Whole Numbers

Whole Numbers

Uses of Numbers
It is hard to live even one day without using or thinking about
numbers. Numbers are used on clocks, calendars, car license
plates, rulers, scales, and so on. The major ways that numbers The first 3 digits of a 10-
are used are listed below. digit telephone number
are called the area code.
♦ Numbers are used for counting.
The first area code (201)
was assigned to New
Students sold 139 tickets to the school play.
Jersey in 1951.
The first U.S. Census counted 3,929,326 people.
The population of Downey is 110,441.

♦ Numbers are used for measuring.

Jill swam the length of the pool in 29.8 seconds.

9
The package is 26 inches long and weighs 31
6 pounds.

♦ Numbers are used to show where something is in a

reference system.

Situation Reference System

Normal room temperature is 21°C. Celsius temperature scale
Mick was born on July 23, 1996. Calendar
The time is 10:13 A.M. Clock time
Detroit is located at 42°N and 83°W. Earth’s latitude and longitude system

♦ Numbers are used to compare measures or counts.

1
The cat weighs  as much as the dog.
2
There were 3 times as many girls as boys at the game.

♦ Numbers are used for identification and as codes.

phone number: (709) 555-1212 ZIP code: 60637

driver’s license number: M286-423-2061
bar code (to identify product and manufacturer):
9 780076 000616
car license plate: 520 992

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 Whole Numbers

Kinds of Numbers
The counting numbers are the numbers used to count things.
The set of counting numbers is 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on.
The whole numbers are any of the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and
so on. The whole numbers include all of the counting numbers
and zero (0).
Counting numbers are useful for counting. But they do not
always work for measures because most measures fall between
whole numbers. Fractions and decimals were invented to
keep track of such in-between measures.
Fractions are often used in recipes for cooking and for measures
in carpentry and other building trades. Decimals are used for
almost all measures in science and industry. Money amounts
are usually written as decimals.

The package weighs 4 pounds 15.3 ounces.

2
The recipe calls for 2 3 cups of molasses.
1
The drawer measures 1 foot 34 inches wide.

Negative numbers are used to describe some locations when

there is a zero point.

A temperature of 40 degrees below zero is written

as 40°F or as 40°C. (Note that 40 degrees below
zero is the only temperature at which Celsius and
Fahrenheit thermometers show the same reading.)
A depth of 179 feet below sea level is written
as 179 feet.

Negative numbers are also used to indicate changes in quantities.

1
A weight loss of 6 2 pounds is recorded
1
as 62 pounds.
A decrease in income of $1,500 is recorded
as $1,500.

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Whole Numbers

Place Value for Whole Numbers

Any number, no matter how large or small, can be written
using one or more of the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.
A place-value chart is used to show how much each digit in
a number is worth. The place for a digit is its position in the
number. The value of a digit is how much it is worth according
to its place in the number.
Study the place-value chart below. Look at the numbers that
name the places. As you move from right to left along the chart,
each number is 10 times as large as the number to its right.

10,000s 1,000s 100s 10s 1s

ten thousands thousands hundreds tens ones
9 4 8 0 5

The number 94,805 is shown in the place-value chart above.

The value of the 9 is 90,000 (9 * 10,000).
The value of the 4 is 4,000 (4 * 1,000).
The value of the 8 is 800 (8 * 100).
The value of the 0 is 0 (0 * 10).
The value of the 5 is 5 (5 * 1).
94,805 is read as “ninety-four thousand, eight hundred five.”

In larger numbers, groups of 3 digits are separated by commas.

Commas help identify the thousands, millions, billions, trillions,
quadrillions, quintillions, and so on.

The number 246,357,026,909,389 is shown in the place-value chart.

trillions billions millions thousands ones

100 10 1 , 100 10 1 , 100 10 1 , 100 10 1 , 100 10 1
2 4 6 , 3 5 7 , 0 2 6 , 9 0 9 , 3 8 9

This number is read as 246 trillion, 357 billion, 26 million, 909 thousand, 389.

Read each number to yourself. What is the value of the 6 in each number?
1. 26,482 2. 45,678,910 3. 207,464 4. 8,765,432
Check your answers on page 414.

4 four
 Whole Numbers

Powers of 10
Numbers like 10, 100, and 1,000 are called powers of 10.
They are numbers that can be written as products of 10s.
102 is read
2
100 can be written as 10 * 10 or 10 . “10 to the second power”
1,000 can be written as 10 * 10 * 10 or 103. or “10 squared.”
The raised number is called an exponent. The exponent tells 103 is read
how many 10s are multiplied. 102 is read “10 to the second “10 to the third power”
power” or “10 squared.” 106 is read “10 to the sixth power.” or “10 cubed.”
104 is read
A number written with an exponent, like 103, is in exponential
“10 to the fourth power.”
notation. A number written in the usual place-value way, like
1,000, is in standard notation.
The chart below shows powers of 10 from ten through one billion.

Powers of 10
Standard Product Exponential
Notation of 10s Notation
Any number that can
10 10 101 be written as a product
100 10*10 102 1
of 10 s is also called a
1,000 (1 thousand) 10*10*10 103 power of 10.
10,000 10*10*10*10 104 1
5
For example, 10,
100,000 10*10*10*10*10 10
1 1 1
   * , and
1,000,000 (1 million) 10*10*10*10*10*10 106 100 10 10
1 1 1 1
10,000,000 10*10*10*10*10*10*10 107    *  * 
1,000 10 10 10
100,000,000 10*10*10*10*10*10*10*10 108 are all powers
1,000,000,000 (1 billion) 10*10*10*10*10*10*10*10*10 109 of 10.

1,000 * 1,000  ?
Use the table above to write 1,000 as 10*10*10.
1,000 * 1,000  (10 * 10 * 10) * (10 * 10 * 10)
 106
 1 million
So, 1,000 * 1,000  1 million.

1,000 millions  ?
Write 1,000 * 1,000,000 as (10*10*10) * (10*10*10*10*10*10).
This is a product of nine 10s, or 109.
1,000 millions  1 billion

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Whole Numbers

Exponential Notation
A square array is an arrangement of objects into rows and
columns that form a square. All rows and columns must be filled,
and the number of rows must equal the number of columns.
A counting number that can be represented by a square array
two square arrays
is called a square number. Any square number can be written
as the product of a counting number with itself.

16 is a square number. It can be represented by

an array consisting of 4 rows and 4 columns. 16  4 * 4

square array for 16

Here is a shorthand way to write the square number 16:
16  4 * 4  42. 42 is read as “4 times 4,” “4 squared,”
or “4 to the second power.” The raised 2 is called an exponent.
It tells that 4 is used as a factor two times (two 4s are
multiplied). The 4 is called the base. Numbers written with an
exponent are said to be in exponential notation.
Exponents are also used to show that a factor is used more
than twice.

23  2 * 2 * 2 95  9 * 9 * 9 * 9 * 9
The number 2 is used as a factor 3 times. The number 9 is used as a factor 5 times.
23 is read “2 cubed” or “2 to the third 95 is read “9 to the fifth power.”
power.”
Any number raised to the first power is equal to itself. For example, 51  5.

Some calculators have special keys for changing numbers

written in exponential notation to standard notation.

Use a calculator. Find the value of 26.

On Calculator A, key in 2 6 . Answer: 64
On Calculator B, key in 2 6 . Answer: 64
26  64 You can verify this by keying in 2 Æ 2 Æ 2 Æ 2 Æ 2 Æ 2 .

Write each number in standard notation. Do not use a calculator to solve Problems 1–4.
1. 62 2. 43 3. 105 4. 91 5. 2252 6. 115
Check your answers on page 414.

6 six
 Whole Numbers

Scientific Notation
Scientific Notation for Big Numbers
The population of the world is about 6 billion people. The
number 6 billion can be written as 6,000,000,000 or as 6 * 109.
The number 6,000,000,000 is written in standard notation.
The number 6 * 109 is written in scientific notation.
6 * 109 is read as “6 times 10 to the ninth power.”
Scientific notation is a way to represent big and small numbers
with only a few symbols. A number in scientific notation is Earth weighs about
written as the product of two factors. The first factor is at least 1.3 * 1025 pounds.
1 but less than 10. The second factor is a power of 10.

Write 4 * 108 in standard notation.

First, look at the power of 10. It is 10 to the eighth power,
so it is the product of 10 used as a factor 8 times:
108  10 * 10 * 10 * 10 * 10 * 10 * 10 * 10
 100,000,000
 100 million
For all numbers n
So, 4 * 108  4 * 100,000,000
(except 0), n 0  1
 400,000,000
 400 million 50  1 13.20  1
10  1 100  1
Often the first factor of a number in scientific notation has 1
/0  1 (5)0  1
digits to the right of the decimal point.

The nearest star beyond the sun is about

2.5 * 1013 miles away.
In standard notation, Examples of
2.5 * 1013  2.5 * 10,000,000,000,000  25,000,000,000,000. scientific notation
2.5 * 1013 is best read “two and five-tenths times ten to the for small numbers:
thirteenth power.” 4 * 103  4 * 
1
103
It can be read more briefly as “two point five times ten to 4

1,000  0.004

the thirteenth.”
1
6 * 101  6 * 
101
Scientific Notation for Small Numbers 6
 10  0.6
A positive number less than 1 can be written in scientific 1
3 * 105  3 * 
105
notation using 10 raised to a negative exponent power.
3

100,000  0.00003

A number raised to a negative exponent power is equal to 1
over the number raised to the positive exponent power. Using
1 1
variables, this means that bn  bn . For example, 105  
105 .
seven 7
Whole Numbers

Converting between Scientific Notation and Standard Notation

Convert to standard notation.

8.7 ∗ 106 5.6 ∗ 104
• Note the exponent in the power of 10. • Note the exponent in the power of 10.
• If the exponent is positive, as in 8.7 ∗ 106, • If the exponent is negative, as in 5.6 ∗ 104,
move the decimal point in the other factor move the decimal point in the other factor
that many places to the right. that many places to the left.
(Insert the decimal point if necessary, and (Insert the decimal point if necessary, and
attach 0s as you move it.) attach 0s as you move it.)

(6 places) (4 places)

8.7 ∗ 106  8,700,000 5.6 ∗ 104  0.00056

Convert from standard notation to scientific notation.

1. Locate the decimal point. Write or 8,700,000. 0.00056

imagine the decimal point if it isn’t there.
2. Move the decimal point so that you get
a number with only one digit (not 0) to
the left of the decimal point (in the ones (6 places) (4 places)
place). Count the number of places you
moved the decimal point.
3. The number of places you moved the 106 104
decimal point tells which exponent to
use. If the original number was between
0 and 1, the exponent is negative.
4. Use the number you got in Step 2 and 8,700,000  8.7 ∗ 106 0.00056  5.6 ∗ 104
the power of 10 you got in Step 3 to
write the number in scientific notation.
Omit any 0s you don’t need.

Write in scientific notation.

1. 200,000 2. 10 million 3. 430,000,000 4. 0.00006 5. 0.035
Write in standard notation.
6. 4 * 107 7. 2.8 * 104 8. 6.62 * 108 9. 3 * 102 10. 1.23 * 103
Check your answers on page 414.

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 Whole Numbers

Comparing Numbers and Amounts

When two numbers or amounts are compared, there are two
possible results: They are equal, or they are not equal because
one is larger than the other.
Different symbols are used to show that numbers and amounts
are equal or not equal.
♦ Use an equal sign (ⴝ) to show that the numbers or
amounts are equal.
♦ Use a not-equal sign (ⴝ) to show that they are not equal.
♦ Use a greater-than symbol (>) or a less-than symbol (<)
to show that they are not equal and to show which is larger.

Symbol = ≠ > <

Meaning “equals” or
“is the same as” “is not equal to” “is greater than” “is less than”
1

2
 0.5 23 1.42  1.4 35
Examples 3  27
3
3 6
2
16 ft 9 in.  15 ft 11 in. 100  2  99  2
1
2*591 1 m  100 mm 10  100
3
3
10 1

When you compare amounts that include units, use the same
unit for both amounts.

Compare 30 yards and 60 feet.

The units are different—yards and feet. Change yards to feet, then compare.
1 yd  3 ft, so 30 yd  30 * 3 ft, or 90 ft. Now compare feet. 90 ft  60 ft
Therefore, 30 yd  60 ft.

1 1
Or, change feet to yards, and then compare. 1 ft  
3 yd, so 60 ft  60 * 
3 yd, or 20 yd.
Now compare yards. 30 yd  20 yd
Therefore, 30 yd  60 ft.

True or false?
1. 82  16 2. 37 in.  3 ft 3. 6 * 5  90 / 3 4. 20  1  20  1
Check your answers on page 414.

nine 9
Whole Numbers

Factors of a Counting Number

A rectangular array is an arrangement of objects into rows
and columns that form a rectangle. All rows and columns must
be filled. Each row has the same number of objects. And each Push buttons on
column has the same number of objects. A rectangular array a phone form a 4-by-3
rectangular array.
can be represented by a multiplication number model.

This rectangular array has 14 red dots.

It has 2 rows with 7 dots in each row.
2 * 7  14 is a number model for this array.
2 and 7 are factors of 14. 14 is the product of 2 and 7.
2 and 7 are a factor pair for 14.

Counting numbers can have more than one factor pair.

1 and 14 are another factor pair for 14 because 1 * 14  14.
To test whether a counting number a is a factor of a counting
number b, divide b by a. If the result is a counting number and Whenever you are asked
the remainder is 0, then a is a factor of b. to find the factors of a
counting number:
4 is a factor of 12 because 12 / 4 gives 3 with a (1) each factor must be a
remainder of 0. counting number, and
6 is not a factor of 14 because 14 / 6 gives 2 with (2) the other number in
a remainder of 2. its factor pair must
also be a counting
number.
One way to find all the factors of a counting number is to find
all the factor pairs for that number.

Find all the factors of the number 64.

Number Models Factor Pairs

Square numbers always
64  1 * 64 1, 64 The factors of 64 have an odd number of
64  2 * 32 2, 32 factors. All other counting
are 1, 2, 4, 8,
64  4 * 16 4, 16 numbers have an even
16, 32, and 64.
64  8 * 8 8, 8 number of factors.

List all the factors of each number.

1. 14 2. 16 3. 45 4. 72 5. 19 6. 100
Check your answers on page 414.

10 ten
 Whole Numbers

Divisibility
When one counting number is divided by another counting
number and the quotient is a counting number with a remainder
of 0, then the first number is divisible by the second number.
If the quotient is a whole number with a non-zero remainder, then
the first number is not divisible by the second number.

128 / 4 → 32 R0. The remainder is 0, so 128 is divisible by 4.

92 / 5 → 18 R2. The remainder is not 0, so 92 is not divisible by 5.

It is possible to test for divisibility without actually dividing.

Here are a few such divisibility tests:
♦ All counting numbers are divisible by 1.
♦ Counting numbers with a 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 in the ones place
are divisible by 2. They are the even numbers.
♦ Counting numbers with 0 in the ones place are divisible
by 10. In books, magazines,
♦ Counting numbers with 0 or 5 in the ones place are and newspapers, the
divisible by 5. pages on the left side
are almost always
♦ If the sum of the digits in a counting number is divisible by
even-numbered.
3, then the number is divisible by 3.
♦ If the sum of the digits in a counting number is divisible by
9, then the number is divisible by 9.
♦ If a counting number is divisible by both 2 and 3, it is
divisible by 6.

Tell some numbers 324 is divisible by. 324 is divisible by:

♦ 2 because 4 in the ones place is an even number.
♦ 3 because the sum of its digits is 9, which is divisible by 3.
♦ 9 because the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.
♦ 6 because it is divisible both by 2 and by 3.
324 is not divisible by 10 or by 5 because it does not have a 0 in the ones place.

Which numbers are divisible by 2? By 3? By 5? By 6? By 9? By 10?

1. 105 2. 4,470 3. 526 4. 621 5. 13,680
Check your answers on page 414.

eleven 11
Whole Numbers

Prime and Composite Numbers

A prime number is a counting number greater than 1 that has
exactly two factors: 1 and the number itself. A prime number is
divisible only by 1 and itself. The Babylonian number
system was based on
A composite number is a counting number that has more the number 60. 60 is a
than two factors. A composite number is divisible by at least very useful composite
three different counting numbers. number because it has
so many factors: 1, 2, 3,
13 is a prime number because its only factors 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20,
30, and 60.
are 1 and 13. 13 has exactly two factors.
18 is a composite number because it has more than
two factors. Its factors are 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 18.
The only factor of 1 is
Every counting number greater than 1 can be renamed as 1 itself. So the number
a product of prime numbers. This is called the prime 1 is neither prime
factorization of that number. nor composite.

Find the prime factorization of 80.

The number 80 can be renamed as the product 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 5.
The prime factorization
The prime factorization of 80 can be written as 24 * 5.
of a prime number is
that number. For example,
One way to find the prime factorization of a number is to make a the prime factorization
factor tree. First, write the number. Then, below it, write any two of 11 is 11.
factors whose product is that number. Repeat the process for these
two factors. Continue until all the factors are prime numbers.

Find the prime factorization of 36. 36 36

No matter which two factors are used
to start the tree, the tree will always 6 º 6 9 º 4
end with the same prime factors.

36  2 * 2 * 3 * 3 2 º 3 º 2 º 3 3 º 3 º 2 º 2
The prime factorization of 36 is 2 * 2 * 3 * 3, or 36  22 * 32.

Make a factor tree to find the prime factorization of each number.

1. 12 2. 32 3. 42 4. 24 5. 50 6. 100
Check your answers on page 414.

12 twelve
 Whole Numbers

Addition Algorithms
Partial-Sums Method
The partial-sums method is used to find sums mentally or
with paper and pencil. The  and  symbols
were not used to indicate
To use the partial-sums method, add from left to right, one addition or subtraction
column at a time. Then add the partial sums. until after 1550. Both
symbols had been used
679  345  ? long before by traders and
100s 10s 1s shopkeepers—to mark
6 7 9 barrels as overweight or
 3 4 5 underweight.

Add the 100s. 600  300 ∑ 9 0 0

Add the 10s. 70  40 ∑ 1 1 0
Add the 1s. 95∑ 1 4
Larger numbers with
Add the partial sums. 900  110  14 ∑ 10 2 4 4 or more digits are
added in the
679  345  1,024
same way.

Column-Addition Method
The column-addition method may be used to find sums
with paper and pencil, but it is not a good method for finding
sums mentally.
To add numbers using the column-addition method:
♦ Draw lines to separate the 1s, 10s, 100s, and any other places.
♦ Add the numbers in each column. Write each sum in
its column.
♦ If the sum of any column is a 2-digit number, adjust that
column sum. Trade part of the sum into the column to its left.

467  764  ? 100s 10s 1s

Add the numbers in each column. 4 6 7
Adjust the 1s and 10s:  7 6 4
11 ones  1 ten and 1 one 11 12 11
Trade the 1 ten into the tens column. 11 13 1
Adjust the 10s and 100s:
13 tens  1 hundred and 3 tens
Trade the 1 hundred into the hundreds column. 12 3 1
467  764  1,231

thirteen 13
Whole Numbers

A Short Method
This is how most adults in the United States were taught to
add. Add from right to left. Add one column at a time, without
displaying the partial sums.

359  298  ?
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3:
Add the ones. Add the tens. Add the hundreds.
1 1 1 1 1

359 359 359

 298  298  298
7 57 657
9 ones  8 ones  1 ten  5 tens  9 tens  1 hundred  3 hundreds  2 hundreds 
17 ones  1 ten  7 ones 15 tens  1 hundred  5 tens 6 hundreds
359  298  657

The Opposite-Change Rule

Here is the opposite-change rule: If you subtract a number
from one addend and add the same number to the other addend, Addends are numbers
the sum is the same. that are added. In
8  4  12, the
Use this rule to make a problem easier by changing either of numbers 8 and 4
the addends to a number that has 0 in the ones place. Make the are addends.
opposite change to the other addend. Then add.

69  36  ?

One way: Add and subtract 1. Another way: Subtract and add 4.
69 (add 1) 70 69 (subtract 4) 65
 36 (subtract 1)  35  36 (add 4)  40
105 105
69  36  105

Add.
1. 235  54 2. 64  49 3. 646 4. 578  292  857 5. 2,864
 317  4,063

Check your answers on page 414.

14 fourteen
 Whole Numbers

Subtraction Algorithms
Trade-First Subtraction Method
The trade-first method is similar to the method for
subtracting that most adults in the United States were taught. The method of subtraction
called “trading” or
♦ If each digit in the top number is greater than or equal to the “borrowing” dates back at
digit below it, subtract separately in each column. least to the 1400s. The
word “borrow” was not
♦ If any digit in the top number is less than the digit below it, used until around 1600.
adjust the top number before doing any subtracting. Adjust
the top number by “trading.”

574  386  ?

100s 10s 1s 100s 10s 1s 100s 10s 1s

16
6 14 4 6 14
5 7 4 5 7 4 5 7 4
 3 8 6  3 8 6  3 8 6
1 8 8

Look at the 1s place. So trade 1 ten for 10 ones. So trade 1 hundred for
You cannot remove Now look at the 10s place. 10 tens.
6 ones from 4 ones. You cannot remove Now subtract in each
8 tens from 6 tens. column.

574  386  188

Larger numbers with 4 or more digits are subtracted in the

same way.

Subtract.
1. 84  38 2. 653  362 3. 535  293 4. 818 5. 7,622
 746  2,077
Check your answers on page 414.

fifteen 15
Whole Numbers

Counting-Up Method
You can subtract two numbers by counting up from the smaller
number to the larger number. First, count up to the nearest
multiple of 10. Next, count up by 10s and 100s. Then count up
to the larger number.

525  58  ?

Write the smaller number, 58. 5 8

 2 Count up to the nearest 10.
6 0
As you count from 58 up to 525, circle
each number that you count up.  4 0 Count up to the nearest 100.
1 0 0
Add the numbers you circled:  4 0 0 Count up to the largest possible hundred.
2  40  400  25  467
5 0 0
You counted up by 467.  2 5 Count up to the larger number.
5 2 5
So, 525  58  467.

Left-to-Right Subtraction Method

Starting at the left, subtract column by column.

932  356  ? 673  286  ?

9 3 2 6 7 3
Subtract the 100s.  3 0 0  2 0 0
6 3 2 4 7 3
Subtract the 10s.  5 0  8 0
5 8 2 3 9 3
Subtract the 1s.  6  6
5 7 6 3 8 7
932  356  576 673  286  387

Subtract.
1. 366  84 2. 537  455 3. 844  66 4. 605  281
Check your answers on page 414.

16 sixteen
 Whole Numbers

Partial-Differences Method
1. Subtract from left to right, one column at a time.
2. In some cases, the larger number is on the bottom and the
smaller number is on top. When this happens and you
subtract, the difference will be a negative number.

7,465  2,639  ?
7, 4 6 5
 2, 6 3 9
Subtract the 1,000s. 7,000  2,000 A 5 000
Subtract the 100s. 400  600 A  200
Subtract the 10s. 60  30 A 30
Subtract the 1s. 59 A  4

Find the total. 5,000  200  30  4 A 4, 8 2 6

7,465  2,639  4,826

Same-Change Rules
Here are the same-change rules for subtraction problems:
♦ If you add the same number to both numbers in the problem
before subtracting, the answer is the same.
♦ If you subtract the same number from both numbers in the
problem, the answer is the same.
Use these rules to change the second number in the problem to
a number that has 0 in the ones place. Make the same change
to the first number. Then subtract.

83  27  ?
One way: Add 3. Another way: Subtract 7.
8 3 (add 3) 8 6 8 3 (subtract 7) 7 6
 2 7 (add 3)  3 0  2 7 (subtract 7)  2 0
5 6 5 6
83  27  56

Subtract.
1. 647  54 2. 751  347 3. 449  275 4. 5,216  1,418
Check your answers on page 414.

seventeen 17
Whole Numbers

Extended Multiplication Facts

Numbers such as 10, 100, and 1,000 are called powers of 10.
It is easy to multiply a whole number, n, by a power of 10.
To the right of the number n, write as many zeros as there
are zeros in the power of 10.

10 * 91  910 10 * 40  400 100 * 380  38,000

100 * 91  9,100 100 * 40  4,000 10,000 * 42  420,000
1,000 * 91  91,000 1,000 * 40  40,000 1,000,000 * 5  5,000,000

If you have memorized the basic multiplication facts, you can

solve problems such as 8 * 80 and 6,000 * 3 mentally.

8 * 80  ? 6,000 * 3  ?
Think: 8 [8s]  64 Think: 6 [3s]  18
Then 8 [80s] is 10 times as much. Then 6,000 [3s] is 1,000 times as much.
8 * 80  10 * 64  640 6,000 * 3  1,000 * 18  18,000

You can use a similar method to solve problems such as 50 * 50

and 400 * 90 mentally.

50 * 50  ? 400 * 90  ?
Think: 5 [50s]  250 Think: 4 [90s]  360
Then 50 [50s] is 10 times as much. Then 400 [90s] is 100 times as much.
50 * 50  10 * 250  2,500 400 * 90  100 * 360  36,000

Solve these problems mentally.

1. 6 * 100 2. 1,000 * 89 3. 7 * 900 4. 8,000 * 8 5. 600 * 800 6. 400 * 90
Check your answers on page 414.

18 eighteen
 Whole Numbers

Multiplication Algorithms
The symbols and * are both used to indicate multiplication. William Oughtred, in
In this book, the symbol * is used more often. 1618, was the first to use
the symbol to indicate
Partial-Products Method multiplication. The
In the partial-products method, you must keep track asterisk (*) was first
of the place value of each digit. It may help to write 1s, used by Johann Rahn, in
10s, and 100s above the columns. Each partial product 1659. Most computer
is either a basic multiplication fact or an extended languages use an asterisk
to denote multiplication.
multiplication fact.

4 * 236  ? 100s 10s 1s

2 3 6
Think of 236 as 200  30  6. ∗ 4
Multiply each part of 236 by 4. 4 ∗ 200 ∑ 8 0 0
extended multiplication facts
4 ∗ 30 ∑ 1 2 0
4∗6∑ 2 4 basic multiplication fact

Add the three partial products. 9 4 4

4 ∗ 236  944

43 * 26  ?
100s 10s 1s
Think of 26 as 20  6. 2 6
Think of 43 as 40  3. ∗ 4 3
Multiply each part of 26 40 ∗ 20 ∑ 8 0 0
by each part of 43. 40 ∗ 6 ∑ 2 4 0 extended multiplication facts
3 ∗ 20 ∑ 6 0
3∗6∑ 1 8 basic multiplication fact

Add these four partial products. 1, 1 1 8

43 ∗ 26  1,118

Multiply. Write each partial product. Then add the partial products.
1. 179 * 4 2. 37 * 64 3. 60 * 59 4. 87 * 45 5. 273 * 70
Check your answers on page 415.

nineteen 19
Whole Numbers

Lattice Method
The lattice method for multiplying has been used for
hundreds of years. It is very easy to use if you know the basic
multiplication facts.

4 * 915  ? 9 1 5
The box with cells and diagonals is called a lattice. 4
Write 915 above the lattice.
Write 4 on the right side of the lattice.

9 1 5
3 0 2
Multiply 4 * 5. Then multiply 4 * 1. Then multiply 4 * 9. 4
6 4 0
Write the answers as shown.

9 1 5
3 0 2
Add the numbers along each diagonal, starting at the right. 4
3 6 4 0
Read the answer. 4 * 915  3,660 6 6 0

3 7
86 * 37  ?
2 5
Write 37 above the lattice. 8
Write 86 on the right side of the lattice. 4 6
1 4
Multiply 8 * 7. Then multiply 8 * 3. 6
Multiply 6 * 7. Then multiply 6 * 3. 8 2
Write the answers as shown.
Add the numbers along each diagonal, starting at the right. 3 7
1 1
When the numbers along a diagonal add up to 10 or more: 2 5
8
• record the ones digit in the sum. 3 4 6
• add the tens digit to the sum along the next diagonal above. 1 4
6
1 8 2
Read the answer. 86 * 37  3,182 8 2

Draw a lattice for each problem. Then multiply.

1. 6 * 59 2. 77 * 86 3. 76 * 98 4. 7 * 648 5. 879 * 4
Check your answers on page 415.

20 twenty
 Whole Numbers

Extended Division Facts

Numbers such as 10, 100, and 1,000 are called powers of 10.
In the examples below, use the following method to divide a
whole number that ends in zeros by a power of 10:
♦ Cross out zeros in the number, starting in the ones place.
♦ Cross out as many zeros as there are zeros in the power of 10.

90,000 / 10  90000 63,000 / 10  63000 860,000 / 10,000  860000

90,000 / 100  90000 63,000 / 100  63000 7,000,000 / 100,000  7000000
90,000 / 1,000  90000 63,000 / 1,000  63000

If you know the basic division facts, you can solve problems
such as 540 / 9 and 18,000 / 3 mentally.

540 / 9  ? 18,000 / 3  ?
Think: 54 / 9  6 Think: 18 / 3  6
Then 540 / 9 is 10 times as much. Then 18,000 / 3 is 1,000 times as much.
540 / 9  10 * 6  60 18,000 / 3  1,000 * 6  6,000

You can use a similar method to solve problems such as

18,000 / 30 and 32,000 / 400 mentally.

18,000 / 30  ? 32,000 / 400  ?

Think: 18,000 / 3  6,000 Think: 32,000 / 4  8,000
1 1
Then 18,000 / 30 is  as much. Then 32,000 / 400 is  as much.
10 100
1 1
18,000 / 30  
10 * 6,000  600 32,000 / 400  
100 * 8,000  80

Solve these problems mentally.

1. 84,000 / 1,000 2. 56,000 / 8 3. 4,500 / 90 4. 45,000 / 900
Check your answers on page 415.

twenty-one 21
Whole Numbers

Division Algorithms
Different symbols may be used to indicate division. For example,
94 Four ways to show
“94 divided by 6” may be written as 94 6, 69 4 , 94 / 6, or 6. “123 divided by 4”
♦ The number that is being divided is called the dividend. 123 4 123 / 4
♦ The number that divides the dividend is called the divisor. 123
2
413
 
4
♦ The answer to a division problem is called the quotient.
♦ Some numbers cannot be divided evenly. When this happens, 123 is the dividend.
the answer includes a quotient and a remainder. 4 is the divisor.

Partial-Quotients Method
In the partial-quotients method, it takes several steps to find
the quotient. At each step, you find a partial answer (called a
partial quotient). These partial answers are then added to
find the quotient.
Study the example below. To find the number of 6s in 1,010, first
find partial quotients and then add them. Record the partial
quotients in a column to the right of the original problem.

1,010 / 6  ?
Write partial quotients in this column.
,0
61 1
0
 ? Think: How many [6s] are in 1,010? At least 100.
 600 100 The first partial quotient is 100. 100 › 6  600
410 Subtract 600 from 1,010. At least 50 [6s] are left in 410.

 300 50 The second partial quotient is 50. 50 › 6  300

110 Subtract. At least 10 [6s] are left in 110.

 60 10 The third partial quotient is 10. 10 › 6  60

50 Subtract. At least 8 [6s] are left in 50.

 48 8 The fourth partial quotient is 8. 8 › 6  48

2 168 Subtract. Add the partial quotients.
B B
Remainder Quotient
168 R2
,0
The answer is 168 R2. Record the answer as 6110

or write 1,010 / 6 A 168 R2.

22 twenty-two
 Whole Numbers

The partial-quotients method works with a 2-digit or a 1-digit

divisor. It may help to write some easy facts for the divisor.
The national debt is the
total amount of money
Divide 800 by 22. owed by the U.S.
government.
Some facts for 22 0
228 0

(to help find partial quotients):  440 20 (20 [22s] in 800) On June 30, 2005, the
360 national debt was about
1 ∗ 22  22
7.85 * 1012 dollars
2 ∗ 22  44  220 10 (10 [22s] in 360) ($7,850,000,000,000),
5 ∗ 22  110 140 and the U.S. population
10 ∗ 22  220  110 5 (5 [22s] in 140) was about 296,500,000.
30
If each American were
 22 1 (1 [22s] in 30) asked to pay an equal
8 36 share of this debt, he or
36 R8 she would owe $7.85 *
0
Record the answer as 2280 or write 800 / 22 → 36 R8. 1012 296,500,000 
$26,475.55, or about
$26,500.
There are different ways to find partial quotients. Study the
example below. The answer is the same for each way.

391 / 4  ?

One way: A second way: A third way:

9
431
 9
431 9
431
 200 50  200 50  360 90
191 191 31
 120 30  160 40  20 5
71 31 11
 40 10  20 5  8 2
31 11 3 97
 20 5  8 2
11 3 97
 8 2
3 97
The answer, 97 R3, is the same for each way.

Divide.
2
1. 69 2. 645 / 5 3. 637 ÷ 7 3
4. 48 4

Check your answers on page 415.

twenty-three 23
Whole Numbers

Column-Division Method
The best way to understand column division is to think of a
division problem as a money-sharing problem. In the example
below, think of sharing $863 equally among 5 people.

6
583
 ?

1. Draw lines to separate the digits in the dividend

(the number being divided). 5 8 6 3
Work left to right. Begin in the left column.
1
2. Think of the 8 in the hundreds column as
8 $100 bills to be shared by 5 people. 5 8 6 3
Each person gets 1 $100 bill. There are 5
3 $100 bills remaining.
3

1
3. Trade the 3 $100 bills for 30 $10 bills.
5 8 6 3
Think of the 6 in the tens column as
6 $10 bills. That makes 30  6  36 $10 bills. 5 36
3
1 7
4. If 5 people share 36 $10 bills, each person
5 8 6 3
gets 7 $10 bills. There is 1 $10 bill remaining.
5 36
3 35
1
1 7
5. Trade the 1 $10 bill for 10 $1 bills.
5 8 6 3
Think of the 3 in the ones column as
3 $1 bills. That makes 10  3  13 $1 bills. 5 36 13
3 35
1
1 7 2
6. If 5 people share 13 $1 bills, each person
5 8 6 3
gets 2 $1 bills. There are 3 $1 bills remaining.
5 36 13
3 35 10
Record the answer as 172 R3. 1 3
Each person receives $172 and $3 are left over.

24 twenty-four