Submitted by: Alminah Omar Ampaso Submitted to: Mr.

Delbert Ibarat
Grade & Sectio: 12- STEM Subject: Physics

Activity 3.1.1 Concepts in a Box

Concepts that caught my attention are… Reason why I found it interesting…

Periodic motion Periodic motion is fascinating because it
repeats in a predictable pattern, appears
widely in nature and technology, and allows
for precise mathematical understanding and
practical applications.
Mechanical waves Mechanical waves are fascinating because
they demonstrate the transfer of energy
through a medium by creating oscillations or
vibrations.
oscillating system in transverse motion An oscillating system in transverse motion is
fascinating due to its rhythmic back-and-forth
movement, showcasing unique patterns and
behaviors in a straightforward manner.

Activity 3.1.2 Completing Crossword Puzzle

Down
1. It is the number of cycles per unit of time from its equilibrium position.
3. It refers to motion that is repeated at regular intervals of time.
4. It is a force that causes a body to accelerate towards the earth.
8. It is the energy possessed by a body in motion.
Across
2. It is a force that tends to restore a body or brings the system back to its original position.
5. It refers to the position assumed by the body when it is not vibrating.
6. It refers to one complete to-and-from motion.
7. It is the maximum displacement of body from its equilibrium position.

P
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R G I
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O M P L I T U D
Q A E
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C Y

C Y C L E

Activity 3.1.3 Let Me Try It!

1. After performing a strenuous exercise your heart rate is 145 beats per minute, what is the
time per beat in seconds?
Time per beat = 60s/ 145 beats per minute
= 0.4138 per beat
2. Find the frequency of a tuning fork that takes 5×10^-3 s to complete one oscillation.
Frequency = 1/ 15x10^3
= 1/ 0.005s
= 200 Hz
Activity 3.1.4 Check Your Understanding

Event that occurs Period Frequency

regularly
Attending Classes 5 days a week 1 session per day
Taking a Bath Once a day 1 session/day
Completing Multiple Daily during weekdays Multiple sessions per
Homeworks day

Activity 3.2.1 SHM Activity

Guide Questions:
A. Does the period depend on the mass of the system?
 The period of the oscillation (the time it takes for one complete back-and-forth
motion) of a raisin or marshmallow attached to a spaghetti stick that you shake
back and forth does not depend much on the mass of the raisin or marshmallow.
Instead, it's mostly influenced by the length and stiffness of the spaghetti stick,
how hard you shake it, and factors like gravity. The mass of the small object
doesn't usually change how quickly it swings back and forth in this kind of setup.
B. Does the period depend on the length of the oscillating body?
 The time it takes for the raisin or marshmallow on the spaghetti stick to swing
back and forth (the period) when you shake it depends on how long the spaghetti
stick is. If the stick is shorter, the swinging happens faster, and if the stick is
longer, the swinging takes more time to complete. In simple terms, the length of
the spaghetti stick affects how quickly or slowly the raisin or marshmallow moves
when you shake it.
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Do you think the motion of the system falls under simple harmonic motion? Why?
 The motion of the raisin or marshmallow on the spaghetti stick when shaken
back and forth is similar to an up-and-down movement, but it might not be as
perfectly regular as simple harmonic motion. Factors like irregular shaking,
flexibility of the spaghetti stick, and air resistance can make the motion more
complicated than the smooth, predictable pattern of simple harmonic motion.
2. Are your answers in A and B classified as a mass-spring system or a pendulum? Prove your
answer.
 The described behavior leans toward a pendulum system. In a pendulum, the

period primarily relies on its length, given by T= 2π

√ L where T is the period, L is
G
the pendulum’s length, and g is gravity’s acceleration. Unlike a mass- spring
system, a pendulum’s period is minimally influenced by the object’s mass.

3. Do you think this system can be modeled as a pendulum or a spring? Why?

 The system with a raisin or marshmallow on a spaghetti stick shaken back and
forth behaves more like a pendulum. This means its movement depends mostly
 on the length of the stick and how gravity pulls on it. It swings like a pendulum,
and the time it takes to swing back and forth mostly relies on how long the stick
is, not so much on the weight of the raisin or marshmallow.
Activity 3.2.2: Simple Harmonic Motion Problems
1. It takes 365.25 days for the Earth to complete one revolution around the sun. Calculate
its (a) period, (b) frequency, and © angular frequency.
 (a) Period (T)=365.25 days
365.25 days=365.25×24×60×60 seconds
=31,557,600 s

 (b) Frequency (f)= 1/ 365.25 days

Number of seconds in a day=24×60×60=86,400 seconds
Frequency (f)= 1/ 365.25x86,400s/day
= 3.17x 10^-8 Hz

 (c) Angular Frequency (ω)= 2 πx 3.17 x 10−8 Hz

= 1.99x10^7 rad/s

2. A vertical spring has a force constant of 125N/m. By how much will the spring be
compressed if a mass of 0.525kg is placed on top of it?
 F= mg= 0.0525x10m/s^= 5.25N
X= - 5.25N/ 125 N/m= -0.042m
This means the spring compresses by approximately 0.042meters

Activity 3.2.3 Self-check Questions

1.What is the necessary condition for a periodic motion for it to be classified as a
simple harmonic motion?
 The force pushing or pulling the object should get stronger or weaker in proportion to
how far away the object is from its usual resting point.
 Additionally, this force should always aim to bring the object back to its resting position
when it's moved away.
2.What is the physical meaning of the force constant of a spring?
 A high force constant means the spring is stiff and hard to stretch or compress.
 A low force constant means the spring is more stretchable or compressible with less
force.
3. When are maximum acceleration and maximum velocity achieved in a simple harmonic
oscillator?
 Maximum acceleration occurs at the center, where the oscillator is not moving.
 Maximum velocity occurs at the extreme ends, where the oscillator is farthest away from
its resting position.
Activity 3.2.4 Face Your Own Problem and Solve It!
Direction: Make at least three-word problems of your own looking for (a.) period, (b.)
frequency, and (c.) angular frequency of a spring mass. Show your complete solution.
Be sure that the word problems are not taken from the internet and that they are
realistic.
(a) Period Problem: Emma attaches a 400g mass to a spring and observes that it completes
5 oscillations in 6 seconds. Determine the period of the spring-mass system.
Solution:
Given:
Mass= 400g= 0.4kg
No. of oscillations= 5
 Time taken= 6s
T= 6s/5= 1.2 seconds per oscillation
(b) Frequency Problem: Noah places a 250g mass on a spring and notices it completes 8
oscillations in 10 seconds. Calculate the frequency of the spring-mass system.
Solution:
Given:
Mass= 250g= 0.25kg
No. of oscillations= 8
Time taken= 10 seconds
f = 8/ 10s= 0.8 oscillations per s(Herts)
(c) Angular frequency Problem: A 600g mass attached to a spring completes 10 oscillations
in 12 seconds. Find the angular frequency of the spring- mass system.
Solution:
Given:
Mass= 600g=0.6kg
No. of Oscillations= 10
Time taken= 12 seconds
T= 12 secs/ 10= 1.2 s per oscillation
2π
w= =5.24 rad / s
1.2 seconds

Activity 3.3.1 Learn From Your Own Mistake

Direction: Before you proceed to the new topic in this module, give the meaning of the terms
listed below using your own words. Write your answers in the second column. In the third
column, write the scientific definition using this module. This activity will help you correct
misconception among the terms.

Term Meaning (in own words) Scientific Definition

Pendulum An object suspended and A weight or mass hung from
swinging to and from, a fixed point that swings
controlled by gravity freely back and forth due to
the force of gravity.
Simple Pendulum A weight attached to a string A mass suspended by a light,
or rod that swings flexible, and ideally
consistently inextensible string or rod,
exhibiting periodic and
harmonic motion.
Physical Pendulum A solid object rotating or A rigid body privoting or
oscillating around a fixed axis oscillating around a fixed axis
or point or point, exhibiting periodic
motion influenced by its mass
and shape.

Activity 3.3.2 Problems Involving Simple and Physical Pendulum

1. A simple pendulum is found to vibrate 50 times within 200 s. When 1.5 m of its length
is reduced to a certain length, it vibrates 50 times in 175 s. Find the original length of the
pendulum.
T= 200s/ 50 vibration= 4s/vibration
2π π
w= = rad /s
4 s /vibration 2
T’= 175s/50 vibrations= 3.5s/vibration
2π 4π
w’= = rad /s
3.5 s /vibration 7
4π
T’’= L
g
L= gT’’/4 π ^2

L= (9.81m/s^2)(4s/vibration)^2/4 π 2

L= 6.4m
2. A hollow-sphere shaped Christmas ball is hung from the tree by a piece of thread
attached to the surface of the ball. The mass and radius of the ball are 0.105 kg and 0.12
m respectively. What will be its period of oscillation when slightly displaced from its
equilibrium position?
I= 5/3 mr^2
= 5/3x0.105kgx(0.12m)^2
= 0.084kg.m^2

2 π √ 0.084
T= T= 4.73s
0.105 kgx 9.81m/ s2 x0.12
Activity 3.3.3 Self-check Questions
1. What are the things to be considered in describing the motion of a physical
pendulum?
 when describing the motion of a physical pendulum, consider its length, mass
distribution, amplitude, gravitational field strength, and any damping effects that might
affect its oscillation.
2.What are the examples of a physical pendulum?
 Simple Pendulum: A mass (bob) suspended by a string or rod, swinging freely from a
fixed point.
 Metronome: Utilized in music to mark time, it consists of an adjustable pendulum
swinging back and forth.
 Clock Pendulum: Found in traditional clocks, it regulates movement and timekeeping by
its swinging motion.
3.What are the laws of a simple pendulum?
 1. Period: The time a pendulum takes to swing back and forth once is called its period. It
depends on the length of the pendulum and the strength of gravity.
 2. Length Matters: Longer pendulums swing slower than shorter ones.
 3. Mass Doesn't Matter: The weight of the pendulum's bob doesn't affect how quickly it
swings.
 4. Small Swings: For small swings (less than about 15 degrees), the time it takes to
swing back and forth stays the same, regardless of how far it swings
 5. Predictable Motion: A pendulum follows predictable patterns, making it useful for
measuring time and understanding regular movements in physics.
Activity 3.3.4 Face Your Problem and Solve It
Make your own two (2) word problems. One for a simple pendulum and the
other one for a physical pendulum. Both asking for the period and the frequency. Show your
complete solution. Be sure that the problems are not taken from the internet and be realistic.
Problem: A simple pendulum with a length of 50 cm swings back and forth. What is the period
and frequency of this pendulum?
Solution:
Given:
L= 50cm= 0.5m

2 π √ 0.5
T=
9.81
= 1.1418 seconds
f= 1/ 1.1418
= 0.705 Hz
Problem: A physical pendulum, in the form of athin rod of length 60 cm with a mass distributed
along its length, swings freely. What is the period and frequency of this physical pendulum?
Solution:
Given:
L= 60cm= 0.6m I= 1/3mL^2
Given that the total mass of the rod is, for instance, 0.5 kg.
I= 1/3x 0.5x (0.6)^2 I= 0.1 kg.m^2
Assuming the pivot is at the center of mass (h= L/2=0.3m)

2 π √ 0.1
T=
0.5 x 9.81 x 0.3
= 2.056 s
f= 1/ 2.056
= 0.486 H
Activity 3.4.1: Making Waves
Questions:
1. A medium is a matter to which a wave travels. Now, what is the medium in:
a.) Activity 1: The medium in this activity is the string. When generating transverse waves by
wiggling the free end of the string up and down, the wave travels along the length of the string.
b.) Activity 2: The medium in this activity is the coil or spring. When jerking one end
horizontally to and fro, it produces longitudinal waves that travel through the coils of the spring.

2. Describe the motion of the medium and compare this with the movement of
the travelling waves.
Activity 1 (Transverse Waves): In Activity 1, when generating transverse waves, the motion of
the string is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. As the string moves up and
down (transverse motion), the wave travels horizontally along the length of the string.
Activity 2 (Longitudinal Waves): In Activity 2, when jerking one end of the coil horizontally to and
fro, the coils of the spring compress and expand along the same axis as the direction of the
wave. This compression and expansion motion is in the same direction as the wave
propagation.
Comparison:
- For transverse waves (Activity 1), the motion of the medium (string) is perpendicular to the
direction of the wave propagation.
- For longitudinal waves (Activity 2), the motion of the medium (coil or spring) is parallel to the
direction of the wave propagation.

Activity 3.4.2 Solving Sinusoidal Wave Function

1. A travelling wave is represented by the function:
𝑦(𝑥,𝑡) = 0.009 𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (1.2 𝑚^−1𝑥 − 5.0𝑠^−1𝑡)
Find the following:
a) Amplitude=0.009m b) wave number k=1.2m ^−1
c) wavelength k= 2 π / λ

λ= 2π/ k= 2π/ 1.2m^1= 5.24m d) angular frequency ω=5.0s ^−1

e) frequency f= 𝜔 /2 π
= 5.0s^-1/2 π= 0.795Hz
f) wave speed v= λ*f = 5.24mx0.795Hz =4.16m/s
2. A travelling sinusoidal wave has this equation:
𝑦(𝑥,𝑡) = 0.0450 𝑚 sin(25.12 𝑚−1𝑥 − 37.68𝑠^−1𝑡 − 0.523)
Find the following:
a) Amplitude A= 0.0450m b) wave number k= 25.1 m^-1
c) wavelength k= 2π/λ
λ= 2π/ k= 2π/ 25.12m^1= 0.25m d) angular frequency 𝜔= 37.68s^-1
e) frequency f= 𝜔 /2 π

= 37.68s^-1/2 π= 6Hz f) phase angle ( ∅ )=−0.523

3. The transverse waves has the following characteristics:

𝑣 = 8.00 𝑚/𝑠, 𝐴 = 0.0700𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜆 = 0.320𝑚. The waves travel in the –x-direction, and at
t=0 the x=0 end of the string has zero displacement and is moving in the +y- direction.
a) Calculate the frequency, period, number of waves, and angular frequency of the
waves.
f= 8.00m/s/0.320m= 25Hz T= 1/25Hz= 0.04s k= 19.6rad/m 𝜔=156.8 rad/s
b) Write a wave function describing the wave.
y(x,y)= 0.0700m sin(19.6m^-1-156.8s^-1t)
As the phase angle isn’t provided, it can’t be determined without additional information.
4. Your cousin is playing with the clothesline. He unties one end, holds it tight, and
wiggles the end up and down in a sinusoidal way with 𝑓 = 2.00 𝐻𝑧 , 𝐴 =0.075𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 12.0 𝑚/𝑠
at time t=0, the end has zero displacement and is moving in the +y- direction. Assume that no
wave bounces back from the far end to muddle up the pattern.
a) Find the wave’s amplitude, angular frequency, period, wavelength, and the number
of waves.
A= 0.075m 𝜔=12.6 rad/s T= 1/ 2.00Hz=0.5s λ =12.0m/s/2.00Hz= 6.00m
k= 12.6 rad/s/12.0m/s= 1.05m^-1
b) Write its corresponding wave function.
y(x, t)= 0.075sin(π/3.0x-12.6t)

Activity 3.4.3 Feel the Wave

1.A wave is a vibration that moves through space.
2.The source of a wave is a vibration or oscillation.
3.The material through which a wave travels is called the medium.
4.Waves carry energy and can be described as a mechanical wave which travels uniformly
from its source.
5.The amplitude of a wave is measured from its crest to its equilibrium position.
6.Wave speed = frequency x wavelength
7.A mechanical wave requires a medium to propagate.
8.In a longitudinal wave, the motion of the particle is parallel to the wave’s direction of
propagation.
9.In a transverse wave, the motion of the particles is perpendicular to the wave’s direction of
propagation.
10.A sinusoidal wave is a periodic wave in simple harmonic motion.

Activity 3.4.4 Geology: Physics of Seismic Waves

Questions:
1. Which among the three earthquake waves is a:
a.) Longitudinal wave?
• The longitudinal waves in an earthquake are called pressure waves (P-waves).
b.) Transverse wave?
• The transverse waves in an earthquake are called shear waves (S-waves).
2. Can s-waves travel through the interior of the Earth? Why or why not?
No, S-waves cannot travel through the interior of the Earth. This is because shear or transverse
waves cannot travel through a liquid, and the Earth's core is liquid.
3. Give evidences that earthquake waves carry energy.
Earthquake waves carry energy, as evident from the amount of damage left behind after the
ground has stopped moving. The excerpt mentions that earthquakes can shake whole cities to
the ground, performing the work of thousands of wrecking balls. The amount of energy in a
wave is related to its amplitude, and large- amplitude earthquakes produce larger ground
displacements and greater damage.