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    4 If Else 28dec2020

    Uploaded by

    Nand Kumar
    The document discusses if-else statements in C programming. It explains that if-else statements allow programmers to control the flow of execution by checking conditions and running certain code blocks depending on if the condition is true or false. Specifically, it states that an if statement will run the code block if the condition is true, while an if-else statement will run one code block if true and the other if false. Examples are provided to demonstrate if and if-else statements.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    4 If Else 28dec2020

    Uploaded by

    Nand Kumar
    7 views40 pages
    The document discusses if-else statements in C programming. It explains that if-else statements allow programmers to control the flow of execution by checking conditions and running certain code blocks depending on if the condition is true or false. Specifically, it states that an if statement will run the code block if the condition is true, while an if-else statement will run one code block if true and the other if false. Examples are provided to demonstrate if and if-else statements.

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    4 if else 28dec2020

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    The document discusses if-else statements in C programming. It explains that if-else statements allow programmers to control the flow of execution by checking conditions and running certain code blocks depending on if the condition is true or false. Specifically, it states that an if statement will run the code block if the condition is true, while an if-else statement will run one code block if true and the other if false. Examples are provided to demonstrate if and if-else statements.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    7 views40 pages

    4 If Else 28dec2020

    Uploaded by

    Nand Kumar
    The document discusses if-else statements in C programming. It explains that if-else statements allow programmers to control the flow of execution by checking conditions and running certain code blocks depending on if the condition is true or false. Specifically, it states that an if statement will run the code block if the condition is true, while an if-else statement will run one code block if true and the other if false. Examples are provided to demonstrate if and if-else statements.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 40

    if-else statements

    Flow of Control
    • Unless specified otherwise, the order of statement
    execution through a function is linear: one
    statement after another in sequence
    • Some programming statements allow us to:
    ▪ decide whether or not to execute a particular statement
    ▪ execute a statement over and over, repetitively

    • These decisions are based on boolean expressions


    (or conditions) that evaluate to true or false
    • The order of statement execution is called the flow
    of control
    Conditional Statements
    • A conditional statement lets us choose which
    statement will be executed next
    • Therefore they are sometimes called selection
    statements
    • Conditional statements give us the power to
    make basic decisions
    • The C conditional statements are the:
    ▪ if statement
    ▪ if-else statement
    ▪ switch statement
    The if Statement
    • The if statement has the following syntax:

    The condition must be a


    boolean expression. It must
    if is a C evaluate to either true or false.
    reserved word

    if ( condition )
    statement;

    If the condition is true, the statement is executed.


    If it is false, the statement is skipped.
    Logic of an if statement

    condition
    evaluated

    true
    false
    statement
    Relational Operators
    • A condition often uses one of C's equality
    operators or relational operators

    == equal to
    != not equal to
    < less than
    > greater than
    <= less than or equal to
    >= greater than or equal to

    • Note the difference between the equality operator


    (==) and the assignment operator (=)
    The if Statement
    • An example of an if statement:
    if (sum > MAX)
    delta = sum - MAX;
    printf ("The sum is %d\n“, sum);

    • First the condition is evaluated -- the value of sum


    is either greater than the value of MAX, or it is not
    • If the condition is true, the assignment statement
    is executed -- if it isn’t, it is skipped.
    • Either way, the call to printf is executed next
    Example: Age.c

    • Write a C program that asks for your age and


    checks if you are older than 21 years.
    The if-else Statement
    • An else clause can be added to an if statement to
    make an if-else statement

    if ( condition )
    statement1;
    else
    statement2;

    • If the condition is true, statement1 is executed;


    if the condition is false, statement2 is executed
    • One or the other will be executed, but not both
    Logic of an if-else statement

    condition
    evaluated

    true false

    statement1 statement2
    Practice
    • Example 2.1: While purchasing certain items, a
    discount of 10% is offered if the quantity
    purchased is more than 1000. If quantity and price
    per item are input through the keyboard, write a
    program to calculate the total expenses.
    • main( )
    {
    int qty,dis=0;
    float rate, tot ;
    printf ( "Enter quantity and rate " ) ;
    scanf ( "%d %f", &qty, &rate) ;
    if ( qty > 1000 )
    dis = 10 ;
    tot = ( qty * rate ) - ( qty * rate * dis / 100 ) ;
    printf ( "Total expenses = Rs. %f", tot ) ;
    }
    Example: Wages.c
    • Write a C program that calculates weekly wages
    for hourly employees.

    • Regular hours 0-40 are paid at $10/hours.

    • Overtime (> 40 hours per week) is paid at 150%


    Indentation
    • The statement controlled by the if statement is
    indented to indicate that relationship
    • The use of a consistent indentation style makes a
    program easier to read and understand
    • Although it makes no difference to the compiler,
    proper indentation is crucial
    Logical Operators
    • C defines the following logical operators:
    ! Logical NOT
    && Logical AND
    || Logical OR

    • Logical NOT is a unary operator (it operates on


    one operand)

    • Logical AND and logical OR are binary operators


    (each operates on two operands)
    Logical NOT
    • The logical NOT operation is also called logical
    negation or logical complement
    • If some condition a is true, then !a is false; if a is
    false, then !a is true
    • Logical expressions can be shown using a truth
    table

    a !a
    true false
    false true
    Logical AND and Logical OR
    • The logical AND expression
    a && b
    is true if both a and b are true, and false otherwise

    • The logical OR expression


    a || b
    is true if a or b or both are true, and false
    otherwise
    Logical Operators
    • Expressions that use logical operators can form
    complex conditions

    if (total < MAX+5 && !found)


    printf ("Processing…");

    • All logical operators have lower precedence than


    the relational operators
    • Logical NOT has higher precedence than logical
    AND and logical OR
    Logical Operators
    • A truth table shows all possible true-false
    combinations of the terms
    • Since && and || each have two operands, there
    are four possible combinations of conditions a
    and b

    a b a && b a || b
    true true true true
    true false false true
    false true false true
    false false false false
    Boolean Expressions
    • Specific expressions can be evaluated using truth
    tables

    total < MAX found !found total < MAX && !found
    false false true false
    false true false false
    true false true true
    true true false false
    Boolean Expressions in C
    • C does not have a boolean data type.

    • Therefore, C compares the values of variables and


    expressions against 0 (zero) to determine if they
    are true or false.

    • If the value is 0 then the result is implicitly


    assumed to be false.

    • If the value is different from 0 then the result is


    implicitly assumed to be true.

    • C++ and Java have boolean data types.


    Short-Circuited Operators
    • The processing of logical AND and logical OR is
    “short-circuited”
    • If the left operand is sufficient to determine the
    result, the right operand is not evaluated

    if (count != 0 && total/count > MAX)


    printf ("Testing…");

    • This type of processing must be used carefully


    • The outcome may be compiler dependent!!!
    THE END

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