Chapter - th SQL Commands % SQL es Structure query Jonge e Gnok %& helps to. Storing , manipwabyg and retriewtng Qhoko. Stored) in relational dlataloase - SQL fas many Commands. Dra there Commands Are Classified Sao fetypes bored On Ther nabere. DY DDL »- Data Definition Langucage 2) DML %- Data Maniputarton Jongsemge 3) BCL, s-’ Bato Control Language wy TOL Tromausor Convo! Courgya sete N) DBL t- Data peftniten lon » __ SeFinivion Mingus. 5 DDL Akins the “Conceptual Schema provictiag o Shots betaeen the Jogos nd the physteal Shudture, of the database _ Beste Commands of DPL Gre Comenond chescipton ee Gaitee Di CRERIGs = = Te Creares Ge Rew table soe ay ALTER 5 Te mockdies the exacting tate. 2 Shucure. ty proe a? Te cheleres an’ enttre toble an ce Catalase. © scanned with OKEN ScannerCommands = Te TABLE Statement “S used + Create O new table tng “the table Hag Os sc table Gavolvss AMER : > Cresting oboe Een and eadh ~Colume's Gato yrs. Synray CRepte TABLE tabble_name ( columnt ctatatyos , columar dlatutye, column a Gataryne, PRIMARY Key (Menten Ont or mere columas) Example 2— ERIE Teste. ene Regno numb Clo) , N&me — varchar2. Cis), Doe bere Fees pauenter (9,2), Corneraatin Char C4), 5 prienary—ieay CRegno) Ceeme Trae she Keyword followed by the table name, An open POranttusts , columa_nomes, and Gatatyos fer thar Cotumn, and followed by a Closed Paranthests - — > Fer cach Column , the Colume a GRIN Alas fetole RaNawton re Ee er > Column dlefirition Sepavatead fo, = Heve 4 Commas th tobe must Aave orsenst One Column > SOL Command Shout endl oxi o GentestorG, ) > This Gcample Creates G1 empty STLDENT table abc dooks Sake thts: Regn | name [ pee | Fes | ALTER Statement + the table “Garbo modifredd or changed boy using the WER Commanet Syeae 2 UTE. TAGLE ~~ Table_name } ADD C Columal dlakatypr . Column 2 datatyre ) + * PER TABLE Table name Moorey C columni ctarakyre, column cheetatyp) + Xe RLTER TABLE Taboie-name Drop (Cotumnr datatype, Column iakekyoe ) > Geomple— & Diree Tete StToDENT ADD Caddrag varchare(s0)); —> Table adteredl Cable boots become) Regno Name DEE Fess Conbraation asidress jw plreR TABLE —sTUdCAT monteYy Caddres varchora(eo)) > Table ‘altered . Citere Increase Re Stace Of Column clots, from 3040 10) ae ptree WOBLE sroDENT Deop Coadres) —= Table tered (he Column aalras tq fhe table Studer 3 removal) Regine Rome pop Fees Contetnokton @ scanned with OKEN Scanner) DRop TABLE > he SQL, DROP TALE remove or delete. He table Talole- Name 5 Staremetc as usect TO Gebet ton + Drop Wee example = DRoP THLE > Table dropped + Syntas STUENT 5 2) DME CDaka Manipulator Language ) dhe daka manipulation techeques eluson , ep clation , noc licater = DML prvide dake Gakeceton . Easeran , oh of clara - > Fay of tie base Commancls for DML Gret= Coramond dkseapton RDetaues Certara records fom one Disses Bec or sere tables > Creakes © record —> Modifies retarcls Te deletes yetords Enso updiace » Deere wD TNSERT The SOL TNSERT INTO Sraremur %& Used 4p oda new Tous of clara to G table the dak ofoase = TNseRT INTO TRBLE_NAME VALLES Sy © values, value vrata 95, Bei- Enger karo Stuclen calues act ingert Anke 'Stunenr \cadues’ C100; John’, 15-Aug-22, ee : Hopes ,cEGA); ‘ ‘Soxe0 . SCOR); —> Sunras t- faset toto StvDE! ‘ynju',' a nto. ENT Wales COL, "Yajy", "26-Nov-98, > SQL SELECT Statemene ts usedt to fetch the dato from @ chakabare tate. Sue ~~ Gom talote-name ; Seter « fom srodenn sy able te hewtng He eanpte !- € Constcter the. steven fodourag rrecencs ) De = _| Regno Name \ Fes Conbnaaton | too John: tS-Rug-4q Hooves CEGA IO TOFU Qo-Ntay-98 Soeos SEGR | ak) Vpdate = _ absitty 40 Change dato through Ts SQL provide the LepATE Command: 3 The) SAL) CPDATE Command Used “ho mecktly or updare Gn abreachy existing FOws of o Aable - > Sysray 1+ UP DO Su- Column_name = vols % Update — table_name Al HERE Condi on Rcample 2 “Updike STUDENT Sur nome ='ckosh' where no = loo 5 a> 1 row Updaredd . Ancl STOBCNT table, becomes, i «9 «| pow, Fakesh |'s-fug-94 @ scanned with OKEN Scannerww) DELETE Command = Tn Sol on alreudy extsing fom talotes through the OE yous are TeMoved| of DELEre Commang, Syntact- DELETE —Toole-name uthere Conchitten: Cxampie:- Deere STUBENT Where ‘Regno= 1O1 2 row “dered - — Hee stuvenr table buoy , | ' Name| Doo | \Condstaastton (90 | Akah |e-nlg-tq] Mooosl CEBE 2) BCL Crate Comet longuage) Ty These SOL Commancl cre tied for Prroviclinge Secunty fo Gutoboare objecr- Command, descriprep GRANT > gives Privliage ffestiy [ ppecenteston user- Revoke > Takes bark puvilages qroted from Users ia Hy cL CTranscutton Contet longuage ) > Tt Anclude Commands 4o Conhol he -hensuctsons fn G Gukakase System - 2 The Commonty Ure Commancs dre. % Commrr —> Tr ts Used to Sove all the tranigetion elated) Chee eA . go to the Gass — Syntoet— Comnart eed : at) Rorrencie —> Sometimes ave had one removed «the useful ‘Yecord Therefor, mb ah oe tux have Gm Option of rolling bas our ont > Syntax .— ROLBACK” 40 Spor ‘harsaeeton! & me Ofher Commands Used SQL Gre 2) DIStTEner .- the SQL aestrncr Keyword 46 Used in Conjuncion asin “Seicer Graremtar, fe Uroanate GW The upti care yecords SS fetdoag- Onky cantigere -vecords « a There, moy be a Sttaation when You have mauttic Chey trcote records ta @ table. lathite fetching Such YeCads, DISENCT Ktyeunds hulp: to fetch only Unique yeeacls Instead of fetching upticare records Syade Nn SELEGr DISITNcT — Column_naee 1, Columa-2 --- FROM TABLENRME > Exanpl STUDENT Consider the STUDENT ifsreatssaicenc pL table haveg- following fine Comsinaition records “Ramesh | cee | anesh | seen Shreyo | ceen \tnuths ceen > Vow deus Use BrStENCE weytoord wettidhe, Serer Query Gad See Re Yasutrt= SELECT DISTINCT. COMBENATTON FROM STUDEN oRDER BY COMBENATION ; @ scanned with OKEN Scanner%) where Clause > Sar were Cloue % ay oh Ss Conctttvon white erlang “the clato. From Sinyte. 4oble or Joining with muitiple tables ze ’ sefiel then Only —> TE given Condon ts Samisted voards Speatic value from “the table You toute use Ulnere Clouse to Filter te records Uching Oly — Mecessary Teeerds cused fy to Spedly o we —scthe WHERE Clouse % Ree ONY Used M7 SELECT, UPDATE , DELETE Staremenr Che~ Syntav t- SELECr Column t, Columar -.., Column n from Table name WHERE Conckiion * Studs 1 . TAS REGno 1 | #86 Ene [2 84 Snehs | | Soee Sample Sete name, reqno , fees fom Stdenr ULHE RE vegno = HOG) ouspuk i : Reqwo | Nome [FG] Lise | Re « SQL AND Gnd OR Opernters Oe uses! to Combine Matttple Conditions Ctesed fo Cheek, muttipc Concktien) fn, SQL Statemer > There fore Catted HNO Gad OR Operators are Conjunttve Operaters Conjyunckive Ope D> AND 2 OR erasers 8a SQL DANOI- LF both the Gretttion are fue hen Se yetumy fue Walue. AND Operate % sed Sin WIRE Clause to Cheats muttiple Corctinens tr SQL Statement + Sinraz i= SELELC Columat, Coluenna «+ Colma Rom Tale name KIHERE CConcttion 2.3 AND CConcktieq2] . .AND [Cone Bent eet SELECT REGRO/ NAME FROM StuDENT WHER FEES’ < ISt00 ANDO CoMBINarron = POMC’! STUDENT | — ae et REGNo | Nem [Fees domarnatron | [eee NAM LOO | Vthan | 16000, 1 | i | tor \tbine Lot | Witch} Mowo) Peo = lor | Neaal 8000 Pemc | 103 | Yashu| tooo] CEBR ill Qubper tetole be Bee 1 OR _Oerater 1 The CR Sptrater %s user SeuDeNe oo Combtne mulkple Condition “in SQL Staremear . + TE Any one Conckiion % truce then T% Yeturns tue \eaue- [Constder .aeowe Input tobte] fei- SELECT Column! , Columns, - Where SY From Talble-name J Ceondsivor 1] OR CConchtiton 29:1. On Clonditig Ne] @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Colenn Mi Reample !- SELECT Reso. name from Oey i Gineee | Page seca 6Cc, Cotes: Mo Dakotype fa SQL a ») NomBper cn Nam Cubpur — Fabl |Reane neue 7 Used 4p Store numete Value tq 0 Held Gluma oo | —> Te may be Deamal ,%nkeger Or eal Acimborrs - | cell ac General Syntax 1 Momeer Co, d) ceva + dhe 8 Spectre he 0 0f falas ctnd ‘Sl! oeper By CSorting he dora) Speadie the nundar of digits 4o nghr of whe. Uesoat potak Oxia Marks MuMBER C3) ele LOL, 28, Seo ee. Res eRa ==) ave Nomaer (2,3) ei 78-985 93-235 = The SQL OR! By clame % used to Sort Re dara aq ascending or clescentling ovdler- boxed on one |more Columns Systay- Se tect column Jest FROM Table-nare, VERE Caneition ORDER BY Columal , Columa2- Coleman (ascj CDESS ext Consicher the Studien table bowng she following yecordst- reo - | 2) CHae:- Used to Store a Character type , Sin @ Column - Syntax: CHaR Csrae) + Wlheve ‘Stae represents the maximum Cass choraue )} [Beano | ANE nundoer (Ob “Choracrers Aa 0 Column 1 ey name CHae CS); eats bindu, akash jute Ran eee ar rss ae BD VaRrcHar [varceer 2 '— — \ 493 nosh “ye as Used to Stor & Character Hype Gare 8a o} [vmoe | teneh | Column Alphanamete, Senar- VarcuneCsme) [varctner Csire)s ext dara, VarcharrCso} ek'- 32, sth cross , — > sder ~ fom Siudinr ORDERBY NAME SC; feegno ame | i “gonesh” —ayaate i 2 Te a Vos | gonuh ) Dare nga Soha | _. Te es tesecd Jo Store Clare tn Columns - URE, | exoesh | Ry Seontird ‘lare-tommat Sa Sau 4% PRz mehr {_teer | Ramesh exi- Saka t= dlob DATE ex w- 1S— May — Asoo as Selec _* fom Stucleer ORDER BY NAME DESC, PREGNo it | me DESC: Tot | Ramah | vigoy |) Mahesh) rau | ohn | | 1He3 gosh S)TEME:- Tr % used to Store Hm 20 columns. the Gtanclord time ~formar an SQL % fh-mm-ss Syoroe i= SWidy tte TIME: ey t- o1- 30-455 @ scanned with OKEN ScannerPe} Longi- Te % Used to Stern Woven tie Srangs of Upto AGw Sire, Re Synrors- desert pon LONG Konstaker “the Ckantnation table :- _Repno | Mame [phy [che [rom | Cs [total tot | ojyay [so | as | 60 | a0) SS tor | Banu 6O | #0 | so | 60 | eto | 52-5 Structure of Sar Commands § 83 | Tarue |.ss .| ge, | 4g | ss|) 225 | se-2s = Any SQL Command % & Comrnarion of Keyes tome Gdw [eo | ao | as Go} a3s] sat: Tole fen anat Clouser I eat D COONT Euncioa: r Name £@om Student LIHERE 0 = Log Tre Query ceucer Prom, WHERE are Ky Syntax '- Selec CounrC*) from ‘Sect nase | 2 The tne query rituns! “EL OW « oT cares é > Mame Studer % 6 tablenome fe eee he Ccarenation eee tele — Commatey > Mame and regno ore the Colomns + ‘ > The equal ss Gn Operate, and IF As 2) AMGIO Punesion t= . Se doe Sanray :- Sever ava & fom ekaminasion > Here Select, From ore mandictay 40 ullece eagles clrplay & table. Dnd UlHERe I Spite —> The ee ee 2 ae Because Wt TS Used fo Schau “Perticalor Conclition - D> somo Syntax t= Setecr Sum Coby) Prom tkandnation | — The Aber que Yuumy :- O95 4) MaKo Syntay t- SQL. Functeons + VG ae retems average of IN, tprorog ni \ Ss. Cc 2runcnata, 2D Cowrty S Tr vetuwy no-of rows. deer mas Cosd from TRE above teeny Pettus 79 o> MIN C3 i- a MING STE + mrictmum vale of bo WH MAKO > * maximum 8 Sqnraxi- Cater min Ces) from Retures “Gum 04° waluees The aoe query reums SS @ scanned with OKEN Scanner1 manjula | Mar Seaucement + GRove BY Syuex SELET Cotas, Columaz - -- Columns from —talole nome Cuthere Constetion J Spreaat Group by columaly Colusad 5 C Here table nome hema bangulon Stadhu | Mysore Morade beingatos Selearrowesiy Room location where tig Sywec- Salear name. ctty from location Group by OH; Ge SQL Combatants: Constreinrs y NoruLe Description Ensure thar ao Column Can't fore rut Necaderes, Crouves that wit value tm o column ome abefdevere dantqrety iclensdied eaeh row aa Clataloase table - uniquely tdeurfieal eaeh room “ia Or Offer dutabae table 7 2) ONTOvVE S) PEMA. tcer Wy Foreran. «ey BECRULET s)Deraucr Provides o chefautt value for a. Colemn when aon 4s Spedtieal © 5) CHECK Ensures thes OL value, 2 O Calama Stussty Cerrain Condition - VY NOT MULL Conthroaints 2 = = efoue Columa Cor hotel Mure volures Ba ahen & Column % Clefmnedt oy Nor NULL Then the column become mandatay Corn i ex t- Creare talole PRoover \ © peda td Waveho C16) Nor NULL it pace, Rumber C10.2) Nor NULL } Type char Cts). | Seal fe har Cte) Hen we: declived Rar Predurtd ang) price Column 04. 0 then ese Fed Colurnin foe becomes onandleutory Columns / Computsary Columns. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerQ)LNIAvE Constedas |= > Ths Conshatats enscere Same value wa the Spectre Conbazts appted fo fave the hue NO FOWS Columes - > UNTOVE that Columa ensures that ae YOU% have Re Same PIO value Create table Prout © pre cher Ca) uNtaue» Ayre Char CAD, price nunbe C5.) ° De 2) PRIMARY KEY Comharats: SA pimoykey 5 6 feted tokich Umiquely Glen Each vows ta & clarchaye toble —> By Pela He, Column ts Nor MOL Te debiaes the Colaren ay o Mmanotakony Colurnn ie, the columa can't be ett. blank - mothe Mara Adcl ta thes coltma mat be Cartque- ey CREATE TREE PRoODLLT © pry warchors Cio) PREMARY KEY Type Chor CH), Ma foee nurdoer (5.2) dy Constrotinrs = #) FORETGN —KEY > ® Forergn-Key % Used to tam, Heo table toguhe a Column whose Volte Cre sR FORETGN-KeYy %s PRIMARY KEY of Some devved form “the offer tale. | 6) CHECK Constrosets Cenc TRRLS FRacename PRODUET c PID Worcharr Co) PRIMARY KEY TYPE Char C4), pRrce — RUndarr Cs.2) >: CREME TARLE ComPANY Company-td char Co) primaykey - \archori C50), C prokite rp Varchar2 Coy > 5) Deravir Constraints | 5 The DEFROLT Consramss rwades O Ole foc vratue fo G Column. cohen the Ensen Faro Colum ownor Providt @ Speekfic value CREaTe TABLE PRODUCT . PID Char (to) PRIMARY KEY \axchar2 (10) , Prockurnome Price. Numb (Si2) DEFALUC Le80-60 3 Rete ased to establish « CHECK, Conttrotats We apptted to He Condon thar °5 sa a coltemn Adownot mreet the be placed *0 ke The TRvE [EAS dora placed = TE O value % Cannot condizan , Colamo . @ scanned with OKEN Scannerexr- CREME TABLE PROD C pro chart) + ame — warehor C1), Pesce naam (10.2) CHET Corere) A)TRRLE — Conshragnts :— <5 whun, a Combenenteucpsmedmpe © Ge od Columns of the —toble, te Ts Cufedk™ @ table — Consthagar . > TARE Conghetars Ore Clefened arte endk of she table ex:- CReare TREE TRRLENAME Ceeare TARE PROBLCT ( PIo char Ch) | Producrtype . Warchar2 Cod, escripton \corchar2(1S) Permeany Ke f i y key CTD, predudtype) ds SQL Toing: - >The SQU TIN are ULed 4to febehy [vecerve data from two or ero Holle, tycaged Onl Soin Conchitian cohich Is Spear MRERE Conehirion , Meg), tae SQL FOIN Tepes © TNNER JOIN TE Tetons yous cohen there a a math In noth terloles . webeens st rows Frome a LER TOTN = Te Jefe table , even % Reve Gre no marches tathe Rg he tabole. From the (3) BIg Tori Te returns all rows igui- Xabi, even Md hes Om 00 matches faq Re -heft- table. 4) Full Torn 32 Te returns YOUWs cohen there ts & Math tm One Gf the able. S) SELE Torw:- Tr ts Used to JOIN the tebe to Ftsut ©) CARTESTAN TOIN.— Er 7s Used to SEN Er vekums “the Cactestan Product of the Sets Oh records from THe “Heo or more “yoineat table. S CARTESTAN TOIN Feprtsents _ every You of One table Conneer sestth every Other” vous OF the, setate . ) pervitages AND R - 2 PMV lages!— Te clefines the Acces igh Provtded fo G Ceser on O clatabage objecr | swe Hype user to D> Sysvem Pyivilages:- hes cetlous the CREATE. PIER, Or DROB AArobare object = 2 Objur Pridlagest- Ans llousthe User to Cxecure , SELECT, TNSERT, UPDATE or revere dato Lom Clarabase Objects to which prvlage apply . @ scanned with OKEN Scanner