Page 1 Scots HSC Trial Chemistry 2004 Student number: •

2004

HSC Trial E~ mination

Chemistry

Examjnatjon instructions:
* Reading time allowed: 5 minutes Total marks - 100
* Writing Time allowed: 3 hours This el_(amination has TWO Sections:
• Use a Black or Blue pe ( Section L ) Q;2JW Pagesl - 11
75 marks
• A Pencil should be use for diagrams
This section bas TWO parts:
• Approved calculators ay be used. Part A - 15 marks Questlons 1 to 15
• A Data sheet, Formull List d Periodic table IS Multiple Choice questions
are anaebed to the back of th Paper and should All questions should be attempted.
be removed for use. Allow about 30 minutes for this Part.
Part B - 60 marks Questions 16 to 26
• Write your Student No. t the TOP Written Response questions
of EACH Page in the s ace provided. All questions should be attempted.
Maries for each question are shown on the Paper.
Allow about I hour 4S minutes for this Part.

( Section D.) OPTION Pages 22 -31

25 marks Questions 27-18
Allow about 4S minutes for this section.
..
(~ppendices )
Data Sheet Page 31
Periodic Table Page 33
Page2 Scots HSC Trial Chemisuy 2004 Student number: ••.•.••••.•..•..........•..••...••••

Section I
7S m arks

Part A - IS marks
Attempt Questions 1- 15
Allow about 30 minutes ror lllls part

Use the muhiple-choice answer sheet

Select the alternative A. B. C or D that best answers the question< Fill in the response oval
completely.

Sample: 2+4~ (A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 9

11.0 se co DO
If you think you have made a mistake. put a cross through the itiCOtTCCI answer and fill in the
new answer.
~~. . B)l{ co DO
If you change your mind and b.lve crossed out what you cons ideo· to be the correct ans wer. then
indicate tbe correct answer by writiog the word c.wvut and drawing ao arrow as follows.

/~
A )I(. B)l( co DO

,
Slut -+ 1. A.• so co DO /
Here
2. AO so c. DO ,/
v
-- 3. AO B .• co DO
4. 11.0 BO ce DO ./
s. A. oO. cO oO /
,
6. AO B0 co D. "'
7. AQ BO co D. /
8. AO e-o ce DO / t
'
9. AO BO co De /
10. ·AO oo co D. /
11. A(!!/) BQ ·ce DO )(
f--. 12. A0 so co
co
DO
o-o
•
13. -AO B.
\) 14 . AO a·O co DO

• 15. AO B'O co D·O

 .Page 3 Scots HSC Trial Chemistry 2004 Student number: . ......................................

Section 1
PART A: Multiple choice - 15 Marks
Attempt All Questions 1 - 15
Record your answers on the multiple-choice answer sheet on page 2.

I. Which of the following provides the correct information about the monomer lcnown as vinyl
chloride?

B.
A.
~ y
rr
H Cl
Chloroethene Chloroethane

H H D. H H
H-{--{-H
H Cl
Chloroethene {=~
H Cl
Chloroethane

2. Which of the following molecules is produced by a condensation reaction?

A Polyvinylchloride
B. Polyethylene
c. Cellulose
D. Styrene

3. The hel!t of combustion of ethanol is[3'60ki7iil~ Approximately how much energy would be
produced theoretically by the complete combustion of 11.5g of ethanol?

A. IISkJ

B. 340 kJ

C. 521 kJ

D. 5440kJ
. Page 4 Scots HSC Trial Chemistry 2004 Student number: ••• .••..•. .• .•...•......••••......•••••

4. A student constructed a galvanic cell using two different metals in electrolytes of the nitrate of
the metals (I mol L"1) solution. The combination of metals whlch would giVe dte g~eatcst
potential difference is: r'7
f-- 1---j ...,
A. magnesium and zinc t
B. zinc and nickel
C. manganese and silver
D. nickel and silver

5. Which of tbe following equations could represent the fonnation of a transuranic

element in a nuclear reactor?

A.

B.

c.
D.

6. Citric acid (2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxytic acid) is a weaker acid tban sulfuric

acid, even though citric acid is triprotic.
Which of the following best explains the above statement?

A Citric acid ionises more completely than sulfuric acid

B Sulfuric acid will react completely with a base, but citric acid will a.ly r-=:t partially
with a base
C Sulfuric acid is diprotic and therefore ionises more easily.
D Citric acid ionises less completely than sulfuric acid.
 .Page 5 Scots HSC Trial Chemistry 2004 Student number: ........................................

7. Consider the following ~gc;!lt bottles of acids:

'
'
acidA '
o.ot M
pH2

In comparing these two solutions we can say that

A. the [Hj is greater in the solution of acid A

B. the [Hj is greater in the solution of acid B

C. the acids are of equal strength

D. A is the stronger acid

8. Sodium hydrogensulfate can be added to .a solution to reduce its pH. The reaction
responsible for this is:

A.
-
HS04c•qJ + H20cn ~ HzS04(aq) + OH'c•qJ

B. HS04c"'l + HS04.("1l ~ H2S04{aq) + So/·c"'l

c. HS04c"'l + ~Oc~ ~ ~o· <"'l + so.z·,>q)

D. Na\,q_ + HzOc•l ~ NaOflc"'l + WcaqJ

9. Consider the following equilibrium in aqueous solution:

CN" + HS04" ... HCN + Sol·

Select the correct statement:

A. CN"' is acting as an Anbenius acid

B. lf the equilibrium lies to the right, then HCN is a stronger Brnnsted-Lowry acid than
HS04·.

C. In the reverse reaction, HCN acts as a Brnnsted-Lowry base.

D. HS04 and sol· are a Bronsted-Lowry acid/conjugate base pair.

 .Page6 Scots HSC Trial Chemistry 2004 Student number: ......................... ··~··········
.,..
I 0. A student,titrating sodiwn hydroxide solution with sulfuric acid, which is delivered
from the burette. The burette should be given a final rinse with:

A. a sod.iwn hydroxide solution

B. distilled water

C. a detergent solution

D. the sulfuric acid solution

, I I. Consider the following expanded structural formulas:

(i)

(iii) 0 . . (.iv} H H /
H / 'H I I.
H--<>-C-c-0-H
I I
H H
- (v) H H (vi) H H
I I /lo I I
· H-c-c-c~
I I
H H
o-H .. rb
The compounds which could be reacted together to form a condeo. .V. polyma' are:

A. (i) and (iv)

B. (ii) and (vi)

C. (iii) and (v)

D. (i) and (ii)

.Page 7 Scots HSC Trial Ch•mlstry 2004 Student number: ............... ..................... ...

12 The formation of ammonia from its constituent elements can be summarised using the
following equation:
Nllll + 3H2W .... 2NHJ(Il
The formation of ammonia is reduced when the reaction is conducted under
conditions of

A. high temperature and low pressure

B. low temperature and high pressure
C. high temperature and high pressure
D. low tempernture and low pressure

13 A white salt is suspected of being either a phosphate or a carbonate. A test that will quickly
identify the anion in this white salt would be:

A. perfonning the brown ring test

B. adding acid and checking for effervescence
C. dissolving both in water and adding sil ver ions
D. testing with litmus paper

14. Biological Oxygen Demand is:

A. a measure of the number of aerobic organisms in a sample of water.

B. a measure of organic wastes that can be broken down by organisms in a body of water
C. a measure of inorganic wastes that can be broken down by anaerobic organisms
D. the quantity of oxygen needed to respire organic wastes in a body of water

15. See over p age .. ./p

.PageS Scots HSC Trial Chemistry 2004 Student number. ..........................._..........

15. It is known that gases A and Breach equilibrium as they react together to fonn gas C.
The variation in concentration of these gases was monitored and graphed as
illustrated below.

12
~A
10

8
(gas]
(mol L- 1) 6 N
4
/c
I

2 1
1/ I
I
I

time •••
By applying Le Chatelier's principle, it can be predicted that at time tl the yield of the forward
reaction will
A. increase if pressure is increased.

B. decr:ease if pressure is increased.

C. decrease if pressure is decreased.

D. not be affected by a change in pressure.

.Page 9 Scots HSC Trial Chemlstly 2004 Student number: ·· ······················· ··-······ .. ••

Section 1 (continued)
Part B - 60 Marks

Attempt Questions 16-26 '

Answer the questions in the spaces p rovided.
Show a Urelevant wor king in questions involving calculations.

Ques t.ion 16 (6 marks) Marks

/
(a) Compare the reactivity of alkenes and alkanes and give a reason for the
difference. - 2

(b) Describe a test that you used to distinguish between a named alkane and
alkene you Investigated in the laboratory. Include relevant practical details
and Chemical equations. 4
.Page 10 Scots HSC Trial Chemistry 2004 Student number: ...........................- ..........

Question ~ 7 (5 marks) Marks

s
 .Page 11 Scots HSC Trial Chamlotry 2004 Student number: .. ................................. ....

Question 18 (6 marks) Marks

Consider the following electrochemical cell:
x(l) I x H (•q) n y+(•q) I Y (s)
'
(a) Draw a labeled dlagra~ of this cell, clearly Indicating the direction of electron
and ion flow. · 3

(b) The EMF of the cell under standard conditions is 0.96V.

Given that the reduction potential for v•1oq"{-~'f"''!' Y<s>is 0.52V, write the
oxidation half-equation for th e cell, including Its voltage. 2

(c) The cell will eventually reach a st ate of equilibrium. Use Le Chateller's Principle
to justify the prediction that if the concentration of y•(oqJ is increased, the
voltage will also Increase. 1
.Page 12 Scot.s HSC Trial CMmlstry 2004 Student number: .•.••••••..........•.•...•.•..••.•.•..•

Question 19 {3 marks) Marks

Identify one named radioisotope used in either industry or medicine 3

Describe the way in which the a~named-t:aQlolsotope i~and ~
use In terms of i~.end ~ls;alprQPe[ti& ·
 .Page 13 Scots HSC Trial Chemistry 2004 Student number: •••••••.• •.••••.• .•••• ·····-···· ······

Q~tion 20 (5 marks) Marks

1
A' titration was carried out using 0.246 mol L" HCI to standardise 25.0mL allguots
of a solution of the weak base, sodium carbonat e. An appropriate indicator was -
chosen to show the end point of neutralization. The results gained are shown In ,
the table below.

Run 1 2 3 4 5
lnilial burelte volume (mL) 0.5 ' .. 23.6 "' , . t 0.7 ?.1·.J 23.5 :i ) • ., 0.2 . ' ..
Final bure11e volume (mL) 23.5 45.8 23.0 46.2 22.4
I

"(

(a) Calculate the concentration of the sodium carbonate solution. Justify the steps
in your calculation. 3

(b) The student had a choice of indicators:·

• Methyl orange; changes from red to orange from pH 3.0 to 4.5.
• Phenolphthalein; changes from colourless to pink from pH 8.3 to 10.0
Select the indicator that should be used for this titration, giving a reason
for your choice. 2
. .
 . Page 14 Scots HSC Trial Chemistry 200-4 Student number: ...................... .................

Question 21 (7 marks) Marks

As part of your practical worl< you decarbonated a beverage. A student
decarbonated a sample of soda water by opening the bottle It was In and leaving
it for a period of time, weighing it at regular intervals. She also used a non-
carbonated sample of water as a control, recording its mass at the same intervals.

Initial After .
Ohours 12 hours 24 hours 36 hours 48 hours 60 hours ···
Soda

..'
385.0 382.6 381.1 380.7 380.3 380.0
water
?''
385.0 385.7 J
384.2 ' ~ 383.4 ~ ·I 383.0 .3
~

(a)

IT

....

..

;, .

H'
.!
•-::
H
'6 ,,,~,,.,

0 ~Ot..,l')
.Page 15 Scots HSC Trial Chemistry 200-4 Student number. ........................... _ ..........

Question 21. continued

(b) Interpret the trends shown in your graphs including any relationship between
~~ 3

'
(c) Use the graph to detennine the volume of C02 gas produced at 25"C and
lOOkPa. Show your working. 2
 .Page 16 Scots HSC Tria l Chemis1ry 2004 Student number: .................... ................. ..

Question 22 (8 marks) Marks

Artifici al banana essence, pentyl ethanoate, Is an ester.
(a) Draw and name the structures of the subst ances that would be used to
manufacture this ester ' 4

(b) Draw a fullY. labelled diagram of the '!PParatus used to manufacture this ester In
the sc;hool aboratory including direction of water flow In the condenser. - 3

(c) Describe the purpose of using concentrated sulfuric acid in the preparation of
an ester. 1

(d) Explain the need for refluxing during esterification 1

 . Page 17 Scots HSC Trial Chemistry 2004 Student number: ............... .. ..... ..... _..........

Question 23 (5 marks) Marks

Refer to the following Table and Aow chart.
Table - Solubility of Ionic compounds
Soluble Insoluble
Oroup 1 and Ntt.· compounds, Carbonates, sulfites and phosphates
Nitrates (except Oroup 1 and NH,• compounds}
Ethanoates (acetates} (except Ag-} Hydroxides and oxides (except Oroup I,
Chlorides, bromides and iodides (except Ag-, Pb2'} NH,•, Sa•· , Ca2'}
Sulfates (except Pb2', Ba2 ', Air, Ca2 '} Sulfides (except Groups I, 2 and NH,•)

Flow chart: In order to Identify three anions in a solution a student performed the
experiments shown in the flowchart below.

I Mixture of three unkDown anioDS

I
Add Zn(N03h solution, filter
...
I Clear solution I I White pn::cipitate, B I
l Add BaCh solution, filter · Add HCI solution

White precipitale. J
1
Cleat solution
Bubbles of colourless gas, L

Add Pb(NOsh solution

Yell ow precipitate, K

(a) Identify any one of the precipitates, H, l or K or the gas, L and write the
balanced net ionic equation for t he reaction Involved In its formation. 4

Letter of precipitate or gas:

Chemical Name

I onic equati~n for Its formation:

Anions present in the original solution

(b) While looking for some barium ch(adde tcr complete the tests above, a student
found a reagent bottle labelled "a chloride salt of either barium or
magnesium". Describe a simple test that you have carried out In the school
laboratory to identify barium Ions that would enable this student Identify the
salt present. - I
.Page 18 Scots HSC Trial Chemistry 2004 Student number: ••...•••....••.•••.••.•. •. ••..••••••..

Question 24 (6 marks) Marks

During your course you performed a first-hand investigation to determine the sulfate
content of lawn fertiliser .

(a) Describe the procedure_you used and explain_ the ~hemlstry involved, 3

(b) Describe the results you obtained (numerical values are not required) and
evaluate the reliability of these results. Propose solutions t o at least one
problem ypu encountered In the procedure. 3
. Page 19 Scots HSC Trial Chemistry 2004 Student number: ............ ....... ........ _..........

Question 2 5 (6 marks) Marks

In the late 1970's unprecedented and unanticipated depletions of stratospheric
ozone were discovered over the Antarctic and the problem has continued to grow
causing much concern among the scientific community. Scientists are
increasingly blaming the use of CFCs for this depletion of the ozone. •
(a) Name a CFC found in the Trooosohere and identify Its origins. 1

.. ., .
( b) Write equations to show the react.i ons Involving CFC's and ozone to
demonstrate the removal of ozone from the atmosphere. 2

(c) Evaluate the effectiveness of alternative chemicals In use which are replacing
~- 3
.Page 20 Scots HSC Trial Chemi stry 2004 Student number: ....••••.....•••...••... ···-·······

Question 26 (3 marks) Mar

A student decided to measure the concentration of lead (Pb) in the soil around his ho
He prepared five standard lead solutions of known concentration. The absorbance of
these solutions was measured. These results are shown in the table.

ConcenJrotion of lead Absorba11c~

stamiard (ppm)
0 0.00
I 0.15
2 0.31
3 0.44
4 0.59
5 0.75
.Page 21 Scots HSC Trial Chemistry 2004 Student number: ....................... .... _....... ....

Question 26 (continued) Marks

(b) The student prepared solutions from four different soli samples around his
home. These solutions were also analysed using the same method. The results
are shown In the table below.

Soluti.ons made from soil samples

A reasampkd Absorbance
Front garden bed 0.19

Bac.k garden bed 0.09

Mail box 0.22

Back fence 0. 11

Determine the concentration of lead around his front garden bed. 1

Page 1 Scots HSC Trial Chemistry 2004 Solutions

Scots Trial Paper Chemistry 2004

Solutions, syllabus outcomes and marking criteria

PART A: Questions 1-15

Question I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Answer A c B c A D D c D D A A B D D
Outcomes H9 H9 H10 H6, H6 H8, H8, H8, H6 H11, H9 H10, H11 H11 H10,
H12 H7, H10 H10 H10 H12 H14 H14
H8

1 Correct Answer A
Chloroethene (with the double bond)

2 Correct Answer C
The other molecules apart from cellulose are produced from addition polymerisation.

3 Correct Answer B
n(C2HsOH) m/M =
= 11.5g/46.07g mor 1
= 0.249 mol

Heat of combustion = 0.249 mol x 1360 kJ/mol

= 339.48
~ 340 kJ

4 Correct Answer c
A gives 1.6V, B gives 0.52V, C gives 1.98V, D gives 1.04V using the table of standard
reduction potentials.

5 Correct Answer A
Transuranic elements have an atomic number greater than 92.

6 Correct Answer D
Acid strength is measured by the extent of ionisation of the acid. Weak acids ionise
less than stronger acids.

7 Correct Answer D
Since both acids have the same pH, their respective [H+] must be the same. However,
acid A is of a lower concentration and so must be a stronger acid.

8 Correct Answer C
An increase in [H+] will result in a lower pH. The hydrogen sulfate ion, derived from a
polyprotic acid will undergo a hydrolysis reaction to form a more acidic solution.

9 Correct Answer D

10 Correct Answer D
The solution to be delivered is used as the final rinse to avoid dilution.

11 Correct Answer A
Each monomer has two functional groups.
Page 2 Scots HSC Trial Chemistry 2004 Solutions

12 Correct Answer A
The formation of ammonia is exothermic, and so its yield will increase at lower
temperatures. According to Le Chatelier's Principle, in this case the equilibrium will
shift to the right as pressure is increased.

13 Correct Answer B

14 Correct Answer D

15 Correct Answer D
The equation for the reaction is A + B 0 2C. Since one mole of each A and B are
consumed to form 2 moles of C, there are 2 moles of gas on each side of the equation.
Therefore the ratio of moles is unaffected by the change in pressure.
Page3 Scots HSC Trial Chemistry 2004 Solutions

Part B Questions 16-26

Question 16 (7 marks)
Q.16 (a) Outcomes assessed: H Marks
• Correctly states the difference between the reactivity of alkanes and alkenes
AND 2
• Gives a valid reason
• Correctly states the difference between the reactivity of alkanes and alkenes 1

Specimen answer
Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes because the double bond in alkenes is more amenable to
chemical (electrophilic) attack than the single bond in alkanes.

Q.16 (b) Outcomes assessed: H Marks

• Correctly names an alkane and an alkene available in the school science laboratory
AND
• Describes a valid distinguishing test including the reagents, their amounts and equipment
needed
AND 4
• Correctly states the outcome of the test
AND
• Write a correct chemical equation (with states) for the effect of the test on the named
alkene
• Correctly names an alkane and an alkene available in the school science laboratory
AND
• Describes a valid distinguishing test including the reagents, their amounts and equipment
needed
3
AND
• Correctly states the outcome of the test
OR
• Write a correct chemical equation (with states) for the effect of the test any alkene
• Correctly names an alkane and an alkene available in the school science laboratory
AND
• Describes a valid distinguishing test without including equipment needed
2
•
OR
Correctly states the outcome of the test
.
OR
• Write a correct chemical equation (with states) for the effect of the test on anv alkene
• Correctly describes some aspect of a suitable distinguishing test for alkenes and alkanes
OR 1
• Write a correct chemical equation (with states) for the effect of the test on anv alkene

Specimen answer
Cyclohexane and cyclohexene can be distinguished from one another by shaking a 1 mL
sample of each in separate test tubes with a few drops of bromine water. The
cyclohexene will decolourise the bromine water the cyclohexane will not.

CeH1o(/)
OR
CsH1o(/) + 2Br2(aq) ~ CsHsBr2(/) + 2HBr(aq)
OR some other valid reaction
Page4 Scots HSC Trial Chemistry 2004 Solutions

Question 17 (5 marks)
Q.17 (a) Outcomes assessed: H Marks
• Names a specific biopolymer 5
AND
• Identifies the specific enzyme or organism used in its synthesis
AND
• Identifies its physical and/or chemical properties
AND
• Identifies its uses or potential uses
AND
• Evaluates the production of these plastics in terms of cost and possibility
of cost effectiveness in developments in genetic technology
• Names a specific biopolymer 3-4
AND
• Suggests uses, properties OR its physical and/or chemical properties
AND
• States the advantage of biodegradability of such a plastic
OR
• Evaluates the production of these plastics in terms of cost and possibility
of cost effectiveness in developments in genetic technology
• Names a specific biopolymer 1-2
AND/OR
• Identifies the specific enzyme or organism used in its synthesis
OR
• Evaluates the production of these plastics in terms of cost and possibility
of cost effectiveness in developments in genetic technology

Specimen answer
Biopolymer:
PHB - polybetahydroxybutanoate

Synthesis details
• Produced by some of the following organisms - Alcaligenes, Clostridium,
• Polymer has similar physical and mechanical properties to polypropylene but
different chemical structure.

Uses
• PHB can be used in the production of packaging, e.g. bags, wrapping film etc. The
main advantage over polypropylene is that it is biodegradable thus these plastics
would rapidly degrade in landfills.

Evaluation
• However the cost of production of these plastics is very much higher than for
plastics from petrochemicals.
• Improvements in genetic technology may assist in the future production of these
plastics making it more economically viable.
Page 5 Scots HSC Trial Chemistry 2004 Solutions

Question 18 (6 marks)
Q.18 (a) Outcomes assessed: H Marks
• Correct diagram (including anode, cathode, salt bridge) showing correct
3
directions of electron AND ion movements
• Correct diagram (including anode, cathode, salt bridge) showing correct direction
2
of electron movement
• Correct diagram (including anode, cathode, salt bridge) but no electron or ion
1
movement OR correct direction of electron or ion movement

Specimen answer
Diagram:

Qxjdation Reduction
occurs
on electrode
surface

Salt bridge

Q.18 (b) Outcomes assessed: H Marks

• Correct half equation AND voltage 2
• Correct half-equation
OR 1
• Correct voltage

Specimen answer
Cell voltage:
• -E•
Ecell - ox +
E•red
0.96 = E:X + 0.52 V
E:X =0.44 V
Oxidation half-equation:
>«s> ~ X2.caq) + 2e- , E:;. = +0.44 V
Q.lS (c) Outcomes assessed: H Marks
• Predicts effect on cell voltage based on Le Chatelier's principle 1

Specimen answer
By Le Chatelier's principle, if the concentration of a reactant is incr~ased the equilibrium will
be driven to the right, producing a higher concentration of products until a new equilibrium is
reached.
Hence, once more y+ is available for reduction, the system will respond by producing more
Yes>• so the cell voltage will increase once more until the new equilibrium is established.
>«s> + 2Y ~ 2Ycs> + X2·caq>
Page 6 Scots HSC Trial Chemistry 2004 Solutions

Question 19 (3 marks)

Q.19 Outcomes assessed: H Marks

• Names a radioisotope used in medicine or in industry
• States it nuclear properties (type of radiation emitted and half life) 3
• Relates its chemical and/or nuclear properties to its medical (or industrial) use
• As above but missing any one item 2
• As above but missing anv two items 1

Specimen answer
Medical Radioisotope: lodine-131
Uses
• Used as a radioactive tracer to diagnose thyroid problems and also to treat cancer of the
thyroid (radiotherapy).

• It is injected into the blood where it concentrates in the thyroid, particularly where abnormal
growth is taking place

Nuclear and chemical properties and how these relate to its uses
• 1-131 is a gamma emitter with a half-life of 8 days
• The isotope decays as shown in the following equation:

~~~~ ~ 1 ~lXe+ -~e+r+v

• The y-radiation from the decay of the isotope can easily penetrate a patient's body and be
picked up by detectors. It also interferes with the division of cancer cells and kills them.

• The short 8 day half-life means that it does not remain for long in the patient to cause long
term damage to other tissues.

• The half life is long enough, however to be delivered to the hospital from the Lucas
Heights reactor where it is produced.

• Research is under way into how to deliver such isotopes more precisely to the sites of cancer

OR...
Industrial Radioisotope: Americium-141
Uses
• Americium-241 is used in industry for quality control (eg. measuring thickness of metal sheet
produced by steel mills) and in smoke detectors

Nuclear and chemical properties and how these relate to its uses
• Americium-141 is an alpha and gamma emitter and has a half-life of 432 years
241Am-+
95
237Np+
93
4a+r
2

• The gamma radiation is used to accurately measure the thickness of such things as steel and
plastic because the amount of radiation that penetrates a material depends on its thickness.

• The alpha radiation of Am-241 is used in smoke detectors to ionise the air between two
parallel plates and the flow of ions (current) between the plates. This current is constantly
monitored. If there is smoke in the air, smoke particles are attracted to ions in the air, making
them heavier. This changes the flow of ions between the plates, which in turn sets off the
alarm
Page7 Scots HSC Trial Chemistry 2004 Solutions

Question 20 (5 marks)
Q.20 (a) Outcomes assessed: H Marks
• Calculation of the correct average titre with readings I and 4 excluded
WITH
• justification of why the average was used and why readings I and 4 should be
3
excluded
AND
• Correct calculation of sodium carbonate concentration
• Calculation without justification of an average titre (with or without readings I and 4)
AND 2
• Correct calculation of sodium carbonate concentration
• Correct balanced equation.
OR 1
• Some correct working

Specimen answer
Run 1 2 3 4 5
Initial burette volume (mL} 0.5 23.6 0.7 23.5 0.2
22.4

Steps in the calculation of the [Na2C03] with justification

• The average titre will be calculated to make best use of the data collected.
• However, the first (rough) titre value and the fourth titre value will be excluded as they
are too far away from the other readings; i.e., readings 2, 3 and 5 are all within 0.1 ml
of each other which is within the precision of the burette Therefore, the average
volume of the concordant readings is 22.23ml ~ 22.2 ml.
• In the calculation of the [Na 2C03] the 22.23ml value will be used and the final answer
will be rounded off.

Calculation of [Na2C03]
Na2C03(aq) + 2HCI(aq) -7 2NaC~aq) + C02<s> + H20(I)
nNa2 C03 _ ( cV),.,co,
nHCI - ( cV)HC

1 c X 25.0mL
- - _ _....:;N..c=0•'-----:-----
2 0.0246 mol L" 1 x 22.23 mL

c =-
1 x O. 0246 moI t·t x _2_2._23_m_L
Na,CO, 2 25.0 mL

c,..co, =0.109 mol L"1

Q.20 (b) Outcomes assessed: HlO, H12 Marks

2
• Chooses correct indicator and provides appropriate reason
1
• Chooses correct indicator

Specimen answer
Reaction between a strong acid and a weak base will produce a weakly acidic solution, so of the two
indicators provided, methyl orange should be chosen as its endpoint is acidic region - although
perhaps, it is still a little too low to pick up the equivalence point.
Page 8 Scots HSC Trial Chemistry 2004 Solutions

Question 21 (7 marks)
Q.21 (a) Outcomes assessed: H Marks
• Correctly plots points (axes must be labelled and suitable of scales must be used)
AND 2
• draws sound lines of fit for both data sets
• Correctly plots points but draws incorrect lines OR plots one set of data correctly
OR 1
• Plots points for both sets of data correctly without drawing trendlines ...

Specimen answer
Graph
Mass of flask vs. Time

386 '
-385
1!384
:I -+-Soda Water ii
'
.8 383
-~t-Piain Water
l!
;,
-; 382
.§ 381 - Unear (Plain Water)
~------~------~·
II
1- 380
379
0 20 40 60 80
Mass(g)

Q.21 (b) Outcomes assessed: H Marks

Interprets the graphs to:
• identify the trend in the water graph to be due to evaporation alone
AND
3
• identify the trend in the soda water graph to be due to both evaporation and c~ loss
• identify that the trends become virtually identical once most of the dissolved~ gas
gone
• Identifies two of these trends 2
• Identifies any one trend 1

Specimen answer
• Both graphs show a decrease in mass over time .
The water graph shows the loss of mass due to evaporation alone.
The soda water graph shows the loss of mass due to water evaporation AND loss of carbon dioxide gas.
• When no more C02 remains the soda water graph parallels the water graph as evaporation J
continues. I
Q.21 (c) Outcomes assessed: H Marks
• Correct calculation using mass of carbon dioxide from graph
AND 2
• Correct value and formula for molar volume of gas evolved
• Correct formula for molar volume of gas but incorrect value from own graphs
OR 1
• Correct value from graph used, but incorrect formula for molar volume of gas

Specimen answer
From the water graph, the water loss (by both samples) due to evaporation= 2 g.
The total mass loss of the soda water sample = 5 g. So the mass of C02 lost = 3 g.
Volume of C02 gas lost = No. moles x molar volume at 25°C:

VCOz = 44gm0t
3 ·0 g
1
X 24.79 L ITWJ/" 1 =1.69 L
Page9 Scots HSC Trial Chemistry 2004 Solutions

Question 22 (8 marks)
Q.22 (a) Outcomes assessed: Hll, H9, HS Marks
• Correctly draws the structures of both reactants
AND 3
• Correctly names (IUPAC) both reactants
• Correctly draws the structures of one reactant
AND
• Correctly names (IUPA C) both reactants
OR 2
• Correctly draws the structures of both reactant
AND
• Correctly names (IUPA C) one reactants
• Correctly draws the structure of AND correctly names one of the reactants 1

Specimen answer
1-Pentanol Ethanoic acid
H H H H H H
I I I I I I #o
H-c-c-c -c-c-OH H-c-c
I I I I
H H H H H
I ~ '\OH

Q.22 (b) Outcomes assessed: Hll, H9, HS Marks

•
the school laboratory including: (2 marks)
- .Round bottom flask (with boiling chips optional)
I
Correctly draws and labels he apparatus required for the production of an ester in
-1 mark for each I
missing/Incorrect Item
- Reflux condenser
3
- Heat source (heating mantle, oil bath, Bunsen [less desirable]; not water bath)
- Water inlet and outlet (with correct water flow direction labelled)
AND
• Draws items correctly- 2 dimensional. correct relative sizes ... (J mark)
• As above, with one or more of the above not included 1-2

Specimen answer

cooling water

reaction mixture

Q.22 (c) Iover page... /p Marks

Q.22 (d) I over page... /p Marks

Page 10 Scots HSC Trial Chemistry 2004 Solutions

Q.22 (c) Outcomes assessed: H Marks

• Correctly identifies concentrated sulfuric acid acting as a catalyst (do no not allow
1
'acting as a dehydrating agent')

Specimen answer
Sulfuric acid serves as a catalyst

Q.22 (d) Outcomes assessed: H Marks

• Correctly explains the need for refluxing 1

Specimen answer
Refluxing allows the reactants to remains in contact at high temperature for an extended time
without building up the pressure (as would occur in a sealed flask).
It is also a safety precaution as it prevents the escape of inflammable vapours.
Page II Scots HSC Trial Chemistry 2004 Solutions

Question 23 (5 marks)
Q.23 (a) Outcomes assessed: H Marks
• Correctly identifies any one three precipitates or the gas (the letter identifying the
substance must be quoted)
• Writes the correct net ionic equation the formation of the species identified (must 4
include states and correct balancing numbers) (2 marks)
• Identifies the anions _l)I'esent in the original solution.
• Deduct one mark for each mistake/omission 1-3

Specimen answer
Species (1 mark) Net ionic equation (2 marks)
Precipitate H: Zinc carbonate: co/-(aq) + Zn 2+(aq) ~ ZnC03(s)
Precipitate J: Barium sulfate: SO/-(aq) + Ba 2+(aq) ~ BaS04(s)
Precipitate K: Lead iodide 2r(aq) + Pb 2+(aq) ~ Pblz(s)
Gas L: Carbon dioxide: CO/-(aq) + 2H+(aq) ~ HzO(I) + C03(g)
Anions present in original solution: C0 32-, SO/- and r
(symbols or names, l mark)

Q.23 (b) Outcomes assessed: H Marks

• Correctly describes a test that would distinguish the two ions 1

Specimen answer
Test for Ba 2 + ions: Add a few drops of dilute HzS04(aq) to about a mL of
solution in a test tube. The formation of a white precipitate indicates the
presence of BaS04. MgS04 is soluble.
Page 12 Scots HSC Trial ChemiStry 2004 Solutions

Question 24 (6 marks)
Q.24 (a) Outcomes assessed: H Marks
• Outlines a valid procedure. A minimum answer must include accurate weighing,
addition of a precipitating agent, filtering, drying and weighing.
3
AND
• Describes the chemistry underlying at least two of the steps
• Outlines a valid procedure. A minimum answer must include accurate weighing,
addition of a precipitating agent, filtering, drying and weighing.
2
AND
• Describes the chemistry underlying one of the steps
• Outlines a valid procedure. A minimum answer must include accurate weighing,
addition of a precipitating agent, filtering, drying and weighing but fails to describe 1
any of the chemistry involved.

Specimen answer
Procedure and chemistry
Procedure Underlying chemistry
1 Accurately weigh a sample of the fertiliser.
Dissolve it in 25 mL of distilled water
2 Acidity the solution with 1 mL of cone HCl Heating removes any N0 3- present as HN03(g)
and dilute to 200 mL. and prevents co-precipitation ofBa(N03) 2 •
Heat gently on a hotplate Acidic conditions help form an easily filterable
precipitate and reduces co-precipitation*
3 Slowly add llotdilute BaCh solution to the Barium ions cause the sulfate to precipitate as
hot solution:with thorough stirring insoluble BaS04
Ba2+(aq) + sol-(aq) ~ BaS04(s)
*In acid solution, negatively charged
so2- ions are primarily adsorbed (since Carrying our the precipitation at elevated
a precipitate tends to adsorb it own ions) temperature reduces supersaturation which
and some positively charged W counter results in the formation of small crystals
ions (supplied by the acid) are
secondarily adsorbed. The 11 counter Carrying out the precipitation in dilute solution
ions neutralise the negative primary and the slow addition of the BaCh precipitating
layer and allow the particles to coagulate reagent with thorough stirring also favours the
to form the precipitate. growth of large easily filterable BaSO4(s)
crystals and reduces the co-precipitation of
BaC12(s) onto them

4 Cover the solution containing the precipitate This is a digestion phase: it allows the
with a watch glass and precipitate crystals to grow large which makes
Allow it to stand for 12-24 hours at room them more readily filterable and reduces the
temperature. amount ofcontamination by co-precipitation
The volume of solution should not fall below
150 mL to prevent supersaturation (which
reduces crystal size)

5 Filter off the precipitate using a sintered A sintered glass fimnel is used instead of filter
silica funnel. paper to prevent the reduction of the hot sulfate to
sulfide by the carbon in filter paper:

BaS0.4(s) + 4C(s) ~ BaS(s) + 4CO(g)

6 Wash with several small aliquots of hot The small wash portions remove impurities
water more efficiently than one larger wash portion
Hot washings increase the solubility of
impurities and increase the speed of filtration
Water is suitable because BaS04 is very
insoluble in water (3 mg/L at room
temperatur~
7 Dry in a desiccator and weigh. Repeat until Desiccator prevents water from the atmosphere
a constant mass is obtained adhering to the crystals
Page 13 Scots HSC Trial Chemistry 2004 Solutions
/

Question 24 (continued)
Q.24 (b) Outcomes assessed: H Marks
• Summarises the results obtained and assesses their reliability
AND
• Identifies at least one problem 3
AND '
• Su_gAests a feasible_procedure that possibly alleviate it.
• Summarises the results obtained and assesses their reliability
AND
• Identifies at least one problem
OR 2
• Identifies at least one problem
AND
• Suggests a feasible procedure that possibly alleviate it.
• Summarises the results obtained and assesses their reliability
OR 1
• Identifies at least one problem

Specimen answer
Assessment of reliability
The results were not very reliable because the mass of sulfate obtained was much higher than that
expected from the assay on the packet. This was not due to the fact that the determination was
carried out only once since all groups in the class obtained similar results.

Problems and solutions

Problem Possible Solution
1 Some precipitate passed through the sintered Allow a greater digestion time.
glass funnel
Digest at a warm temperature to prevent
supersaturation which causes the formation of
small crystals.

2 The final precipitate was too heavy If this was due to coprecipitation of impurities,
the BaCh precipitating agent should be added
more slowly and more washing may be needed
after filtration.

If this was due to incomplete drying, ignition of

the precipitate may be required.
Page 14 Scots HSC Trial Chemistry 2004 Solutions
/

Question 25 (6 marks)
Q.25 (a) Outcomes assessed: H Marks
Reaction of CFC with ozone

Specimen answer
Either freon-11 or CFC-11 or trichlorofluoromethane used in plastics OR
Freon-12 or CFC-12 or dichlorofluoromethane used in refrigeration or
air-conditioning OR
Freon-13 or CFC-13 or 1,1,2-trochloro-1,2,2-trifluoromethane used as a solvent

Q.25 (b) Outcomes assessed: H Marks

• Shows the breakdown of a CFC molecule to form a chlorine atom or ClO
AND 2
• Shows this free radical attacking the ozone to break it down into 0 2
• Shows any one equation correctly 1

Specimen answer
Reaction of CFC with ozone
CCI3 F + ultraviolet light -7 Cl + CCI 2F
CCI2F2 + ultraviolet light -7 Cl + CCIF2
Cl + 03 -7 CIO + 02
CIO + 0 -7 02 + Cl

Q.25 (c) Outcomes assessed: H Marks

• Clearly explains the bonding in the replacement molecule, how it 3
functions including the cost and its efficiency
• Suggests the name of the molecule and bonding OR 2
• How the molecule functions including the cost or its efficiency
• Suggest the name of the molecule only and how it functions 1

Specimen answer
HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are now widely used as replacements for CFCs.
HFCs are compounds containing hydrogen, fluorine and carbon, but no chlorine. They
contain C-H bonds and so undergo some decomposition in the troposphere,
They contain no C-CI bonds so do not form Cl atoms in the stratosphere so their ozone
destroying capacity is zero.
HFC-134a, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane is now widely used in refrigeration and air-
conditioning in Australia. It is more expensive than the CFCs it replaces and somewhat
less efficient.
Page 15 Scots HSC Trial Chemistry 2004 Solutiens

Question 26 (3 marks)
Q.26 (a) Outcomes assessed: H Marks
• Correctly plotted graph 2
• One point incorrect!Y_plotted or line of fit not drawn correctly 1

Specimen answer
Graph:

0.60

·o.zo

.·. 2 3 4
· ci;licCnttation of lead (ppm)
.) _,:, . ·~:'r~ :.:.:~ ·:.:

Q.26 {b) Outcomes assessed: H Marks

• Correct value from own graph 1

Specimen answer
Lead concentration when absorbance is 0.19 =1.3 ppm (using graph)