Chapt er-4

Struct uredQuer yLanguage( SQL)

Q1: -Def i
neSQL.
Ans: -I tisapr ogr ammi ngl anguagedesi gnedf or
the r etrieval and management of r elat
ional
dat abase.
Q2: -Whati ssi nglet abl equer y?
Ans: -Si nglet able quer i
es aret he quer ies that
extr actdat af rom onet ableonly.
Q3: -Whati ssel ectst atementusedf or?
Ans: -I ti susedt oext ractrecordsf r
om oneor
mor et ables.
Q4: -Howar esi nglet abl equeriesusef ul
?
Ans:Si ngl etabl equer iesar eusef ultogai nav i
ew
oft hedat ainat abl ethat :
1. Onl ydisplaycer tainfiel
dsint hequer yresult
.
2. Sor t
st her ecor dsi napar ti
cularorder .
3. ( Findsum, av erage)orper form calculati
ons
onpar ti
cul arcol umns.
4. Br i
ngtoget herdat afrom mul ti
pletable.
Q5: -Whatar ethef unct i
onsofsel ectstatement ?
Ans: Thef unct i
onsar e
1. Onl ydisplaycer t
ainf ieldsint hequer yresul
t.
2. Sor tsther ecordsi napar ticularor der.
3. ( Findsum, average)orper form cal culati
ons
onpar ticularcolumns.
4. Br ingt oget herdat af rom mul ti
pletabl e.
Q6: -Whati st he f unct ion off rom cl ause in
SELECTst atement ?
Ans: -I ti ndicatest het abl e(s)from whi chdat ais
tober etr i
eved.
Q7: -Whati st hef unct i
onofWHEREcl ausei n
SELECTst atement ?
Ans: itspeci fi
est hecondi ti
on, whi chrest ri
ctsthe
rowsr etur nedbyt hequer y.
Q8: -Gi vet hesy ntaxofSELECTst atement .
Ans :SELECT <Fi eld1, f
ield2,f ield3…..> FROM
<tabl e_ name>
Q9: -whatar ecompar i
son/ r
elati
onal operators?
Ans: Compar i
son/ relationaloper atorsar eused
tocompar ev aluesandgi vesther esultinei t
her
trueorf alse.Eg.<, >,=,>=,<=,<>.
Q10: -Whatar eBool eanOper ators?Def i
net hem.
Ans: -
Booleanoper ator
sar eusedt ocombi net wo
ormor econdi ti
onsandr esultisal waysineither
trueorf alse.Forexampl eAND, OR.
AND: -Thi s oper atort akes t wo condi ti
ons as
i
nputandr etur nsTr ueifbot ht hecondi ti
onsar e
Trueot her wisei tretur
nsf al
se.
OR: -Thisoper atortakest wocondi ti
onsasi nput
andr eturnsTr ueifanyorbot ht hecondi ti
onsar e
True.
Q11: -Defi
neBet ween-Andoper ator.
Ans: -Thisi susedt ogi vear angewi thi
nWHERE
clause.Ther angei ncludesbot ht helowerv alue
andt heupperv alue.
Q12: -Defi
neI Noper at
or .
Ans: -Wi tht he I N oper ator
,t he l i
stist o be
speci fi
edi nbr ackets.Thel i
sti t
emsshoul dbe
separ atedbycommas.I tmat chest hefiel
dv alue
wi t
ht hev aluesspeci f
iedi nthelistanddi splays
themat chingr ecords.Thedat e/st ri
ngsv alues
shoul
dbeencl
osedi
nsi
ngl
equot
es.

Q13:-Def i
neLi keOperat or
.
Ans:-Thi si susedwi thspeci alpat t
er nint he
expression.Theexpr essionshoul dbeencl osed
i
nquot es.I thast wowi ldcardchar acters:
*:
-itindicateszer oormor echar act ers.
?:
-itindicatesonl yonechar act er.
Q14:-Def i
neor derbyclause.
Ans:-Thi si s used t o sor tt he r ecords in
ascending or descendi ng or derbased on a
parti
cularf i
eld.
Q15:-What ar e aggr egate f unct ions? Def i
ne
dif
ferentt ypesofaggr egatef unct ions.
Ans:-Thisi s used t o cal culatet he summar y
values.Di f
ferentaggregatef unct i
onsar e:
1)AVG( ):
-t hi
scal cul
atest heav eragev al
ueofa
givenfield.
2)Max ():
-Thi scalcul
at esthemaxi mum v alueof
agi v
enf iel
d.
3.Min():
-Thiscal cul
atest hemi ni mum v alueofa
givenf ield.
4.Sum( ):-This cal culat
es t he sum v alue ofa
givenf ield.
5.Count ():-Thiscount st hetotalno.ofv aluesin
agi venf ield.
Q16: -Def ineGr oupByandHav i
ngCl ause.
Ans:-Gr oupBy :-Thi si susedt or etr
iever ows
hav i
ngcommonv aluesi ntoasetofr ows.
Hav i
ngCl ause:-t heHav ingclausei nGr oupBy
speci f
iest hecondi ti
on,whi chr estr
ictsther ows
returnedbyt hequer y.
Q17: -Whatar eJoi ns?
Ans:-Joi ns combi ne t wo or mor et ables to
retri
ev edat af rom mul tipletables,basedona
commonf i
eldbet weent hem.
Exercise:
Q5: -
a)Sel ect*f rom st udent
b)Sel ectName, Classf rom Student
c)SelectAgef r
om st udentwher eName=‘ Ram’
d)Sel ectaddr essf rom st udentwher eName=
‘
Ram’
 LabEx er
cise
Q2:-a)Selectnamef
rom Result
Wher eNameli
ke‘S*’

b)sel
ect*fr
om r
esul
t
wheremaths>90

c)select*f
rom r
esul
t
orderbyname

Q3:
-soluti
on
1)Select*from empl oyee
2)Select*from empl oyee
Wheredept=20
3)Select*from empl oyee
Wher eSal>30000
4)SelectEnamef rom empl oy
ee
Wher ejob=’cl
erk’
6)SelectEname, Jobf r
om employ
ee
7)
sel
ectdept,count(
* )f
r om employ
ee
Gr
oupbydept
8)selectdept ,j
ob, sum( salary)from empl oyee
Groupbydept, job
9)select dept , max( salary)-mi n(
salary
) f rom
empl oyee
Groupbydepthav ingsal >25000
10.sel ect*from empl oyeeor derbydoj
11.selectename, job,sal,
deptf rom empl oyee
Orderbysal arydesc
12.selectcount(* )from empl oy ee
Wher edept =10ordept =20
13.selectmax( sal)from empl oy ee
14.selectdept,sum( sal )
,avg(sal),max(sal)
,min(
sal)
fr
om empl oyeegr oupbydept
15.sel ectjob,count (
*)f rom empl oyeegr oupby
j
ob
Hav i
ngj ob=”cl
erk”
16.select*from empl oyee
Wher edeptI N(10,20,30)
17.selectenamef r
om empl oyee
Wher eenamel i
ke‘ S*’
18.selectename, salf r
om empl oy ee
Wher esalbet ween25000and40000
19.sel
ect*f rom empl oy
ee
Wher ejob=’manager ’orsal>30000
20.sel
ectenamef rom empl oyee
Wher eenamel i
ke‘*i
*’
21.sel
ect*f rom empl oyee
Wher esal>5000anddept =20
22.select*from empl oyee
Wher eename<>1001
23.sel
ectename, deptfrom employee