastructure, social service
and other construction works; agricultural land is claimed mainly in all direction of the town.

11.5 Selection of area suitable for the town’s future expansion

The major criteria employed in selecting the town’s future expansions are:-
 Availability of sites with reasonable slope ranges;

57
  Impact of topographic characteristic on the cost of infrastructure (mountain side, ridges
stream, gorges and gullies);
 People’s preference;
 Existing natural &man made constraints;
 Existing opportunities;
 Existing land use types;
 Proximity and/or access for physical infrastructure; and
 Proximity and/or access for social and other urban facilities.
In consideration of the above mentioned criteria, the potential growth direction is therefore
possible in all direction; however, for the next 10 years of planning period no additional land is
required.
11.6 PROPOSED LAND USES
The future land use is proposed based on detail investigation of relevant socioeconomic, spatial
factors, public discussion, and current growth trend of the town and functional compatibility of
various activities (see the proposed land use map of 1:5000 and 1:2000 scale dawning).

Total area (ha)

S.N Land use categories
Mixed 13
Pure 96.4
Sub total 109.4
2 Commerce 6.1
3 Administration 1.3
4 Service 16.3
5 Manufacturing and Storage 2.1
6 Transport and Road
-Transport 0.9
-Road net-work 71
Sub total 72
7 Recreation 13.7
Built up 220.9
8 Urban Agriculture 7.8
9 Forest 17.7

58
 10 Special Function

Reserved 9.7

Sub total 9.7

Non-built up 35.2
Total 256
Source: - Calculated from the proposed land use map of the town
11.6.1 Residence
Residential area often account the largest share of total built up area budget in the urban
context .This encompass housing units, access roads and facilities required to support the basic
requirement of residential activities. Thus, such areas are arranged by logical structuring of roads
conditions for dwelling and in harmony with other urban functions.
According to the results of demographic projection made as part of the present study, the total
number of housing units that need to be constructed in the planning period is estimated at 248.In
the region urban land lease rules and regulation currently in the place, the maximum size of
residential plots eligible per household are determined at and 250m 2. The total area that would be
required to construct the above mentioned housing units are therefore, estimated to be around 6.2
hectare. This means, an average of 25 farmers that are expected to be relocated due to the town’s
infill. Urban land lease rules and regulation of the region has determined a maximum of 500m 2.
Taking 500m2 plot sizes, the total area to be allotted for the above mentioned households with in
the proposed town boundary is therefore, estimated to be 1.25 hectare. Therefore, the total area
that would be required for residential purpose is about 7.45hectares. Considering an allowance of
10 percent of this figure to accommodate road access as well as neighborhoods level residential
services, it is estimated that a total of 9 hectares (this figure is considering in mixed and pure
proposed ones) will be required for residential development which is to be accommodated in the
infill area. The major portion of residential area to be proposed during the planning period is
envisaged to be infill. The types of residential areas development for seen are:-
 Private housing development where detached, duplex or row types houses shall be
developed and

59
  Co-operative housing development where buildings of different duplex and rows
types should be encouraged.
Residential areas could be categorized under pure residential and those that are mixed with other
compatible activities in this regard, a major portion of the existing residential area is proposed to
remain as it is and some of them are changed to commercial and mixed land uses. Accordingly,
mixed residential land uses are proposed near or back to newly proposed sub-centers and along
main roads. Moreover, areas under the residential land use category include subsidiary activities
that constitute neighborhood level service. Accordingly, neighborhood centers are envisaged to
provide daily services for a given neighborhood .The service to be catered by such centers are
low order services that include among other social service (such as kindergarten and health post),
play ground and/or green area, commercial services (such as ,bakery, butchery ,flourmill, and
small kiosks) envisaged in this upgrading scheme are redressing the infrastructure and related
deficiencies that characterized these areas although the details are to be worked out by the local
authority. The total area allocated for residence is about 109.4 hectares which are about 43 % of
the total built up area.
11.6.2 Administration
Area already occupied by administrative function is maintained in the proposed Basic plan.
Moreover, additional sites for administrative uses are proposed in different location in the town.
The total land covered by this function is about 1.3 hectares which are about 0.6 % of built up
area.
11.6.3 Commerce
The commercial function consists of commercial activities, market place, and financial intuition.
The existing commercial activities are located along main roads and existed open market area.
The existed ones are maintained and the newly ones are proposed along the main roads. In
addition to this the existing open market is relocated and the newly one proposed as indicated on
the map at the left side of the town at the interface. The total area which will be covered by
commerce and trade activities are about 6.1 hectares which is about 2.4% of the total area to be
built up during the planning period.

11.6.4 Service

60
Services which have been taken under consideration; pre-school education, primary school,
health post, health center, youth center, Christian (Orthodox) church, non-Orthodox Christian
churches, EEPCO, postal service, cemetery, slaughter house, waste disposal site are the major
ones. The total area allocated for this function is 16.3 which are 24% of the total area of the
town.
A. Education

Four pre-school education sites are proposed at different corridor of the town by taking an area
of 6246m2 of land. Based on the socio-data analysis and recommendation the existing primary
first cycle school is updated to primary second cycle school without requiring another site to
propose and hence there one primary second cycle school on 24842m 2 of land. Based on socio-
data analysis and recommendation the existing primary first cycle school without requiring
another site to propose and hence there is one primary second cycle school on 24842m2 of land.
B. Health

Regarding to health service one health center is proposed around the central part of the town and
two health posts are proposed on two corridor of the town. These services have taken 725m 2 of
land.
C. Youth center

Youth center is proposed on1600m2 of land independently with that of any green, open, play
field, sport field.
D. Religious

In the case of religious, based on socio-data there are Christian (orthodox) church and non-
Orthodox Christian churches. The lands (7 hectares) occupied by these churches are preserved as
they are.

E. EEPCO

There is no EEPCO office in the town and hence one site is proposed for this service on an area
1137m2 of land.
F. Postal service

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There is no existing post office and hence one site is proposed for this service on an area 1579m 2
of land.
G. Cemetery

As the socio economic data analysis in the town there is no cemetery except for Orthodox
Church in their site and the residents serve on their own tenure. So in this proposal it is assigned
to be proposed on two sites one on East and one on West direction of the town. The area of
these two sites is 31886m2.
H. Slaughter house

According to socio-analysis the abattoir service is currently taking place on the open space
anywhere. So, in this plan it is included to be proposed on 6804m2 of land.
I. Waste disposal site

There is no waste disposal site for the town. And hence, in this plan it is proposed on the
periphery of the town on West direction by considering the prevailing wind direction. The site is
located in planning boundary surrounded by adequate buffer on 5539m2 of land.
11.6.5 Cultural and Social welfare Services
Cultural and Social welfare services are expected to comprise public worship, cemeteries, social
and cultural services, and social and welfare center and office for civic organization. The existing
cultural and social welfare services are maintained. Additional ones are envisaged and
appropriate sites are selected at equitable level in the expansion and in fill area. All of the
currently existing religion institutions are maintained in the basic plan but the present land
holding system is very wide and underutilized. Thus, the institutions themselves should propose
partly for compatible urban functions.

11.6.6 Municipal Service

Municipal services like abattoir, waste disposal site, municipal cemetery are proposed in
different parts of the town.
11.6.7 Manufacturing and Storage

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There is no formally planned and comfortable manufacturing and storage site in the town. But in
this plan it is tried to incorporate in this plan.
The total area which will be covered by manufacturing and storage is about 2.1 hectare which is
about 0.8 % of the total area to be built up during the planning period.
11.6.8 Transport and Road Network
Transportation system Planning is vital for promoting efficient traffic movement within the
urban centre. In Gulgula town, there is no bus station. It is necessary to propose for the future
planning period. There for, bus station is proposed on the new accessible site. To establish a
hierarchical set of road system;
 To locate traffic generating and attracting activities in the central accessible area of the
town or along the main roads;
 To resolve the existing road network challenge; and
11.6.9. Out let and inlet roads
 The road which links Holota to Sodo vie Shone.
 The other inlet and outlet roads are made to be 20m width
11.6.10. Inner roads
 The road which connects main activated areas(currently or in the future which are
expected to high traffic congestions) areas such as from main roads to newly proposed
bus station, open market areas other commercially and socially active areas is proposed
16m &16m meters width;
 The width of other inner roads (10m,12m) as collector and local roads
 Pedestrian roads are investigated on this basic plan based on topographic features of land
to access for traffic movements.
The total land covered by this function is about 71 hectare which accounts 27% of built up area.

11.6.11. Urban Agriculture

Urban agriculture plays vital roles as a viable productive means to manage the urban
environment. On the other hand, it can help a town to become self sufficiency with food, provide
employment opportunity, liquid and solid waste absorption, greenery and create livable and safe

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environment. This function cover areas in different parts of town are envisaged for urban
agriculture that include goat production, animal husbandry, horticulture, crop production, and
poultry farm. Moreover the existed urban agriculture activities are maintained and the
incompatible areas should be relocated administratively by local authority..
The total area covered by this function is about 7.8 hectares which is 3% of the total non- built up area.
11.6.12 Special Function
The activities which are categorized under this function are areas for unforeseen projects. Its
function decided administratively by public participation, local authorities and other
Governmental bodies in considering compatible of other nearby activities. The total land covered
by this activity is about 9.7 hectares which are about 3.7% of the total urbanized area. (See
proposal land use map).
11.6.13 Forest and informal green

Forest and informal green are another consideration are; as the town is surrounded by the river at
North, North East and North West. Moreover the huge mountain is locating at the South of the
town which exposes the town for hazardous storm water. Having this all in mind the terrain
feature of the town additionally environmental attention is mandatory to save the town. In this
regard protective forest (buffer zone) and naturally (environmentally) exposed are under
consideration. So, in the town slope >20% and the periphery of the town near to the river bank
are protected to being informal green. The area devoted for this is 177253m 2. On the other hand
environmentally very important matter is the mountain at the Southern part of the town. The
mountain is covered by grassland and consists of quarry site.
Even though, the mountain is located out the planning boundary of the town it is recommended
that:
 It should be covered by forest and grass to avoid storm water to the town.
 The quarry should not be intensively used, even; it should be protected if there are any
other options.
 To do these, it is better if the mountain is under the control of the town with the
responsibility.

11.7 The implementation of Spatial Development Framework (SDF)

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The Basic plan incorporates almost all the necessary social, physical and economic facilities for
the town. Finally the following points are suggested to facilitate the implementation process:-
 To translate (implement) the Basic Plan of the town in to locality, detail plan should be
prepared by local authority integrate with Regional/Zonal Urban Organization Plan
Preparation and Monitoring Process or the consultancy office.
 Public participation should be consider during plan or designing project for
implementation
 The area currently occupied by the Peasant Association located adjacent to the town and
which are proposed for urban expansion should be studied in detail.
 Municipality should be indicate on site lay out tree planting area when legalized property
ownership for each households;
 Urban upgrading and renewals activities to be under taken in areas designated for such
types of interventions should taken in to account the availability and conditions of
infrastructure service and physical conditions of the existing structure.
 Road net-work proposals should be implementing based on detail studies to be carried out
by local authorities. In particular the widening of existed roads should be executed with
the main intent of improving traffic circulation in a given area.
 Property lines of existing functions that could not be readily identified during the physical
survey of the town need to be clearly consider during implementations.
 Local authority should be encouraging the residents to construct standards housing units.
 Open spaces which are reserved with residential neighborhood to accommodate play
ground and other community level functions should be used for their designated purposes.
 The movement of cattle with in the town should be restricted to main roads. More over if
deemed necessary a pedestrian lane is to be considered during the design and
implementation

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