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Pendulum

1. This document describes the procedure for performing an experiment to determine the acceleration due to gravity using a simple pendulum. 2. Key steps include measuring the length and diameter of the pendulum bob, timing 20 oscillations of the pendulum at different lengths, and plotting length vs. time-squared to determine gravitational acceleration from the slope. 3. Values such as the length of a seconds pendulum and period of a pendulum at a given length can be determined from the graph.

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Ashutosh Kumar
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53 views4 pages

Pendulum

1. This document describes the procedure for performing an experiment to determine the acceleration due to gravity using a simple pendulum. 2. Key steps include measuring the length and diameter of the pendulum bob, timing 20 oscillations of the pendulum at different lengths, and plotting length vs. time-squared to determine gravitational acceleration from the slope. 3. Values such as the length of a seconds pendulum and period of a pendulum at a given length can be determined from the graph.

Uploaded by

Ashutosh Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Simple pendulum
Materials Required
A clamp with stand
A split cork
A Cotton Thread (about 2 meters long)
A bob
Vernier calliper
Stop /watch
Metre scale.

Real Lab Procedure


1. Find the vernier constant and zero error of the vernier calipers and record it.
2. Determine the mean diameter of the simple pendulum bob using the vernier calipers.
3. Find the mean radius of the bob and represent it using ‘r’.
4. Attach a string to the bob. The length of the pendulum, l is adjusted by measuring a
length of (l-r) from the top of the bob.
5. Put ink marks M1,M2 and M3 on the thread at distance of 50cm,60cm and 70cm from the
C.G of the bob .
6. Pass the thread through the splited cork with the 50 cm mark at the bottom of the cork
and tighten the two cork pieces between the clamp.
7. Fix the clamp in a stand kept on the table such that the height that the bob is just 2 cm
above the laboratory floor.
8. Mark a point A on the floor just below the position of the bob at rest.
9. The equilibrium position of the pendulum is indicated by drawing a vertical line with a
chalk on the edge of the table, just behind the string.
10. Find the least count and the zero error of the stop watch. Bring its hands to the zero
position.
11. Move bob using the hand at an angle not more than 450 and leave it. See that the bob
returns over the line without spinning.
12. The stop watch is started when the pendulum crosses the equilibrium position to any one
side.
13. When it passes the equilibrium position in the same direction the next time it has
completed one oscillation.
14. Just when the 20th oscillation is complete, count 20 and at once stop the stop watch.
15. Note the total time taken for twenty oscillations from the position of both the hands of the
watch.
16. As we need two observations for the same length, repeat steps 12 to 15 one more time.
17. Repeat the experiment for lengths 60cm, 70cm, 80cm, 90 cm, 100cm, 110 cm, 120cm and
130cm.

18. In each case is calculated. In all cases it is found that is a constant.

19. The mean value of is calculated and then the acceleration due to gravity is

calculated using the relation (2).

To draw the l-T2 graph


The experiment is preformed as explained above. A graph is drawn with l along X axis and T2
along Y axis. The graph is a straight line, as shown in the figure.

To find the length of the second’s pendulum


A second’s pendulum is one for which the period of oscillation is 2 seconds. From the graph
the length l corresponding to T2=4 s2 is determined. This gives the length of the second’s
pendulum.

To find the length of the pendulum whose period is 1.5 seconds


The length l corresponding to T2 =1.52=2.25 is determined from the graph.

To find the period (T) for a length 105cm


T2 corresponding to l=105 cm is determined from the graph. The square root of this gives T,
the period of the pendulum for a length 105 cm.

From the graph

= ------cm/s2
Diameter of
the
Main Vernier
bob,D=MSR+
Scale scale (VSRxL.C)
SL (VSRx
Reading Reading
No (cm) L.C)+c(zero
MSR(cm) VSR(dvs) correction)
(cm)

Mean Diameter,D
Mean Diameter of the Bob, D= ……………cm

Mean radius of the bob, r =D/2 = .........cm

Least count of stop watch =..........s

Zero error of stop watch =...........s


Zero correction of stop watch =...........s

Table for length ( ) and time (T)

Length of Time for 20 oscillations Time


the Period T2
Sl (l- Mean
pendulum
No r)cm t1(s) t2(s) (s)
l (cm) t(s)

Calculations
Mean value of .=…………..ms-2

The acceleration due to gravity,

g = …………m/s2

Acceleration due to gravity from graph


Value or l = AB = -----cm

Value for T2 = BC = -----------cm

AB / BC = ………..

Acceleration due to gravity,

g=---------m/s2

Result
1. Acceleration due to gravity (g) at the place
By calculation =………….ms-2
From the graph =………….ms-2
Mean g =………….ms-2
2. Length of the seconds pendulum =………….m
3. Length of the pendulum whose period is 1.5 s=……..m
4. Period of the pendulum of length 105 cm=…….s

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