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3 If Else 26dec2020

The document discusses if-else statements in C programming. It explains that if-else statements allow programmers to control the flow of execution by checking conditions and running certain code blocks depending on if the condition is true or false. Specifically, it provides details on: 1) The basic syntax of if and if-else statements, including using boolean expressions to check conditions. 2) Examples of if and if-else statements to check age eligibility and calculate wages. 3) Logical operators like &&, ||, and ! that can be used to combine conditions in more complex boolean expressions. 4) How if-else statements along with conditions, logical operators, and boolean expressions allow programmers to selectively execute code

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Nand Kumar
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11 views31 pages

3 If Else 26dec2020

The document discusses if-else statements in C programming. It explains that if-else statements allow programmers to control the flow of execution by checking conditions and running certain code blocks depending on if the condition is true or false. Specifically, it provides details on: 1) The basic syntax of if and if-else statements, including using boolean expressions to check conditions. 2) Examples of if and if-else statements to check age eligibility and calculate wages. 3) Logical operators like &&, ||, and ! that can be used to combine conditions in more complex boolean expressions. 4) How if-else statements along with conditions, logical operators, and boolean expressions allow programmers to selectively execute code

Uploaded by

Nand Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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if-else statements

Flow of Control
• Unless specified otherwise, the order of statement
execution through a function is linear: one
statement after another in sequence
• Some programming statements allow us to:
▪ decide whether or not to execute a particular statement
▪ execute a statement over and over, repetitively

• These decisions are based on boolean expressions


(or conditions) that evaluate to true or false
• The order of statement execution is called the flow
of control
Conditional Statements
• A conditional statement lets us choose which
statement will be executed next
• Therefore they are sometimes called selection
statements
• Conditional statements give us the power to
make basic decisions
• The C conditional statements are the:
▪ if statement
▪ if-else statement
▪ switch statement
The if Statement
• The if statement has the following syntax:

The condition must be a


boolean expression. It must
if is a C evaluate to either true or false.
reserved word

if ( condition )
statement;

If the condition is true, the statement is executed.


If it is false, the statement is skipped.
Logic of an if statement

condition
evaluated

true
false
statement
Relational Operators
• A condition often uses one of C's equality
operators or relational operators

== equal to
!= not equal to
< less than
> greater than
<= less than or equal to
>= greater than or equal to

• Note the difference between the equality operator


(==) and the assignment operator (=)
The if Statement
• An example of an if statement:
if (sum > MAX)
delta = sum - MAX;
printf ("The sum is %d\n“, sum);

• First the condition is evaluated -- the value of sum


is either greater than the value of MAX, or it is not
• If the condition is true, the assignment statement
is executed -- if it isn’t, it is skipped.
• Either way, the call to printf is executed next
Example: Age.c

• Write a C program that asks for your age and


checks if you are older than 21 years.
The if-else Statement
• An else clause can be added to an if statement to
make an if-else statement

if ( condition )
statement1;
else
statement2;

• If the condition is true, statement1 is executed;


if the condition is false, statement2 is executed
• One or the other will be executed, but not both
Logic of an if-else statement

condition
evaluated

true false

statement1 statement2
Example: Wages.c
• Write a C program that calculates weekly wages
for hourly employees.

• Regular hours 0-40 are paid at $10/hours.

• Overtime (> 40 hours per week) is paid at 150%


Indentation
• The statement controlled by the if statement is
indented to indicate that relationship
• The use of a consistent indentation style makes a
program easier to read and understand
• Although it makes no difference to the compiler,
proper indentation is crucial
The if Statement
• What do the following statements do?
if (top >= MAXIMUM)
top = 0;
Sets top to zero if the current value of top is greater
than or equal to the value of MAXIMUM

if (total != stock + warehouse)


inventoryError = true;

Sets a flag to true if the value of total is not equal to


the sum of stock and warehouse

• The precedence of the arithmetic operators is


higher than the precedence of the equality and
relational operators
Logical Operators
• C defines the following logical operators:
! Logical NOT
&& Logical AND
|| Logical OR

• Logical NOT is a unary operator (it operates on


one operand)

• Logical AND and logical OR are binary operators


(each operates on two operands)
Logical NOT
• The logical NOT operation is also called logical
negation or logical complement
• If some condition a is true, then !a is false; if a is
false, then !a is true
• Logical expressions can be shown using a truth
table

a !a
true false
false true
Logical AND and Logical OR
• The logical AND expression
a && b
is true if both a and b are true, and false otherwise

• The logical OR expression


a || b
is true if a or b or both are true, and false
otherwise
Logical Operators
• Expressions that use logical operators can form
complex conditions

if (total < MAX+5 && !found)


printf ("Processing…");

• All logical operators have lower precedence than


the relational operators
• Logical NOT has higher precedence than logical
AND and logical OR
Logical Operators
• A truth table shows all possible true-false
combinations of the terms
• Since && and || each have two operands, there
are four possible combinations of conditions a
and b

a b a && b a || b
true true true true
true false false true
false true false true
false false false false
Boolean Expressions
• Specific expressions can be evaluated using truth
tables

total < MAX found !found total < MAX && !found
false false true false
false true false false
true false true true
true true false false
Boolean Expressions in C
• C does not have a boolean data type.

• Therefore, C compares the values of variables and


expressions against 0 (zero) to determine if they
are true or false.

• If the value is 0 then the result is implicitly


assumed to be false.

• If the value is different from 0 then the result is


implicitly assumed to be true.

• C++ and Java have boolean data types.


Short-Circuited Operators
• The processing of logical AND and logical OR is
“short-circuited”
• If the left operand is sufficient to determine the
result, the right operand is not evaluated

if (count != 0 && total/count > MAX)


printf ("Testing…");

• This type of processing must be used carefully


• The outcome may be compiler dependent!!!
THE END

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