EMUHAYA CLIMATE CHANGE FORUM

CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND

MITIGATION IN EMUHAYA

PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO:

TERGET AREAS: EMUHAYA DISTRICT, WESTERN REGION, KENYA

DURATION: THREE (3) MONTHS

TOTAL AMOUNT REQUESTED: KSHS 316,000

MAY 2010
TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Justification
1.2 Project description
2.0 Approaches to Climate Change Adaption and Mitigation
2.1 Key result areas
2.1.1 Raising the environmental awareness and conservation
2.1.2 The energy sub - component

2.1.3 Deliverables
2.2 Goal
2.2.1 Summary of immediate objectives, key outputs and indicators off achievement
2.2.2 Scope
2.3 Sustainability
2.3.1 Risk management
3.0 Monitoring and Evaluation
3.1 Monitoring
3.2 Evaluation
3.3 Project reporting
3.4 The budget
3.5 Conclusion
4.0 The Bunyore Community Development Organization (BUCODEO)
Annex 1: Certificate of registration
Annex 2: List of groups to be trained
 1.0 Introduction

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change (UNFCCC) provides that all parties must formulate
and implement national and regional programmes containing measures to facilitate adequate adaptation to climate
change and its mitigation. It lists specific domains in particular needs of adaptation, namely coastal zones, water
resources, agriculture and areas affected by drought and desertification, as well as floods.

The croplands, pastures and forests that occupy 60% of the earth’s surface are progressively being exposed to
threats from increased climate variability and, in the long run, to climate change. Abnormal changes in air
temperature and rainfall and resulting increases in frequency and intensity of drought and flood events have long
term implications for the viability of ecosystems.

As climate patterns change, so also do the special distribution of agro ecological zones, habitats, distribution
patterns of plant diseases and pests, fish populations and ocean circulation patterns which can have significant
impacts on agriculture and food production.

With changes in precipitation and hydrology, temperature, length of growing season and frequency of extreme
weather events, considerable efforts would be required to prepare developing countries to deal with climate related
impacts in agriculture. Among the key challenges will be to assist countries like Kenya which is constrained by
limited economic resources and infrastructure, low levels of technology, poor access to information and knowledge,
inefficient institutions and limited empowerment and access to resources change. Managed carefully, climate
change adaptation and mitigation strategies could have environmental benefits for our country and its geographical
region.
 1.1 Justification

Increased intensity and frequency of storms, droughts and flooding, altered hydrological cycles and precipitation
variance have implications for future food availability. The potential impacts on rain fed agriculture vis-a vis irrigated
systems are still not well understood. Climate change presents yet another significant challenge to be met while
overall food production may not be threatened; those least able to cope will likely bear additional adverse impacts.
The estimate for Africa is that 25 – 42% of species habitats could be lost, affecting both food and non food crops.
Habitat change is already underway in some areas, leading to species range shifts, change in plant diversity, which
includes indigenous foods and plant based medicines. Emuhaya District is not exceptional from the adverse
conditions likely to be caused by Climate change and it is on this background that Bunyore Community
Development Organization (BUCODEO) has taken an early initiative to sensitize the community on climate change
adaptation and mitigation measures.

1.2 Project description

Emuhaya back - ground information

Emuhaya Constituency lies in Emuhaya District of Western province. It is a newly created district having been hived
off the former Vihiga district which initially occupied an area of 563km2. It is sub-divided into 2 administrative
divisions i.e. Luanda and Emuhaya. The greater Vihiga area is located on the fringes of the Rift valley in the Lake
Victoria basin and lies 1300m and 1500m above sea level, generally sloping from west to east. The terrain is
undulating with occasional hills and valleys with streams flowing from North East to the South East, draining into
Lake Victoria.

The climate in the area is equatorial with rainfall fairly distributed all over the year. The pattern is bimodal with mean
annual precipitation of about 1900mm. The soils in the area are well drained and fertile with good potential for crops
like tea, coffee, beans and maize.

Emuhaya district lies in the lower midland zone, consisting of mainly red loamy sand soils derived from sediments
and basement rocks, supports sugarcane, maize, beans and sorghum production. Despite having favorable climate
and soils, the area is not self- sufficient in food production.
Emuhaya is densely populated and currently holds a population of 230,000 people. The average population density
is estimated at 975 people per km2 making it one of the most densely populated area in the country. This has led to
serious fragmentation of agricultural land into uneconomical units and greatly environmental degradation. The high
population density and subsequent sub-division of land along inheritance lines has resulted in diminished farm sizes
that limit the amount of land that can be put into production.

It is estimated that about 60% of Emuhaya population lives below the poverty line. Poverty here is more pervasive
in the urban areas than in the rural with corresponding poverty ratios of 78% and 58%, for example 60% of Luanda
division residents are impoverished and therefore food insecure.

In addition, reliance on remittance and gifts creates dependency; which could check production and expose the
households to food shortages should the social networks fail. Remittances and gifts contribute a large share of
household earnings estimated at 20% -22%.

The area has fair surface and ground water resources due to adequate and fairly distributed rainfall. It has two
major rivers namely: Esalwa and Jordan that traverse across the constituency. However, only about 20% of the
total population has access to potable water source for drinking within a kilometer. It has also been observed that
springs in the area are inadequately protected.

In general, Emuhaya constituency faces water problems due to lack of deliberate efforts to invest in the
development of available water resources such as sinking of shallow wells and the protection of springs. This
condition is exacerbated by low health standards and poor sanitation.

Basing on the above information, high population in Emuhaya puts a lot of pressure on the few resources available.
Forest cover has also reduced drastically and this has contributed dearly to climate change due to high
concentration of CO2 gases in the atmosphere, thus BUCODEO has seen the urgent need to start sensitizing the
community on climate change adaptation and mitigation measures which includes tree nursery establishment
and management to selected women and youth groups in the 38 sub - locations and later use the raised seedlings
for re forestation of degraded hills and water valleys.
 2.0 Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation

Our approach will be participatory in nature tailored towards creating conducive interactive environment and
simplified to make participants freely articulate ideas. We shall employ various training methodologies depending on
the issue at hand and level of education. However, our methodologies shall include:

• Encourage farmers to change precipitation patterns in that they change crops or use of different harvest
and planting / sowing dates
• Deliberate crop selection and distribution strategies across the constituency
• Substitution of new crops for old ones to curb enormous spreads of pests and diseases as a result of
climate change.
• Changes in land use to maximize yields under new conditions and application of new farming technologies,
new land management and water use efficiency related techniques (water supply and irrigation systems).
• Forest and woodlots fire management, promotion of agro forestry, adaptive management with suitable
species and silvicultural practices

2.1 Key Result areas

2.1.1 Raising the environmental awareness and Conservation

The programme interventions will systematically result into environmental improvement within the constituency
through the support of the community. The idea is to enable groups to engage into environmental conservation
while advancing their livelihoods at the same time. The initiatives will be through support to women and youth
groups who will play a key role in the running of the environmental management at the sub location level.

The key strategies in environmental conservation for climate change adaptation and mitigation will include.

• Awareness raising programmes.

• Environmental education for groups.
• Establishment of conservation clubs and activities e.g. tree nurseries as a business.
• Development of Community environmental management strategies and plans.
• Support for community Soil and water conservation programmes.
• Identify and promote micro – climate benefits and environmental services of trees and forests.
The immediate outputs will be in terms of;

• Better information and knowledge on practical environmental conservation.

• Increased community based environmental initiatives.
• Better environmental planning and management initiatives.

At the end of the programme, the main outcomes are expected to be:

• Healthier environment as less green house gases emissions realized.

• Pro-active environmental protection by members of the community.
• Knowledgeable community in matters concerning Climate change.

Implementation plan

The environment programme will run awareness campaigns in each sub-location. It will develop and integrate
environmental education in youth and women groups across the constituency. Groups will be facilitated to establish
environmental clubs which could engage in activities like tree nurseries establishment and management for both
CO2 absorption and income generation. The programme will support the establishment of community based
environmental management committees who will be enabled to develop and implement community environment
management plans. This will also include elaborate soil conservation programmes to check the accelerated soil
erosion process in the constituency. The programme is open to youth, and women groups and other interested
groups and individuals. School based investment in green belts (woodlots etc) will be a core programme.

The main activities will include:

1. Baseline analysis to determine potentiality / issues that need priority attention.

2. Awareness raising on the components of climate change adaptation and mitigation.
3. Nurturing school based environmental clubs and greenbelt
4. Exchange visits to best practices on community environmental management.
5. Training on group dynamics and good governance for groups involved in conservation projects.
6. Training on technical skills in the implementation and monitoring environmental programmes.
7. Facilitation of extension support,

2.1.2 The energy sub – component

The focus in this component is on up scaling the use of renewable energy through support for solar, hydro power,
fireless cookers and biogas technology and wood fuel energy saving technologies like rocket stoves and “jiko
kisasa”; as well as agro-forestry for sustainable fuel wood energy sources.

The main strategies to realize this include:

• Popularization of energy saving technologies such as energy saving stoves, fireless cooker baskets etc. as
a way of introducing efficiency in the use of the existing but scarce fuel wood resources and curbing
massive CO2 emissions via old modes of cooking. This is to be done via support to women and youth
groups as IGAs.
• Demonstrations, capacity building, promotion of solar, hydropower and biogas projects.
• Establishment and expansion of woodlots, agro-forestry farms and green belts with multi-purpose trees that
help boost the fuel wood resource as well as to act as carbon sink to mitigate on climatic change effect.
• Support reward schemes for excellence in energy related innovations.

The immediate outputs will be in terms of:

• Improved awareness and knowledge on energy saving technologies

• Increased access to renewable energy sources from solar, water, animal waste etc.
• Increased production of fuel wood energy beyond the current extraction level.
• Acquisition of key alternative energy equipment.

At the end of the programme, the main outcomes are expected to be:

• A switch to usage of renewable energy sources within the local communities in the constituency.
• Higher savings arising from cheaper sources of energy.
• Better environment.
• Increased income from sale of non wood forest products

Implementation plan

The energy programme will train 38 youth and women groups to engage in popularizing of the various energy
saving technologies. The programme will also train the groups on formation of biogas plants. This biogas
programme will be closely linked to the dairy cow livestock programme on animal based waste as a source for
biogas. The programme will also promote green belt establishment in each sub – location. It will also encourage
groups to engage in tree seedling production as an Income Generating Activity (IGA).

The main activities per group will include:

1. Baseline analysis to determine potentiality for the different types of renewable energy technologies.
2. Awareness raising on the components of the energy programme
3. Training on group dynamics and good governance for groups involved in energy saving IGAs and
demonstration pilots.
4. Training on technical skills per enterprise and technology introduction.
5. Facilitation of extension support,
6. Promote solar, hydro-power, rocket stoves and biogas technologies through demonstrations.

2.1.3 Deliverables

Detailed manuals for training on climate change adaption and mitigation measures, reconnaissance survey on the
situation across the District, information collected from the local people and professionals, conclusions and
recommendations on the way forward geared towards re forestation and strategies to monitor the impact after the
training.

Before the commencement of the project, BUCODEO facilitators shall draw up a working time table in consultation
with the various stakeholders to have a consensus on the key result areas and interventions.

2.2 Goal

The overall goal of the programme is to identify and initiate integrated development activities that will not only
stimulate the economic and social welfare of the people; but will also lead to the amelioration of the environmental
resources in the area. The long-term vision is a prosperous society in Emuhaya constituency with enhanced
wellbeing and human welfare.

The mission is focused on transforming local sub-subsistence livelihoods into a vibrant and prosperous market
economy putting in mind challenges of climate change. The programme is to initiate a short-term to medium – term
catalytic framework for the local community to embark on a roadmap towards a community driven, effective and
sustainable development process through environmental health upkeep.

2.2.1 Summary of Immediate objectives, Key out puts and indicators of

achievement

Immediate objectives Key out puts Indicators of achievement

1 Contribute to poverty • Proactive engagement of all the Increased income in groups

reduction, employment stakeholders in tree nursery and households from the
creation and improvement of establishment. sale of tree seedlings and
livelihood through tree nursery • Marketing tree seedlings and tree trees products by the end of
establishment for commercial products. the project.
purposes.
2 Contribute to sustainable land • Planting of environment friendly trees Increased forests cover thus
use through soil and water and avoiding logging beyond maximum reduction of CO2
conservation. sustainable yield (MSY) concentration in the
atmosphere, increased
water catchment areas,
reduced soil erosion.
3 Promote farm forestry to • Participatory assessment done to Attained food security
produce timber, wood fuel, establish current status of farm forests among the populace from
fruits fodder and other forest • Disseminate agro forestry technology agro forestry farming
products
4 Sensitize the community on • Hold Capacity building workshops to Knowledgeable population
the importance of tree planting educate youth and women groups in the thus self sustaining.
field of tree nursery establishment and
woodlots management
5 Promote alternative energy • Marketing of energy saving stoves (jiko Curbed massive cutting of
sources and wood fuel energy kisasa, rocket stoves, ceramic jikos) trees, curbed over-
 saving technology • Campaign for use of solar, biogas energy dependence on tree for fuel

2.2.2 Scope

The scope of the project will be in Emuhaya District (Emuhaya Constituency), Western Kenya. We will devolve our
training to sub locations level. The target groups shall include; local leaders, religious leaders, youths, women
groups and household heads.

The programme will geographically cover the Emuhaya constituency (which is also the extent of the Emuhaya
District). It will benefit over 80,000 people indirectly. The programme is intended to uplift the living standards of over
100,000 people directly. The programme will make a combination of capacity building (informing the people, training
them through groups and linking them to business support providers).

The programme is expected to raise the knowledge, awareness and skill in climate change and modern ways of
production with the end result of changing the people’s disposition from subsistence livelihoods into prosperous
ones. There will be better access to basic needs to a large portion of the population who are currently living below
the poverty line. There will be a general state of food and income security and families will be able to progressively
accumulate assets that will cushion tem from shocks.

The programme will be executed by a local CBO Bunyore Community Development Organization (BUCODEO)
comprised of a secretariat with Programme Officers assisted by Social Mobilizers. The programme will also hire the
services of a consultant experienced in project cycle management including strategic planning, implementation,
monitoring and evaluation as well as impact result measurement. This is to give periodic technical support to the
secretariat. The board of directors will through their governance function ensure the quality control of the
programme including forward planning, monitoring and evaluation of the programme effectiveness as sustainability.
The initial time frame for the programme is three months.

2.3 Sustainability

BUCODEO will embark on engagement with women and youth groups to establish income generating activities
especially from sale of tree seedlings, rocket stoves among others in and out of Emuhaya District. We will also
open avenues of other bilateral investment projects for more fundraising.
 2.3.1 Risk Management

Availability of funds in time

Proper financial accountability

Adequate human capital / personnel to facilitate program activities

The local authority and the target groups cooperate in the activities intended

Effective monitoring and feedback mechanism in place

3.0 Monitoring and Evaluation

BUCODEO will use participatory monitoring and evaluation to ensure all stakeholders and other interested partners
are involved in the whole process. Key to this process will be accountability and the assessment report that will
serve as benchmarks for project progress and knowledge gained will be disseminated to households within
Emuhaya and later beyond our national borders. Regular monitoring of the project will encourage sustainability and
diversification into other activities.

3.1 Monitoring

Output indicators will be used as the primary monitoring tool. They will provide evidence of how much has been or
has not been achieved. We will use both quantitative (number – related) and qualitative (narrative - related)
observations. We will use indicators as a tool to examine trends and highlight problems. They will act as early
warning signals to predict future conditions. They thus signal the need for corrective action, evaluate the
effectiveness of several management actions and help determine if objectives are being achieved. They present the
elements that are most important for monitoring.

BUCODEO has opted to use a mixture of both quantitative and qualitative data collecting methods. This include (a)
attitude questions and open questions; and (b) interviews which may be personal, structured, semi- structured,
unstructured or focus group discussions; (c) observations which can be structured or n-structured, disguised;
natural, personal, or mechanical, (d) case studies (e) critical incidences.

3.2 Evaluation
Evaluation is an analytic effort undertaken to answer specific management questions regarding the programme. In
the BUCODEO case, the Evaluation will focus on: Why results are or are not being achieved and Un-intended
consequences

The Evaluation plan contains a schedule for evaluation and a learning agenda. Ultimately, evaluations will be
undertaken in the context of facilitating an adaptive management approach.

At the beginning of every programme BUCODEO will conduct a formative evaluation defining goals, objectives
and strategies. This will be jointly developed by the BUCODEO secretariat and the strategic partner. This will form
the baseline data upon which other evaluations will be assessing changes and impacts.

During the project implementation cycle (3 months) BUCODEO will engage in Process Evaluation which takes
place once implementation of activities is started. It will be focused on tacking efficiency of a given programme.
Monthly reflections (for learning and adjusting) will be part of this evaluation. This will mainly be driven by
BUCODEO staff.

At the end of the project and programme; BUCODEO will undertake an Effectiveness Evaluations (a.k.a. impact
and final evaluations). This will be focused assessing what results have been achieved; what short-term effects
have been observed as a result of the programme effort; what the outcomes mean. Did the programme make a
contribution towards larger climate change adaptation and mitigation impact? This will require substantial inputs by
strategic partner working participatorily with BUCODEO staff and target beneficiaries.

3.3 Project Reporting

BUCODEO will apply a combination of the following tools to undertake vertical and horizontal reporting that will
facilitate effective information flow.

Periodic progress & financial reports (Weekly, monthly and progress reports). This will include weekly and monthly
activity reports which will monitor the outputs indicators.

Final report (end of grant) + close out audit report. Which will contain interim assessment of implementation
progress as well as the rate of realization of goals and objectives? These will be generated at the end of project and
programme.

The communication tools will include: Oral presentations, written progress reports, written performance / evaluation
reports and Informal discussions,
 Budget for action

Item Unit cost Qty Total actual

cost (Ksh.)

1 Main activities

1.1 Purchase of materials for construction of energy saving rocket stoves for 600 38 22,800
demonstration during the participatory training w/shops on promoting
energy saving “Jikos” and appropriate technology

1.2 Transport to and from the demonstration venues 1,500 38 57,000

1.3 Stationery, logistics, communications, equipment etc

note books – 30 x 30 people 900 38 34,200

Ball pens - 10 x 30 300 38 11,400
Photocopying – 400 400 2 800
Airtime, internet – 200 / day
200 38 7,600

Sub Total - - 133,800

2 Facilitators payment & allowances

2.1 (Climate change adaption and mitigation forum) 4,000 38 152,000

4 Facilitators @ 1000 each (1. tree nursery establishment and woodlot

management, 2. Fuel energy saving technologies, 3. Modern Agricultural
practices, 4. Agro forestry techniques,)

Sub Total - - 152,000

3 Monitoring and evaluation

3.1 Monitoring and evaluation (BUCODEO and strategic partner) 1,500 20 30,000

Sub Total - - 30,000

Grant Total 315,800

3.4 The Budget

 3.5 Conclusion

Environmental conservation is the panacea of life; Countries that are in the path of development must embrace
technologies and activities that are environmental friendly thus mitigating green house gases emission. This is
because the price of environment degrading is enormous; to that end this initiative will go a long way in creating
opportunities and changing attitude that ensures conducive atmosphere for environmental health upkeep.

4.0 The Bunyore Community Development Organization (BUCODEO)

BUCODEO is a Community Based Organization (CBO) operates within Emuhaya constituency which consists of
West Bunyore (Luanda Division) and East Bunyore (Emuhaya Division), Western Province. It was established in
2006 (Reg. VHG/7816/2006) under the Ministry of Gender, Sports, Culture and Social Services, and its registered
Office is off Kisumu Busia Highway in Luanda and its postal address is P.O. Box 164 BUNYORE.

Its Mission statement is “To steer the Bunyore/Emuhaya Community from vicious poverty to economic and social
prosperity”. The overall goal of the CBO is to support and vigorously engage the people of Bunyore in activities that
will enhance their economic and social status leading to the overall prosperity and improvement in quality of life.

The specific objectives of the CBO are:

1. Development and support of Women and youth groups’ economic activities aimed at improving their well
being including quality of life.
2. Promotion of improvement of education standards through improvement of physical infrastructure,
management of schools, support of children from poor facilities, encourage completion among schools etc
3. Promote environmental conservation and sustainable utilization of our natural recourses through
awareness creation, engagement in environmental conservation activities e.g. tree planting, soil erosion
and pollution control, protection of wetlands etc.
4. Promote modern agricultural practices to enhance increased agricultural production for both food security
and income generation.
5. Promote business culture among the youth through business awareness creation and education and
support of small and medium enterprises (SME)
 6. Promote and support good health care through education awareness campaign, HIV-AIDS and malaria
campaign, improvement of heath care facilities, family planning, provision of clean water and general
hygiene.
7. Promote the development of good road and water infrastructure through community participation
8. Promote the development of Science and Technology as the key engine of development through support of
science and technology based activities e.g. establishment of Internet Cafes, computer training etc.
9. Promotion of social and cultural activities for example organization of cultural activities, games, community
policing, competitions etc as well as good governance and political empowerment.
10. Promote the establishment of cooperative movement as the engine of development in the district.

Membership to the CBO is based on the willingness and commitment to achieve the mission and stated objectives
of the CBO. Any resident of the community has an opportunity to be a member.

The CBO is managed by a Management Committee consisting of the Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson, Secretary,
Vice Secretary, Treasurer, Vice-Treasurer and four committee members. The members of the Committee are
elected by the members of the CBO through an annual general Meeting for three years. This management
Committee is responsible for the overall policy and management of the CBO. The CBO has a Patron who is the
current Member of Parliament of the area: Hon. Dr. Wilbur K. Ottichilo.

There Annual General Meeting (AGM) ensures the performance of the CBO and approves its proposed activities for
the following year. It is also during this meeting that members of the management committee will be elected and
any other pertinent issues discussed. The CBOs activities are funded by financial resources contributed by
members, well-wishers, Constituency Development Fund (CDF) and development partners.

Since its establishment, the CBO has successfully implemented numerous projects/activities. Among the activities
are:

• Funding of individual women petty traders

• Capacity building in entrepreneurship in collaboration with Equity Bank

• Promotion of rearing of dairy goats and cows through capacity building and funding

• Promotion of fish farming and bee-keeping

• Environmental conservation awareness/education and tree planting

• Capacity building in efficient use of alternative energy sources including the use of energy saving stoves.

• Conservation of water springs as main sources of domestic water

• Capacity building in ICT through establishment of ICT Computer Clinics for the youth

• Capacity building in soil conservation and environmental restoration