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Chapter 1 Lecture 2

The document discusses energy transfer in hydraulic systems. It explains that a prime mover provides energy to a pump which pressurizes fluid. This high-pressure fluid is then directed through pipelines and valves to actuators which use it to generate motion and do work on external loads. Energy is lost due to friction and leakage which generate heat. The rate at which energy is added to the pump equals the hydraulic system's power input, while the rate at which actuators do work on loads equals the power output. Efficiency compares these rates to determine power losses. Pascal's law and the continuity equation govern fluid behavior and are applied to example problems calculating force multiplication, displacement, flow rates, and more.

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92 views37 pages

Chapter 1 Lecture 2

The document discusses energy transfer in hydraulic systems. It explains that a prime mover provides energy to a pump which pressurizes fluid. This high-pressure fluid is then directed through pipelines and valves to actuators which use it to generate motion and do work on external loads. Energy is lost due to friction and leakage which generate heat. The rate at which energy is added to the pump equals the hydraulic system's power input, while the rate at which actuators do work on loads equals the power output. Efficiency compares these rates to determine power losses. Pascal's law and the continuity equation govern fluid behavior and are applied to example problems calculating force multiplication, displacement, flow rates, and more.

Uploaded by

tekitech443
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 37

Energy transfer

Pascal’s law and application


Conservation of energy
Continuity equation

1
ENERGY TRANSFER

Transfer of energy is key in the operation of hydraulic


systems.

Fig. Block diagram of hydraulic system showing major components along with
energy input and output terms. 6
A block diagram illustrating how energy is
transferred throughout the hydraulic system.

The prime mover (electricity or combustion


engine) delivers energy to a pump. Outlet from
pump-fluid with high pressure and velocity. Directed
to actuators through pipelines and valves to generate
linear or rotary motions to drive external loads.
• During this process energy is lost due to friction

and shows up as heat.

• In hydraulic systems these losses are due to fluid

leakage past close-fitting parts, fluid friction due to

fluid movement, and mechanical friction due to the

rubbing of mating parts.


Conservation of energy dictates as
Energyin – Energylost = Energyout (Nm = J)
Power is the rate of doing work or spending
energy (J/s = W)
The rate at which the prime mover adds energy to
the pump equals the power input to the hydraulic
system. Likewise, the rate at which the actuator
delivers energy to the external load equals the power
out put of the hydraulic system
9
For linear motion P = Fv

For rotary motion P = Tω

kW and hp are the common units for power 1 hp

=0.746 kW
Efficiency (ղ) defined by

output power

input power

The efficiency of any system or component is

always less than 100% and is calculated to determine

power losses.
11
Example 1.1
An elevator raises a 13350 N load through a
distance of 15.24 meter 10 second. If the efficiency
of the entire system is 80%, how much input
horsepower is required by the elevator hoist motor?
Pascal’s law and application
Pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted
undiminished in all directions throughout the fluid
and acts perpendicular to the surfaces in contact
with the fluid.
A force multiplication
factor is achieved as:
F2 A2

F1 A1

F1 F2
p1   p2 
A1 A2 13
This results in transmission and multiplication of
force.figs\fig2.3.pptx
• Looking at the simple Hand operated hydraulic
jack
A downward force applied forces the oil into the
piston. ( opening the bottom check valve and closing
the top check valve) with a force multiplied by the
ratio of the areas of the pistons.

15
Displacement (stroke) transmission
• Next, the piston stroke ratio S2/S1 equals the piston
area ratio A1/A2 .

• V = S*A ,with V = constant S 2 A1



S1 A2
• S1*A1 = S2*A2
Example 1.2
For the operation of simple hydraulic jack shown in
the figure, the following data are given.
A1 = 13 cm2, A2 = 130cm2, S1 = 2.54cm, F1 = 445 N.
Determine F2, S2, energy input and energy output
Continuity equation

• For steady flow in a pipeline, the mass flow rate at


any section is the same.
1 m
m  2 or ρ1A1v1 = ρ2A2v2

18
• For incompressible fluids the density stays the same.
Then the continuity equation can be expressed in
terms of volume flow rate as:

Q1 = A1v1 = A2v2 = Q 2 (m 3 / s )

• For circular pipes the above gives a relation


between velocity and diameter as:
2
V1  D2 
  
V2  D1 
19
Example 1.3
For the pipe in figure below, the following data are
given: D1 = 10.16 cm, D2 = 5.08 cm,
V1 = 1.22 m/s. Find the volume flow rate Q and the
fluid velocity at station 2
Example 1.4
A hydraulic cylinder is to compress a body down to bale
size in 10 s. The operation requires a 3 m stroke and a
40000 N force. If a 10 MPa pump has been selected,
assuming the cylinder to be 100% efficient, find
(a) The required piston area.
(b) The necessary pump flow rate.
(c) The hydraulic power delivered to the cylinder.
(d) The output power delivered to the load
(e) Also solve parts (a)–(d) assuming a 400 N friction
force and a leakage of 1 LPM. What is the
efficiency of the cylinder with the given friction force
and leakage? (assignment)
Assignment
23
24

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