Integer Axioms
Integer Axioms
We shall assume the following properties as axioms for the set of integers.
1] Addition Properties. There is a binary operation + on Z, called addition,
satisfying
a) Addition is well defined, that is, given any two integers a, b, a + b is a uniquely
defined integer.
b) Substitution Law for addition: If a = b and c = d then a + c = b + d.
c) The set of integers is closed under addition. For any a, b ∈ Z, a + b ∈ Z.
d) Addition is commutative. For any a, b ∈ Z, a + b = b + a.
e) Addition is associative. For any a, b, c ∈ Z, (a + b) + c = a + (b + c).
f) There is a zero element 0 ∈ Z (also called the additive identity), satisfying
0 + a = a = a + 0 for any a ∈ Z.
g) For any a ∈ Z, there exists an additive inverse −a ∈ Z satisfying
a + (−a) = 0 = (−a) + a.
Properties a),b), and c) above are implicit in the definition of a binary operation.
Definition: Subtraction in Z is defined by a − b = a + (−b) for a, b ∈ Z.
4] Trichotomy Principle. The set of integers can be partitioned into three disjoint
sets, Z = −N ∪ {0} ∪ N, where
N = {1, 2, 3, . . . } = Natural Numbers = Positive Integers,
−N = {−1, −2, −3, . . . } = Negative Integers.
One then defines the inequalities > and < by saying a > b if a − b ∈ N and
a < b if a − b ∈ −N. Thus we get the Law of Trichotomy which states that for any
two integers a, b exactly one of the following holds: a < b, a = b or a > b, (that is
a − b ∈ −N, a − b = 0 or a − b ∈ N.)
5] Positivity Axiom. The sum of two positive integers is positive. The product
of two positive integers is positive.
1
2
6] Discreteness Properties.
a) Well Ordering Property of N. Any nonempty subset of N has a smallest
element.
b) Principle of Induction. Let S be a subset of N such that
(i) 1 ∈ S and (ii) n ∈ S ⇒ n + 1 ∈ S.
Then S = N.
Further Properties of Z. The properties below can all be deduced from the
axioms above. You may assume them in your homework unless specifically asked
to prove the property.
7] Cancellation law for addition: If a + x = a + y then x = y.
8] Cancellation law for multiplication: If ax = ay and a 6= 0 then x = y.
9] Equality-subtraction principle. x = y if and only if x − y = 0.
10] Additive inverses are unique, that is, if a, b, c are integers such that a + b = 0
and a + c = 0 then b = c.
11] Zero multiplication property: a · 0 = 0 for any a ∈ Z.