KFP60604 – QUANTITATIVE

RESEARCH
MAKLUMAT PENSYARAH:

Mohd Muslim bin Md Zalli

B.Edu. (Science) (UPSI)
M.Edu. (Educational Psychology) (IIUM)
Ph.D (Education) (UUM)

Senior Lecturer
Jabatan Pengajian Pendidikan
Fakulti Pembangunan Manusia

[email protected]
019-4604417

muslimzalli
Alim Pious @Muslim_Zalli
Introduction: Sampling

What is sampling? Why is sampling important?

The process of selecting a representative subset It is often impractical or impossible to study an
of individuals or cases from a larger population. entire population.
Sampling allows us to make inferences about the
population based on the characteristics of the
sample.
Types of Sampling (Sampling Technique)

Probability sampling: Non-probability sampling:

Each member of the population has a known Each member of the population does not have a
chance of being selected. known chance of being selected.
• Simple random sampling • Convenience sampling
• Stratified random sampling • Purposive sampling
• Systematic random sampling • Snowball sampling
• Cluster sampling
 Aktiviti: Penglibatan Dalam Kelas (5%)
• Pelajar akan berada dalam 5 Kumpulan (HOME GROUP). Setiap ahli dalam kumpulan
diberikan nombor 1 – 5.
• Pelajar di minta mencari maklumat berdasarkan Jenis-Jenis Pensampelan di bawah
mengikut nombor masing-masing:

• Nyatakan MAKSUD, KAEDAH/LANGKAH, dan CONTOH bagi Jenis-Jenis Pensampelan berikut:

1. Pensampelan Rawak Mudah (Simple Random Sampling)?
2. Pensampelan Rawak Berlapis (Stratified Random Sampling)?
3. Pensampelan Rawak Sistematik (Systematic Random Sampling)?
4. Pensampelan Berkelompok (Cluster Sampling)?
5. Pensampelan Bertujuan (Purposive sampling) dan Pensampelan Selesa (Convenience
Sampling)?

• Pelajar akan bergerak ke EXPERT GROUP (mengikut nombor masing-masing) untuk

berbincang. (20 minit).
• Pelajar kembali ke HOME GROUP untuk berbincang tentang jawapan dengan rakan-rakan
lain dalam kumpulan. (40 minit)

• Pensyarah akan menilai pemahaman pelajar (NHT).

 • Each member of the
Probability population has a known
chance of being selected.
Sampling • Simple random sampling
Techniques • Stratified random sampling
• Systematic random sampling
• Cluster sampling
 Simple Random Sampling

Definition: Method: Example:

• Each member of the • Use a random number • A researcher wants to

population has an generator to select a study the attitudes of
equal chance of being sample from a list of all students at a university.
selected. members of the They use a random
population. number generator to
select a sample of 100
students from a list of
all 10,000 students at
the university.
 Stratified Random Sampling

Definition: Method: Example:

• The population is divided • Divide the population into • A researcher wants to

into subgroups, or strata, strata based on relevant study the health habits of
and a random sample is characteristics, such as adults in a city. They
drawn from each stratum. gender, age, or income. divide the population into
• Use random number four strata based on age:
generator to select a 18-24, 25-34, 35-44, and
sample from each 45-64. They use a random
stratum. number generator to
select a sample of 100
people from each
stratum.
 Systematic Random Sampling

Definition: Method: Example:

A sample is selected by selecting Divide the number of members of A researcher wants to study the
every kth element from a list of all the population by the desired reading habits of students in a
members of the population. sample size to get k. school. There are 500 students in the
Select the first element from the list school. The researcher wants to
randomly. select a sample of 100 students.
They divide 500 by 100 to get 5. They
Select every kth element after the select the first student from the list
first element. randomly. They then select every 5th
student after the first student.
 Cluster Sampling

Definition: Method: Example:

The population is divided into Divide the population into clusters A researcher wants to study the use
groups, or clusters, and a random based on some characteristic, such of technology in the workplace. They
sample of clusters is selected. as geographic location or divide the population of companies
organizational unit. in a city into clusters based on
Use a random number generator to industry. They use a random number
select a sample of clusters. generator to select a sample of 10
clusters. They then select all
Select all members of each selected employees from each selected
cluster. cluster.
 • Each member of the
Non-Probability population does not have a
known chance of being
Sampling selected.
Techniques • Convenience sampling
• Purposive sampling
• Snowball sampling
 Convenience Sampling

Definition: • Selecting individuals or cases that are easy or convenient to access.

Method: • Selecting the first individuals or cases that you encounter.

Example: • Surveying the first 100 people you see in the cafeteria.

Advantages: • Quick, easy, and inexpensive.

Disadvantages: • Can lead to biased results.

 Purposive Sampling

Definition: • Selecting individuals or cases that are known to have the characteristics
you are interested in studying.

Method: • Identifying individuals or cases that meet specific criteria.

Example: • Surveying only students who have a particular major.

Advantages: • Can provide valuable insights into specific groups of people.

Disadvantages: • Can be time-consuming and difficult to find individuals or cases that

meet all of the criteria.
 Snowball Sampling

Definition: • Asking individuals or cases to refer you to other individuals or cases who fit the
criteria you are looking for.

Method: • Starting with a small group of individuals or cases and asking them to refer you
to others.

Example: • Asking a student to refer you to their friends who are also involved in student
government.

Advantages: • Can be a good way to find individuals or cases that are difficult to find through
other methods.

Disadvantages: • Can lead to biased results if the initial group of individuals or cases is not
representative of the population.
Question 1:
• A researcher is interested in studying the attitudes of students towards
online learning in Malaysian universities. They decide to use a
stratified random sampling technique to select a sample of 100
students from each of the five public universities in Malaysia.
• (a) Explain the rationale behind using stratified random sampling in this
context.
• (b) Describe the steps involved in selecting a sample of 100 students from each
university using stratified random sampling.
Answer Question 1:
• (a) Stratified random sampling is an appropriate sampling technique for this
study because it ensures that the sample is representative of the entire
population of students in Malaysian universities. By dividing the population
into strata based on university, the researcher can ensure that each
university is adequately represented in the sample. This is important
because attitudes towards online learning may vary between universities.
• (b) To select a sample of 100 students from each university using stratified
random sampling, the researcher would first need to obtain a list of all
students enrolled in each university. Then, they would need to divide the list
of students from each university into strata based on factors such as year of
study, major, or gender. Once the students have been stratified, the
researcher would randomly select 100 students from each stratum.
Question 2:
• A researcher is interested in investigating the factors that influence the
academic performance of secondary school students in rural areas of
Malaysia. They decide to use a convenience sampling technique to
select a sample of 100 students from a rural secondary school in
Pahang.
• (a) Identify the potential challenges associated with using convenience
sampling in this context.
• (b) Discuss how the researcher could minimize bias in their study despite using
convenience sampling.
Answer Question 2:
• (a) Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling technique that
involves selecting individuals or cases that are easy or convenient to access.
This type of sampling can be problematic because it can lead to biased
results. In the context of this study, convenience sampling could lead to a
sample that is not representative of all secondary school students in rural
areas of Malaysia. For example, the sample may be more likely to include
students from higher-income families or students who are more motivated
academically.
• (b) There are a number of steps that the researcher could take to minimize
bias in their study despite using convenience sampling. For example, they
could try to sample from a variety of rural schools in Pahang to get a more
diverse sample. They could also try to recruit students from a variety of
socioeconomic backgrounds. Additionally, they could use a larger sample
size to reduce the impact of bias.
Question 3:
• A researcher wants to explore the experiences of teachers who have
implemented blended learning in their classrooms in Malaysia. They
decide to use a snowball sampling technique to recruit participants for
their study.
• (a) Explain how snowball sampling can be used to recruit participants for this
type of study.
• (b) Discuss the potential limitations of using snowball sampling in this context.
 Answer Question 3:
• (a) Snowball sampling is a non-probability sampling technique that involves asking
individuals or cases to refer you to other individuals or cases who fit the criteria
you are looking for. This type of sampling can be useful when it is difficult to find a
large number of individuals or cases who meet specific criteria. In the context of
this study, snowball sampling could be used to recruit teachers who have
implemented blended learning in their classrooms. The researcher could start by
asking a small group of teachers who they know have implemented blended
learning to participate in their study. Then, they could ask those teachers to refer
them to other teachers who they know have implemented blended learning.
• (b) There are a few potential limitations of using snowball sampling in this context.
First, the sample may not be representative of all teachers who have implemented
blended learning in Malaysia. This is because the sample is likely to be biased
towards teachers who are connected to the initial group of teachers who were
recruited. Second, it can be difficult to control for bias in snowball sampling. This is
because the researcher is relying on the initial group of teachers to refer them to
other participants.
 Conclusion
Sampling is an essential part of quantitative research.

The choice of sampling technique depends on the research question, the population, and the
resources available.

A well-designed sample can provide accurate and reliable information about the population.

Non-probability sampling can be a useful tool for research, but it is important to be aware of the
limitations of this type of sampling.

If you are using non-probability sampling, you should take steps to minimize bias, such as using a
variety of sampling methods and being aware of the characteristics of the sample.