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Microarray

Microarray technology allows researchers to perform many tests simultaneously on a single chip. The chip is divided into thousands of micro-wells, each containing a specific molecule that can bind to a target. A laser scanner monitors binding in each well. Software then analyzes the data using bioinformatics databases. There are DNA, protein, and tissue microarrays. Microarrays can be used for medical diagnosis of genetic diseases, infections, and cancer as well as toxicogenomics and understanding disease mechanisms.

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Amjad Almousawi
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71 views

Microarray

Microarray technology allows researchers to perform many tests simultaneously on a single chip. The chip is divided into thousands of micro-wells, each containing a specific molecule that can bind to a target. A laser scanner monitors binding in each well. Software then analyzes the data using bioinformatics databases. There are DNA, protein, and tissue microarrays. Microarrays can be used for medical diagnosis of genetic diseases, infections, and cancer as well as toxicogenomics and understanding disease mechanisms.

Uploaded by

Amjad Almousawi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Microarray

technology
Microarray technology
It is a modern technique which enable the researcher to perform so
many tests (up to million ) simultaneously in the same sample .

It depend on the phenomena that some biological molecules able to


bind specifically to their target molecules . Simply we can outline the
main components of this techniqueas the following :
• 1- A chip of glass or other materials this chip is usually has a dimensions
1x1 cm and divided into hundreds to millions of micro-wells , each one of
these micro-well contain a pg-µg of a specific type of molecules . This
molecules can bind to specific target .

• 2- A sophisticated laser scanner device able to monitor the binding process


of each micro-well molecules to their target .

• 3- Analyzing software with bioinformatics database to analyze the data that


come from the laser scanner
Microarray type

1-DNA microarray :
In this type the bounded molecules in the chip’s micro-wells are a certain
array of DNA molecules , each well contain about 1pg of DNA oligs with a
specific sequence . each chip was designed to perform a certain test kind
such as

1- Gene expression profiling chips : each micro-well in this chip contain a


DNA oligos which is specifically bind ( complementary ) to a certain gene .
and all the micr-wells on the chip represent the all known genes.
• 2- Viral detection chips . each micro-well in this chip contain a DNA oligos
which is specifically bind (complementary ) to a certain viral sequence . this
kind of chips can detect the presence of more than several hundreds
viruses in the same sample

• 3- Genetic diseases chips : have the same principle and designed to


diagnose several hundreds of genetic diseases .

• 4- Other chips ; such as oncology chips , SNP chips , sequencing chips ,


alternative splicing chips , etc
To perform an microarray test ,The procedure is summarized as the following :
1- Choosing the type of chips: according to the test goal .

2- Extract and purify the DNA or RNA from the target tissue or cells .

3- the RNA have to be converted to cDNA because the cDNA is more stable than RNA .

4- the produced DNA then labeled with a fluorescence dye such as sy3 or sy5 by suitable
technique

5- adding a suitable amount of the labeled DNA to the microarray chip and incubate to
permit the hybridization procedure

6- washing the non bounded DNA

7- reading the result by laser scanner

8- analyzing the data by computer software and comparing to bioinformatics database .


2- Proteins microarray :

Have the same principle as the DNA microarray but each micro-well in
this kind contains a specific kind of protein . the chips in this kind are
designed to detect a hundreds to thousands of certain proteins . this
type of microarray can be sub divided in to several type such as :

1- Antibody array : each chip contains a array of monoclonal antibody ,


this used to detect specific proteins or antigens and applied in protein
profiling , diseases detection , microbes classification ,etc.
2- Antigens array : each chip contains a array of antigens this antigens
are used to detect the presence of the target antibodies in the sample
(serum , tissue extract )

3- Also there are other types such as peptides array , proteins array ,
receptor array ,etc
The procedure in this type is
similar to that in DNA
microarray but we have to
purify and label the proteins
instead of DNA .
3- Tissue Microarray :

Tissue microarrays (TMAs) are displays of several tens to hundreds of


tissue specimens on a single chip for parallel analysis . Arrayed tissue
sections processed either for cytological staining or in situ
hybridization, combined with automated image analysis systems,
provides a powerful molecular profiling tool. TMAs are commonly used
to confirm results obtained from expression microarrays, as well as in
the development of diagnostic and prognostic markers for clinical
applications
Applications Of Microarray Technology

1- Medical diagnosis

Microarray can be used to:

a- Diagnose the genetic diseases

b- Diagnose the viral diseases

c- Diagnose the orphan diseases

d- Understanding the molecular bases of the diseases

e- Understanding the molecular effect of the disease


Applications Of Microarray Technology

f- combining microarray expression profiling with other array


techniques such as tissue is an excellent candidate for many clinical
applications, especially those that require mass testing, quick diagnosis
and general diagnostics. As one of these applications is blood screening
in which gene chips provided for the first time the prospect of an
integrated platform for comprehensive donor and recipient testing,
replacing conventional multiple individual assays .
Applications Of Microarray Technology

g- understanding the molecular basis of complex multifactorial


diseases.

h- Microarray based oncology :Currently cancer research coupled with


diagnostic DNA microarrays is playing a dominant role compared to the
other developing technologies since they are relatively easy to make
and use and are applicable to numerous scientific inquiries.
2- In Toxicogenomics

. Currently, microarray technology is gaining popularity in predictive


toxicology ,The role of gene chips is to allow monitoring changes in
gene expression, where change in mRNA or protein levels enables
investigators to reject or embrace hypotheses about pharmacology or
toxicology . This facilitiestesting drug toxicity, safety and effectiveness .
Requirements of DNA microarray:
• DNA chip
• Fluorescent dyes
• Fluorescent labelled target/sample
• Probes
• Scanner
Steps involved in cDNA based microarray:
• Sample collection
• Isolation of mRNA
• Creation of labeled cDNA
• Hybridization
• Collection and analysis
Reference :

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